A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷及其优化控制的研究
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摘要
A~2/O工艺(厌氧-缺氧-好氧)是一种在城市污水厂应用最为广泛的同步脱氮除磷工艺之一,其具有构造简单、总水力停留时间短且控制运行的复杂性小等优点。就目前来看,在没有更好的生物脱氮除磷工艺出现之前,国内将在较长的一段时期内,仍会以A~2/O工艺原理为主导来设计、修建各种规模的城市污水处理厂。
虽然A~2/O工艺已得到了广泛应用,但是其本身存在一些难以克服的内在矛盾,如基质竞争和污泥龄矛盾,使得脱氮和除磷关系无法均衡,处理效率难以提高。随着人们生活水平的提高和生活习惯的改变,我国城市污水水质也发生了相应变化,目前低C/N比污水在我国十分常见,碳源的缺乏会使得A~2/O工艺中的内在矛盾更加激化,A~2/O工艺原有的设计参数是否适合也值得探讨。基于此,本研究以连续流和序批试验结合的方式对A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷及其优化控制进行了系统研究。
通过维持好氧段平均DO浓度为4.0、3.0、2.0和1.0mg/L研究了DO对A~2/O工艺运行的影响,结果发现COD的去除基本不受DO浓度的影响,TN去除率随着DO浓度的降低逐渐提高,同时系统的SND率也会逐渐提高。若仅仅维持较高的脱氮效率,可使得A~2/O工艺在低DO条件下运行。DO浓度对生物除磷有着明显的影响,在DO浓度不低于1.0mg/L的时候,系统一直维持较高的生物除磷活性,而当DO浓度维持在1.0mg/L左右的时候,系统的除磷效率逐渐恶化,必须辅以化学除磷。综合来看,若维持A~2/O工艺有较高的脱氮除磷效率,好氧区的平均DO至少应为2.0mg/L。
碳源类型对A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷及其代谢过程有明显影响。乙酸和丙酸作为碳源的研究结果表明厌氧段的代谢符合选择性缩合理论。乙酸为碳源的时候糖原的含量和变化量较大,推测其代谢可能是能是ED和EMP的混合途径。碳源类型对生物脱氮的影响不大,但是对生物除磷及其过程变化有较大的影响。和乙酸相比,丙酸作为碳源时需要更少的曝气量(节省能量)、代谢过程中的能量循环及需求较小,且胞内物质的转化量小,反应过程更为平稳。
采用阿特拉津作为目标物质进行的有毒物质冲击试验研究表明,短时(3d)阿特拉津冲击(15、10、5mg/L)不会对A~2/O系统的有机物、脱氮和除磷效率产生明显影响,SOUR测定结果显示,不同种类的微生物对阿特拉津冲击的响应不同。异养菌的活性受到阿特拉津的影响较小,冲击前后的SOUR分别为5.74 mgO_2/g-SS h和5.56 mgO_2/g-SS h,而硝化细菌受到的影响较大,AOB和NOB的SOUR在阿特拉津冲击期间分别降低了66.0%和12.3%。
pH和ORP的变化可以动态指示A~2/O工艺中的反应过程。pH可用于反应过程及处理结果的初步判断;ORP可用于指示系统进水COD负荷的高低,同时还和缺氧区出水NOx--N(NO_2--N~+NO_3~--N)浓度的高低对应。
正常运行的A~2/O工艺中缺氧区存在吸磷现象,研究发现当缺氧吸磷的比例在50%左右时,系统整体的脱氮除磷效率较高。维持适当大的混合液回流比,增加适当大的缺氧区容积,可强化缺氧区吸磷,节省碳源从而提高脱氮除磷的效率,这为A~2/O工艺用于处理低C/N比生活污水提供了一个运行思路,也是对传统设计运行参数的一个改良。PCR-DGGE研究结果表明,微生物群落的变化和反应器处理效率及缺氧区吸磷比例的变化动态对应,但是这种变化是缓慢过渡的,在本系统中Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium是一种具有反硝化除磷作用的菌群。
采用配水研究表明,A~2/O工艺运行控制不当也会出现污泥膨胀问题,在生物脱氮除磷系统中,负荷控制比DO控制对控制污泥膨胀更为有效。
在序批试验中发现,当运行状态从脱氮状态转换至除磷状态时,随着除磷性能的好转,系统中的污泥容易形成颗粒污泥。除磷系统中形成的颗粒污泥具有发达的微孔结构,随着污泥粒径的增加,污泥的孔径、总孔容积和比表面积逐渐减小。颗粒污泥较小时,其微观结构更加复杂,从而使得物质在颗粒内外的传递更加容易,生物活性更强。颗粒污泥的生物活性区域的厚度随着粒径的增加其百分比逐渐下降,除磷活性和除磷能力也随之下降。
Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A~2/O)process is one of the widely used techniques in municipal wastewater treatment plants for simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal. The technology has many advantages, such as simple configuration and short hydraulic retention time (HRT). In addition, it is easy to operate. Therefore, A~2/O will be continuously taken as the main process in all kinds of newly designed and built wastewater treatment plants before some better biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal processes are invented.
Though A~2/O process has been used widely, it has some inherent contradictions which are difficult to overcome, for example, the contradiction between substrate competition and SRT makes the good nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency can not be achieved at the same time, as a result, the removal efficiency of the system can not be improved. As the standard of living improved and the living habits changed, the wastewater quality was influenced. At present, low influent C/N ratio is rather common in our country. The lack of carbon source will make the inherent contradictions of A~2/O process more serious. Therefore, the conventional design parameters of A~2/O process are relatively dated. According to this, the thesis systematically investigated how to improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio, and utilize the carbon resource in influent wastewater effectively based on the employment of continuous-flow and batch experiments.
The effect of DO on the performance of A~2/O process was studied by setting the concentration of DO at 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mg/L. It was observed that the effect of DO on COD removal was invisible, whereas the removal rate of TN increased with the decrease of DO, and the efficiency of SND of the system gradually improved. The A~2/O system could run in low DO condition when high nitrogen removal efficiency is required only. The concentration of DO has a great influence on phosphorus removal, the system keep high biological activity on phosphorus removal when the concentration of DO was not less than 1.0 mg/L. While when the concentration of DO was approximately 1.0 mg/L, the efficiency of phosphorus removal deteriorated gradually, chemical phosphorus removal was needed to complete the phosphorus removal performance of the system. On the whole, in order to achieve excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency, the mean concentration of DO should be 2.0 mg/L at least.
The carbon sources has a significant influence on the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and the metabolism process of A~2/O. Acetate and propionate were selected as sole carbon sources and the result showed that the anaerobic step fit the selective condensed theory. When acetate was used as the carbon source, the concentration and variation of glycogen were larger. The supposed metabolic pathway of this process was the combination of ED and EMP. The influence of carbon sources on nitrogen removal was insignificant, while it plays an important role in phosphorus removal. Compared with acetate, when propionate was the carbon source, there was less aeration needed (saving energy), the amount of energy cycled and needed was less as well as the transformation of intracellular substance. In addition, the reaction process was more stable.
The simulation of toxic substance shock on the performance of the A~2/O process showed that short-term (3 d) atrazine impact (15, 10, 5 mg/L) did not affect the removal efficiency of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus obviously. The SOUR results demonstrated that different microorganisms had different resistant capacity of atrazine. The heterotrophic bacteria activity was insignificantly influenced by atrazine addition, and the SOUR achieved were 5.74 mgO_2/g-SS h and 5.56 mgO_2/g-SS h respectively before and after the Atrazine impact. However, the nitrobacteria was greatly influenced, the SOUR of AOB and NOB were declined by 66.0% and 12.3% respectively during the atrazine addition.
The variation of pH and ORP could be employed to indicate the A~2/O dynamic process. pH can be used to indicate the reaction process and to preliminarily determine the result; ORP can work as the indicator of influent COD loading rate, at the same time , it corresponds to the concentration of NO_x~--N (NO+3~--N~+NO_2~--N) in the anoxic effluent.
There are phosphorus uptake phenomena in anoxic zone in A~2/O process. It was found that when the anoxic phosphorus uptake ratio was approximately 50%, the integrated nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of the system was relatively high. Keeping proper high recycle ratio, enlarging anoxic volume properly could enhance the anoxic phosphorus uptake, saving carbon source, consequently improved the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This provided a feasible way to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio in A~2/O process. Furthermore, it would be favorable to amend the operational parameters. The microbial population variation was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The result showed that the microbial community structure and dominant bacteria change was consistent with the performance of the system and the anoxic phosphorus uptake ratio, while the variation was gradual transition. It was also found that Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium might be the major denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms in the system.
Based on synthetic wastewater, the sludge bulking caused by improper operation was investigated in A~2/O system. It was found that the control of loading rate was more effective than DO concentration to inhibit sludge bulking in A~2/O process.
When the operation mode of the system changed from nitrogen removal to phosphorus removal in SBR, the activated sludge flocs in the system tended to become granular sludge gradually as the phosphorus removal performance became better. The granules formed in enhanced biological phosphorus removal system based on SBR configuration had a large amount of micropores. With the increase of the diameter of granules, the average pore width, total volume of the pores and specific area decreased gradually. Smaller granules had more complex microstructure, which favored the transition of substrates from the surface to the center of the granules, and the biological activity was greater. As the granules became bigger, the percentage of the depth of the biological activated zone in the granular sludge was decreased gradually, at the same time its activity and capacity of phosphorus removal declined correspondingly.
虽然A~2/O工艺已得到了广泛应用,但是其本身存在一些难以克服的内在矛盾,如基质竞争和污泥龄矛盾,使得脱氮和除磷关系无法均衡,处理效率难以提高。随着人们生活水平的提高和生活习惯的改变,我国城市污水水质也发生了相应变化,目前低C/N比污水在我国十分常见,碳源的缺乏会使得A~2/O工艺中的内在矛盾更加激化,A~2/O工艺原有的设计参数是否适合也值得探讨。基于此,本研究以连续流和序批试验结合的方式对A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷及其优化控制进行了系统研究。
通过维持好氧段平均DO浓度为4.0、3.0、2.0和1.0mg/L研究了DO对A~2/O工艺运行的影响,结果发现COD的去除基本不受DO浓度的影响,TN去除率随着DO浓度的降低逐渐提高,同时系统的SND率也会逐渐提高。若仅仅维持较高的脱氮效率,可使得A~2/O工艺在低DO条件下运行。DO浓度对生物除磷有着明显的影响,在DO浓度不低于1.0mg/L的时候,系统一直维持较高的生物除磷活性,而当DO浓度维持在1.0mg/L左右的时候,系统的除磷效率逐渐恶化,必须辅以化学除磷。综合来看,若维持A~2/O工艺有较高的脱氮除磷效率,好氧区的平均DO至少应为2.0mg/L。
碳源类型对A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷及其代谢过程有明显影响。乙酸和丙酸作为碳源的研究结果表明厌氧段的代谢符合选择性缩合理论。乙酸为碳源的时候糖原的含量和变化量较大,推测其代谢可能是能是ED和EMP的混合途径。碳源类型对生物脱氮的影响不大,但是对生物除磷及其过程变化有较大的影响。和乙酸相比,丙酸作为碳源时需要更少的曝气量(节省能量)、代谢过程中的能量循环及需求较小,且胞内物质的转化量小,反应过程更为平稳。
采用阿特拉津作为目标物质进行的有毒物质冲击试验研究表明,短时(3d)阿特拉津冲击(15、10、5mg/L)不会对A~2/O系统的有机物、脱氮和除磷效率产生明显影响,SOUR测定结果显示,不同种类的微生物对阿特拉津冲击的响应不同。异养菌的活性受到阿特拉津的影响较小,冲击前后的SOUR分别为5.74 mgO_2/g-SS h和5.56 mgO_2/g-SS h,而硝化细菌受到的影响较大,AOB和NOB的SOUR在阿特拉津冲击期间分别降低了66.0%和12.3%。
pH和ORP的变化可以动态指示A~2/O工艺中的反应过程。pH可用于反应过程及处理结果的初步判断;ORP可用于指示系统进水COD负荷的高低,同时还和缺氧区出水NOx--N(NO_2--N~+NO_3~--N)浓度的高低对应。
正常运行的A~2/O工艺中缺氧区存在吸磷现象,研究发现当缺氧吸磷的比例在50%左右时,系统整体的脱氮除磷效率较高。维持适当大的混合液回流比,增加适当大的缺氧区容积,可强化缺氧区吸磷,节省碳源从而提高脱氮除磷的效率,这为A~2/O工艺用于处理低C/N比生活污水提供了一个运行思路,也是对传统设计运行参数的一个改良。PCR-DGGE研究结果表明,微生物群落的变化和反应器处理效率及缺氧区吸磷比例的变化动态对应,但是这种变化是缓慢过渡的,在本系统中Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium是一种具有反硝化除磷作用的菌群。
采用配水研究表明,A~2/O工艺运行控制不当也会出现污泥膨胀问题,在生物脱氮除磷系统中,负荷控制比DO控制对控制污泥膨胀更为有效。
在序批试验中发现,当运行状态从脱氮状态转换至除磷状态时,随着除磷性能的好转,系统中的污泥容易形成颗粒污泥。除磷系统中形成的颗粒污泥具有发达的微孔结构,随着污泥粒径的增加,污泥的孔径、总孔容积和比表面积逐渐减小。颗粒污泥较小时,其微观结构更加复杂,从而使得物质在颗粒内外的传递更加容易,生物活性更强。颗粒污泥的生物活性区域的厚度随着粒径的增加其百分比逐渐下降,除磷活性和除磷能力也随之下降。
Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A~2/O)process is one of the widely used techniques in municipal wastewater treatment plants for simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal. The technology has many advantages, such as simple configuration and short hydraulic retention time (HRT). In addition, it is easy to operate. Therefore, A~2/O will be continuously taken as the main process in all kinds of newly designed and built wastewater treatment plants before some better biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal processes are invented.
Though A~2/O process has been used widely, it has some inherent contradictions which are difficult to overcome, for example, the contradiction between substrate competition and SRT makes the good nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency can not be achieved at the same time, as a result, the removal efficiency of the system can not be improved. As the standard of living improved and the living habits changed, the wastewater quality was influenced. At present, low influent C/N ratio is rather common in our country. The lack of carbon source will make the inherent contradictions of A~2/O process more serious. Therefore, the conventional design parameters of A~2/O process are relatively dated. According to this, the thesis systematically investigated how to improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio, and utilize the carbon resource in influent wastewater effectively based on the employment of continuous-flow and batch experiments.
The effect of DO on the performance of A~2/O process was studied by setting the concentration of DO at 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mg/L. It was observed that the effect of DO on COD removal was invisible, whereas the removal rate of TN increased with the decrease of DO, and the efficiency of SND of the system gradually improved. The A~2/O system could run in low DO condition when high nitrogen removal efficiency is required only. The concentration of DO has a great influence on phosphorus removal, the system keep high biological activity on phosphorus removal when the concentration of DO was not less than 1.0 mg/L. While when the concentration of DO was approximately 1.0 mg/L, the efficiency of phosphorus removal deteriorated gradually, chemical phosphorus removal was needed to complete the phosphorus removal performance of the system. On the whole, in order to achieve excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency, the mean concentration of DO should be 2.0 mg/L at least.
The carbon sources has a significant influence on the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and the metabolism process of A~2/O. Acetate and propionate were selected as sole carbon sources and the result showed that the anaerobic step fit the selective condensed theory. When acetate was used as the carbon source, the concentration and variation of glycogen were larger. The supposed metabolic pathway of this process was the combination of ED and EMP. The influence of carbon sources on nitrogen removal was insignificant, while it plays an important role in phosphorus removal. Compared with acetate, when propionate was the carbon source, there was less aeration needed (saving energy), the amount of energy cycled and needed was less as well as the transformation of intracellular substance. In addition, the reaction process was more stable.
The simulation of toxic substance shock on the performance of the A~2/O process showed that short-term (3 d) atrazine impact (15, 10, 5 mg/L) did not affect the removal efficiency of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus obviously. The SOUR results demonstrated that different microorganisms had different resistant capacity of atrazine. The heterotrophic bacteria activity was insignificantly influenced by atrazine addition, and the SOUR achieved were 5.74 mgO_2/g-SS h and 5.56 mgO_2/g-SS h respectively before and after the Atrazine impact. However, the nitrobacteria was greatly influenced, the SOUR of AOB and NOB were declined by 66.0% and 12.3% respectively during the atrazine addition.
The variation of pH and ORP could be employed to indicate the A~2/O dynamic process. pH can be used to indicate the reaction process and to preliminarily determine the result; ORP can work as the indicator of influent COD loading rate, at the same time , it corresponds to the concentration of NO_x~--N (NO+3~--N~+NO_2~--N) in the anoxic effluent.
There are phosphorus uptake phenomena in anoxic zone in A~2/O process. It was found that when the anoxic phosphorus uptake ratio was approximately 50%, the integrated nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of the system was relatively high. Keeping proper high recycle ratio, enlarging anoxic volume properly could enhance the anoxic phosphorus uptake, saving carbon source, consequently improved the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This provided a feasible way to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio in A~2/O process. Furthermore, it would be favorable to amend the operational parameters. The microbial population variation was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The result showed that the microbial community structure and dominant bacteria change was consistent with the performance of the system and the anoxic phosphorus uptake ratio, while the variation was gradual transition. It was also found that Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium might be the major denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms in the system.
Based on synthetic wastewater, the sludge bulking caused by improper operation was investigated in A~2/O system. It was found that the control of loading rate was more effective than DO concentration to inhibit sludge bulking in A~2/O process.
When the operation mode of the system changed from nitrogen removal to phosphorus removal in SBR, the activated sludge flocs in the system tended to become granular sludge gradually as the phosphorus removal performance became better. The granules formed in enhanced biological phosphorus removal system based on SBR configuration had a large amount of micropores. With the increase of the diameter of granules, the average pore width, total volume of the pores and specific area decreased gradually. Smaller granules had more complex microstructure, which favored the transition of substrates from the surface to the center of the granules, and the biological activity was greater. As the granules became bigger, the percentage of the depth of the biological activated zone in the granular sludge was decreased gradually, at the same time its activity and capacity of phosphorus removal declined correspondingly.
引文
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