黄河下游河南段滩地植被特征与功能研究
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摘要
滩地是平原河床季节性淹水的微地形。滩地农业在我国粮食及农副产品生产中发挥着重要的作用,有效地缓解了“地少人多”的人地矛盾。因此,在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。然而不科学的滩地利用使滩地利用效益低下,不但对滩地原有的植被造成了破坏,而且也引发了严重的环境问题和生态灾害。这些生态环境问题影响到了滩区社会经济的可持续发展。科学地恢复和重建滩地植被,有效地开发利用滩地资源成为当前迫切需要解决的问题,而滩地植被特征和功能研究是解决该问题的前提和基础。
国外滩地研究主要集中于以植被为主体的河岸带研究。研究发现,滩地植被生态系统是功能最完备的生态系统类型之一,但它同时也是生态脆弱地带,其功能的发挥极易受到河岸变迁、植被破坏等因素的影响,而导致生态系统功能低下,难以满足滩区经济发展的需要。
开展群落尺度的滩地植被功能研究不仅可以丰富河岸带理论、恢复生态学理论,而且可以为生态系统健康管理、滩地综合开发提供指导性意见。植被研究中群落尺度充当了尺度转换的纽带。该尺度不仅反映了微观尺度生态系统的整体效果,而且携带了宏观尺度生态系统的信息,因此具有较高的应用价值。
本文以河岸带研究为理论依据,对该领域国内外相关成果进行了系统地综述。针对黄河下游河南段滩地的风沙、蝗灾危害严重的具体情况和黄河下游综合治理开发趋势,综合运用森林培育学、植被生态学、恢复生态学、河岸带理论、生态系统健康管理理论,在黄河下游河南段滩地首次全面、系统、深入地开展了以群落为主要研究尺度,以原生植被及典型模式的人工植被为主要研究对象的滩地植被生态系统特征和功能的研究。
在研究过程中,充分借鉴了中国森林生态系统网络体系建设“线”的研究与示范专题的研究成果,吸取了长江中、下游“以林为主”综合开发、“植树造林、抑螺防病”的成功经验。重点研究内容包括三个方面:1)黄河下游河南段滩地植被特征。包括植物区系特点、群落空间结构及种间关系。2)黄河下游河南段滩地生态系统功能。针对性地研究了滩地植被生产力功能、滩地植被多样性、植被小气候效应、固土改土作用、非点源污染控制、抑制蝗虫效应等生态系统功能。3)探讨了植被在黄河下游滩地开发中的作用,提出“以林为主”综合开发中的几个关键问题。初步得出以下结论:
Floodplain is a seasonally inundated micro-geography on plain riverbed. With exerllent site condition, floodplains are historically exploited for agricultural purposes, which efficiently relieves the man-land crisis, playing an important role in the food and byproduct supply in China. But improper use of floodplains has arised environmental and ecological hazards, which are eager to solve. Foreign studies involving floodplain concentrated on riparian zones, marked with vegetations. The results enlightened the riparian zone (or floodplain vegetation) with complete ecosystem functions on one hand and on the other hand, revealed this ecosystem as fragile. Its functions can be easily degraded by riparian situations, vegetation attributes and disturbances, and fail to meet the need of social development. Functional study of floodplain vegetation on a community scale will enrich the theories on riparian study and restoration ecology, and will guide ecosystem health management and integrated exploitation of floodplain. Community-scale study is of great applying value, as it embodies the overall situation of micro-scale ecosystem and conveys information of large-scale ecosystems.
This dissertation systemically documents the domestic and abroad studies on riparian vegetations, and conveys an integrated, systematical and profound study on the characteristics and functions of original vegetation and typical artificial vegetation localized on the down-reach floodplain of Yellow River in He’nan, for the first time. The study was carried out according to on-the-spot situation of the floodplain area, with sandy and windy environmental condition and with frequently occurring Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) disasters. The thorough study on the exploitation political tendency and scientific achievements in forest silviculture, vegetation ecology, restoration ecology, riparian vegetation, together with the ecosystem health management theories, etc entitles the study to the priority in this academic field. Besides, the research also learned a lot from the Chinese forest eco-network system “line”research and demonstrative program, and “aforestation for
snail (Oncomelania) control and Chistosomias prevention”study on middle and down-reach floodplains of Yangtze River. The dissertation study concentrates on the following 3 aspects:Ⅰ, vegetation characteristics of down-reach floodplain of Yellow River. Concerning flora study, spatial structure of communities, and inter-specific relationships. Ⅱ, ecosystem functions of floodplain vegetation on He’nan reach of Yellow River. These functions include production, biodiversity conservation, microclimate effects, protecting and enriching soil, non-point source pollution control and Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control. Ⅲ, Study the important role of vegetation in down-reach floodplain exploitation, and propose the “forest dominating ”integrative exploitation and corresponding key problems. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The floodplain flora of Yellow river in He’nan has an obvious temperate origin, and a relatively old resource. Its composition is simple, with herbaceous plants dominating the community. An obvious connection of this flora is found in longitudinal direction with its upper and down reach flora and a transverse direction connection with that of Huang Huai plain is found as well, which reveals the continuity and integrity of Yellow River flora. 2. Structural characteristics or floodplain forest (plantation or mix forest) are successfully analyzed with typical community survey method integrated with modern forest management method. By studying the size differentiation and spatial distributive pattern of the forests, we find that floodplain forests structures may differ from tree species, forest sources, forest types, allocation patterns, development status and management treatments From simple structure to the complex, there appears in turn Swallow forest, Poplar forest; natural forest and poor managed forest, agriforest; old forest, young forest. Size differentiation in crown is higher than that of DBH and tree height. In agriforests of 3 to 4 years old, there are some extent size differentiations, which is higher in crown than that in DBH and tree height. The effects of crown mainly occur between individuals in the same row. 3. Vegetation’s function differs significantly between 5 different types. Forests possess the highest comprehensive function, composed of highest productivity function, microclimate effect, Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control function, soil protecting and enriching function and non-point resources pollution control function as well as relatively high and stable biodiversity conservation function. Tamarix-Swillow forests on the floodplain have a relatively high integrated function, consist of the highest biodiversity and relative high productivity function, microclimate effect, Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control function, soil protecting and enriching function and non-point resources pollution control function. Cropland ecosystem has a relatively low overall function, except its high productivity, cropland ecosystem has a low biodiversity and Locusta migratoria manilersis
(Meyen) control ability. The integrative function of artificial grassland in the low, with poor productivity and low biodiversity conservation capacity, slight microclimate effect, moderate soil protection ability, non-point source pollution control ability, and even Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) acceleration. Bare lands have the lowest function. 4. Based on the floodplain exploitation situation, this dissertation proposes a “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River. It is feasible as it abides by ecological principles and meets the global ecological construction and Globalization of the Economy. So that “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River is expected to promote sustainable development in floodplain area, with full use of environment resources of floodplain, and precious chance during Xiaolangdi reservoir operation. Successful experiences in floodplain exploitation on mid and down-reach Yangtze River provide guidance in “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River. Issues need to be emphasized are: to incorporate the floodplain exploitation to the entire river ecosystem management, with scientific planning, fulfilling and sound management; to highlight “forest dominance”and “ecology priority ”; to strengthen scientific study, multidiscipline cooperation, social participation; to promote the floodplain exploitation on a scientific base, with research, improvement and extension.
国外滩地研究主要集中于以植被为主体的河岸带研究。研究发现,滩地植被生态系统是功能最完备的生态系统类型之一,但它同时也是生态脆弱地带,其功能的发挥极易受到河岸变迁、植被破坏等因素的影响,而导致生态系统功能低下,难以满足滩区经济发展的需要。
开展群落尺度的滩地植被功能研究不仅可以丰富河岸带理论、恢复生态学理论,而且可以为生态系统健康管理、滩地综合开发提供指导性意见。植被研究中群落尺度充当了尺度转换的纽带。该尺度不仅反映了微观尺度生态系统的整体效果,而且携带了宏观尺度生态系统的信息,因此具有较高的应用价值。
本文以河岸带研究为理论依据,对该领域国内外相关成果进行了系统地综述。针对黄河下游河南段滩地的风沙、蝗灾危害严重的具体情况和黄河下游综合治理开发趋势,综合运用森林培育学、植被生态学、恢复生态学、河岸带理论、生态系统健康管理理论,在黄河下游河南段滩地首次全面、系统、深入地开展了以群落为主要研究尺度,以原生植被及典型模式的人工植被为主要研究对象的滩地植被生态系统特征和功能的研究。
在研究过程中,充分借鉴了中国森林生态系统网络体系建设“线”的研究与示范专题的研究成果,吸取了长江中、下游“以林为主”综合开发、“植树造林、抑螺防病”的成功经验。重点研究内容包括三个方面:1)黄河下游河南段滩地植被特征。包括植物区系特点、群落空间结构及种间关系。2)黄河下游河南段滩地生态系统功能。针对性地研究了滩地植被生产力功能、滩地植被多样性、植被小气候效应、固土改土作用、非点源污染控制、抑制蝗虫效应等生态系统功能。3)探讨了植被在黄河下游滩地开发中的作用,提出“以林为主”综合开发中的几个关键问题。初步得出以下结论:
Floodplain is a seasonally inundated micro-geography on plain riverbed. With exerllent site condition, floodplains are historically exploited for agricultural purposes, which efficiently relieves the man-land crisis, playing an important role in the food and byproduct supply in China. But improper use of floodplains has arised environmental and ecological hazards, which are eager to solve. Foreign studies involving floodplain concentrated on riparian zones, marked with vegetations. The results enlightened the riparian zone (or floodplain vegetation) with complete ecosystem functions on one hand and on the other hand, revealed this ecosystem as fragile. Its functions can be easily degraded by riparian situations, vegetation attributes and disturbances, and fail to meet the need of social development. Functional study of floodplain vegetation on a community scale will enrich the theories on riparian study and restoration ecology, and will guide ecosystem health management and integrated exploitation of floodplain. Community-scale study is of great applying value, as it embodies the overall situation of micro-scale ecosystem and conveys information of large-scale ecosystems.
This dissertation systemically documents the domestic and abroad studies on riparian vegetations, and conveys an integrated, systematical and profound study on the characteristics and functions of original vegetation and typical artificial vegetation localized on the down-reach floodplain of Yellow River in He’nan, for the first time. The study was carried out according to on-the-spot situation of the floodplain area, with sandy and windy environmental condition and with frequently occurring Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) disasters. The thorough study on the exploitation political tendency and scientific achievements in forest silviculture, vegetation ecology, restoration ecology, riparian vegetation, together with the ecosystem health management theories, etc entitles the study to the priority in this academic field. Besides, the research also learned a lot from the Chinese forest eco-network system “line”research and demonstrative program, and “aforestation for
snail (Oncomelania) control and Chistosomias prevention”study on middle and down-reach floodplains of Yangtze River. The dissertation study concentrates on the following 3 aspects:Ⅰ, vegetation characteristics of down-reach floodplain of Yellow River. Concerning flora study, spatial structure of communities, and inter-specific relationships. Ⅱ, ecosystem functions of floodplain vegetation on He’nan reach of Yellow River. These functions include production, biodiversity conservation, microclimate effects, protecting and enriching soil, non-point source pollution control and Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control. Ⅲ, Study the important role of vegetation in down-reach floodplain exploitation, and propose the “forest dominating ”integrative exploitation and corresponding key problems. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The floodplain flora of Yellow river in He’nan has an obvious temperate origin, and a relatively old resource. Its composition is simple, with herbaceous plants dominating the community. An obvious connection of this flora is found in longitudinal direction with its upper and down reach flora and a transverse direction connection with that of Huang Huai plain is found as well, which reveals the continuity and integrity of Yellow River flora. 2. Structural characteristics or floodplain forest (plantation or mix forest) are successfully analyzed with typical community survey method integrated with modern forest management method. By studying the size differentiation and spatial distributive pattern of the forests, we find that floodplain forests structures may differ from tree species, forest sources, forest types, allocation patterns, development status and management treatments From simple structure to the complex, there appears in turn Swallow forest, Poplar forest; natural forest and poor managed forest, agriforest; old forest, young forest. Size differentiation in crown is higher than that of DBH and tree height. In agriforests of 3 to 4 years old, there are some extent size differentiations, which is higher in crown than that in DBH and tree height. The effects of crown mainly occur between individuals in the same row. 3. Vegetation’s function differs significantly between 5 different types. Forests possess the highest comprehensive function, composed of highest productivity function, microclimate effect, Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control function, soil protecting and enriching function and non-point resources pollution control function as well as relatively high and stable biodiversity conservation function. Tamarix-Swillow forests on the floodplain have a relatively high integrated function, consist of the highest biodiversity and relative high productivity function, microclimate effect, Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) control function, soil protecting and enriching function and non-point resources pollution control function. Cropland ecosystem has a relatively low overall function, except its high productivity, cropland ecosystem has a low biodiversity and Locusta migratoria manilersis
(Meyen) control ability. The integrative function of artificial grassland in the low, with poor productivity and low biodiversity conservation capacity, slight microclimate effect, moderate soil protection ability, non-point source pollution control ability, and even Locusta migratoria manilersis (Meyen) acceleration. Bare lands have the lowest function. 4. Based on the floodplain exploitation situation, this dissertation proposes a “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River. It is feasible as it abides by ecological principles and meets the global ecological construction and Globalization of the Economy. So that “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River is expected to promote sustainable development in floodplain area, with full use of environment resources of floodplain, and precious chance during Xiaolangdi reservoir operation. Successful experiences in floodplain exploitation on mid and down-reach Yangtze River provide guidance in “forest dominating exploitation”on the down-reach flood plain of Yellow River. Issues need to be emphasized are: to incorporate the floodplain exploitation to the entire river ecosystem management, with scientific planning, fulfilling and sound management; to highlight “forest dominance”and “ecology priority ”; to strengthen scientific study, multidiscipline cooperation, social participation; to promote the floodplain exploitation on a scientific base, with research, improvement and extension.
引文
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