兰州市景观生态格局热环境效应研究
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摘要
当前,世界和中国都在经历快速城市化过程。城市化在地域上首先表现为景观格局的演变,城市景观的空间配置及其时间演变是产生各种生态环境问题的前提。在人工景观取代自然景观的城市化过程中,由地表覆被材质的变化而导致了地表热辐射、热存储和热传递的一系列改变,并以城市热岛的形式表现出来。选择城市景观下潜在的热环境作为城市景观格局的生态学响应,引入景观生态学的研究范式,研究城市景观生态与环境问题,具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本文选择半干旱区河谷城市的典型代表——兰州市作为研究对象,借助遥感、GIS和空间统计分析方法,提取城市扩张信息和关键生态囚子,反演地表真实温度,研究兰州市景观生态格局、过程及其热环境效应,分析影响热环境格局的人文驱动因素。通过本研究,期望从理论和方法上建立一种城市化过程中景观格局热环境效应的研究框架、方法和体系;在实践上,为兰州城市景观优化布局、生态宜居城市建设、可持续发展研究等提供方法借鉴和案例参考。本论文系统性地将遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和数字图像处理等方法综合应用于城市热环境效应研究中,完成的主要工作和取得的主要结论如下：
1.兰州市中心城区用地扩展及其热岛响应研究。利用四期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+影像提取兰州市中心城区用地信息,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,分析城市扩张与热岛增强的响应关系。结果发现：兰州中心城区用地快速扩展主要体现在2001年以前的20a,城市扩展与热岛扩张趋势具有时空一致性。
2.兰州市中心城区下垫面类型及格局的热环境效应研究。构建了植被-不透水而-大气污染物模型,利用线性混合光谱分解技术,分析兰州市不透水面与植被盖度的时空格局变化特征；探讨了地表温度和植被指数在不同土地利用类型之间的差异以及二者之间的定量关系,并引入多样性和聚集度指数,讨论了在不同土地利用的空间组合下,二者的空间差异及相互关系；研究了不同类型小区地表温度热场与下垫面结构的关系。结果表明：
(1)1999-2006年,兰州市中心城区不透水面盖度和面积增加明显,而植被盖度则急剧降低；城市热岛强度、不透水面以及植被覆盖三者的分布呈不同程度的空间正自相关性,地表温度的空间依赖性极强。
(2)在500m的尺度上地表温度与土地利用多样性具有负相关关系,植被指数则与多样性呈正相关关系；地表温度随着景观多样性的增加而降低,随聚集度增加而增加。
(3)水体、绿地具有明显的降温功能,人工建筑表面则具有增温效果；可通过该3种地表类型的覆盖程度的多元回归,较好地反映小区地表温度的状况。地表温度与绿化率、绿地斑块平均面积、连通指数、形状指数、分维数均呈负相关性,与绿地分离度呈正相关性。
3.兰州市西固区景观格局空间尺度效应研究。利用2005年SPOT 5卫星影像,研究景观指数的粒度变化,确定出适宜的研究尺度,从斑块格局、区域景观格局等方面进行景观生态格局分析。结果表明：NP、PD、LSI和Ⅰ(?)AFRAC对粒度变化比较敏感；SHDI对粒度变化不敏感；10m分辨率是西固区土地利用景观的本征观测尺度；景观格局呈现出城市中心——城乡交错带——乡村的分异特征,梯度变化明显。
4.兰州市热环境人文驱动因素研究。从多要素综合作用的角度,采用多源空间数据和空间主成分分析方法,研究人类活动对兰州城市热环境的影响,并模拟热环境分布格局。结果发现：兰州市人类活动对热环境的影响因子可以归纳为4种相对独立的基本要素,即景观格局、工业布局、城市建筑以及地表覆盖；影响兰州市中心城区热环境的最核心要素是景观格局。
At present, the world and China are experiencing rapid urbanization process. From the viewpoint of landscape, urbanization is the spatial evolution of landscape pattern. Spatial configurations and temporal evolution of urban landscape is premise to produce a variety of eco-environmental problems. In the process of physical ecology landscape replaced by artificial ones, urban heat island formed with a series of heat radiation, heat storage and heat transfer as a result of urban surface cover material changed. Therefore, selecting the thermal environment under landscapes as ecology process of landscape pattern, which link the urban landscape ecology with urban environmental problems and introduce the study paradigm of landscape ecology into urban ecology environment successfully, has important signification in theory and practice.
Comparing to the plain cities, Lanzhou's integrated effects include the artificial and original influence factors bringing about the prominent and particular hot island effects. So it is necessary to research on the temporal-spatial characteristics and formation mechanisms of thermal environment in Lanzhou. This thesis, selecting the typical valley basin city in the semi-arid zone——Lanzhou city as an example area, extract urban expansion information and the key ecological factors, retrieve land surface temperature from remote sensing images. Base on GIS and spatial statistic methods, the landscape spatial-temporal pattern and its thermal environment effect at urban scale was studied, and the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of urban thermal environment was analyzed by using a substitute of Multi-Criterion valuation method. This research firstly provides a new paradigm for the study of urban landscape ecology or urban ecology environment in theory, at the same time can perfect or promote the methods and system info landscape ecology, can also support the decision for urban landscape planning, ecological livable city constructing and regional sustainable development in Lanzhou city. The main research works and obtained conclusion in this dissertation are as follows:
1. Urban expansion and its heat island response in Lanzhou City. The information of urban construction land was extracted and the land surface temperature was retrieved via mono-window algorithm based on the 1978,1993,2001 and 2010 Landsat/TM and ETM+ images, with the urban heat-island ratio index and the land surface temperature grade maps built. In 1978-2010, the construction land in the central area of Lanzhou City increased from 87.47 km2 to 172.61 km2, and the urban expansion had a spatial consistency with the urban heat island expansion. At the same time of urban expansion, the urban surface temperature increased gradually, and the heat island area had an increasing expansion.
2. Thermal environment effect of underlying surface type and pattern in Lanzhou City. The authors put forward a V-I-AP (vegetable-impervious-soil) model, with an attempt to address problems of mixed pixels arising in moderate-resolution remote sensing images. Urban underlying surface was represented by green vegetation and impervious surface generated by linear spectral mixture analysis. Relationship between urban heat island and underlying surface was analyzed based on combining mathematical statistics with spatial statistics. The variance in land surface temperature (LST) and NDVI values associated with different landscape types was studied. Then, the quantitative relationship was acquired by regressive analysis. Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) and Contagion Index (CONT) were also introduced to analyze the spatial difference between LST and NDVI under the different spatial compound mode of land use. Results suggest that:
(1) The vegetation abundance of Lanzhou City decreased significantly during the period from 1999 to 2006. However, the imperious surface abundance increased by 5.32%. A positive spatial autocorrelation exists in the distribution of green vegetation, impervious surface and heat island strength in Lanzhou City.
(2) There is an apparent correlativity between LST and NDVI. A significant inverse correlation relationship between LST and NDVI associated with all land use polygons, the same associated with each land type, but correlation coefficients associated with land use types are different. It is more sensitive of LST change on the influence of NDVI in the area of higher CONT or lower SHDI.
(3) Water area, green space has a significant cooling function, while the building ground warming effect is obvious. These three kinds of surface area and the average LST of the explored plots are closely related. The effect of selected ecological green space index on LST is in decreasing order of green space coverage, division, average area of patch, cohesion index, shape index, and fractal dimension. There is a positive correlation between fractal dimension and LST, and a negative correlation between LST and other index.
3 Spatial scale effect on landscape patterns. Xigu District was selected as a study area for analysis of variation of landscape index with grain size from the landscape level and type level by using 2005 SPOT 5 remote-sensing images. Results demonstrate that 10 m was an intrinsic observation scale for land use landscape of Xigu District. The characteristics of landscape types and landscape patterns of the study area varied significantly with the increase in grain size, reflecting certain scale dependence. Landscape indexes of the townships(towns and neighborhoods) displayed differentiation characteristics of urban-peri-urban-countryside and apparent gradient variation.
4. Simulation and analysis of human dimensions of urban thermal environment in Lanzhou City. The author employed Spatial Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) method to analyze the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of urban thermal environment as a substitute of Multi-Criterion valuation (MCE) method. Result indicated that there are four primary factors to influence the density and spatial pattern of urban environment in Lanzhou, which can be generalized as landscape pattern, allocation of industries, urban construction density and types of underlying surface. Landscape pattern is regarded as the most sensitive factors to Lanzhou's thermal environment among these factors, whose variance contribution was up to 48.42%.
本文选择半干旱区河谷城市的典型代表——兰州市作为研究对象,借助遥感、GIS和空间统计分析方法,提取城市扩张信息和关键生态囚子,反演地表真实温度,研究兰州市景观生态格局、过程及其热环境效应,分析影响热环境格局的人文驱动因素。通过本研究,期望从理论和方法上建立一种城市化过程中景观格局热环境效应的研究框架、方法和体系;在实践上,为兰州城市景观优化布局、生态宜居城市建设、可持续发展研究等提供方法借鉴和案例参考。本论文系统性地将遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和数字图像处理等方法综合应用于城市热环境效应研究中,完成的主要工作和取得的主要结论如下：
1.兰州市中心城区用地扩展及其热岛响应研究。利用四期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+影像提取兰州市中心城区用地信息,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,分析城市扩张与热岛增强的响应关系。结果发现：兰州中心城区用地快速扩展主要体现在2001年以前的20a,城市扩展与热岛扩张趋势具有时空一致性。
2.兰州市中心城区下垫面类型及格局的热环境效应研究。构建了植被-不透水而-大气污染物模型,利用线性混合光谱分解技术,分析兰州市不透水面与植被盖度的时空格局变化特征；探讨了地表温度和植被指数在不同土地利用类型之间的差异以及二者之间的定量关系,并引入多样性和聚集度指数,讨论了在不同土地利用的空间组合下,二者的空间差异及相互关系；研究了不同类型小区地表温度热场与下垫面结构的关系。结果表明：
(1)1999-2006年,兰州市中心城区不透水面盖度和面积增加明显,而植被盖度则急剧降低；城市热岛强度、不透水面以及植被覆盖三者的分布呈不同程度的空间正自相关性,地表温度的空间依赖性极强。
(2)在500m的尺度上地表温度与土地利用多样性具有负相关关系,植被指数则与多样性呈正相关关系；地表温度随着景观多样性的增加而降低,随聚集度增加而增加。
(3)水体、绿地具有明显的降温功能,人工建筑表面则具有增温效果；可通过该3种地表类型的覆盖程度的多元回归,较好地反映小区地表温度的状况。地表温度与绿化率、绿地斑块平均面积、连通指数、形状指数、分维数均呈负相关性,与绿地分离度呈正相关性。
3.兰州市西固区景观格局空间尺度效应研究。利用2005年SPOT 5卫星影像,研究景观指数的粒度变化,确定出适宜的研究尺度,从斑块格局、区域景观格局等方面进行景观生态格局分析。结果表明：NP、PD、LSI和Ⅰ(?)AFRAC对粒度变化比较敏感；SHDI对粒度变化不敏感；10m分辨率是西固区土地利用景观的本征观测尺度；景观格局呈现出城市中心——城乡交错带——乡村的分异特征,梯度变化明显。
4.兰州市热环境人文驱动因素研究。从多要素综合作用的角度,采用多源空间数据和空间主成分分析方法,研究人类活动对兰州城市热环境的影响,并模拟热环境分布格局。结果发现：兰州市人类活动对热环境的影响因子可以归纳为4种相对独立的基本要素,即景观格局、工业布局、城市建筑以及地表覆盖；影响兰州市中心城区热环境的最核心要素是景观格局。
At present, the world and China are experiencing rapid urbanization process. From the viewpoint of landscape, urbanization is the spatial evolution of landscape pattern. Spatial configurations and temporal evolution of urban landscape is premise to produce a variety of eco-environmental problems. In the process of physical ecology landscape replaced by artificial ones, urban heat island formed with a series of heat radiation, heat storage and heat transfer as a result of urban surface cover material changed. Therefore, selecting the thermal environment under landscapes as ecology process of landscape pattern, which link the urban landscape ecology with urban environmental problems and introduce the study paradigm of landscape ecology into urban ecology environment successfully, has important signification in theory and practice.
Comparing to the plain cities, Lanzhou's integrated effects include the artificial and original influence factors bringing about the prominent and particular hot island effects. So it is necessary to research on the temporal-spatial characteristics and formation mechanisms of thermal environment in Lanzhou. This thesis, selecting the typical valley basin city in the semi-arid zone——Lanzhou city as an example area, extract urban expansion information and the key ecological factors, retrieve land surface temperature from remote sensing images. Base on GIS and spatial statistic methods, the landscape spatial-temporal pattern and its thermal environment effect at urban scale was studied, and the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of urban thermal environment was analyzed by using a substitute of Multi-Criterion valuation method. This research firstly provides a new paradigm for the study of urban landscape ecology or urban ecology environment in theory, at the same time can perfect or promote the methods and system info landscape ecology, can also support the decision for urban landscape planning, ecological livable city constructing and regional sustainable development in Lanzhou city. The main research works and obtained conclusion in this dissertation are as follows:
1. Urban expansion and its heat island response in Lanzhou City. The information of urban construction land was extracted and the land surface temperature was retrieved via mono-window algorithm based on the 1978,1993,2001 and 2010 Landsat/TM and ETM+ images, with the urban heat-island ratio index and the land surface temperature grade maps built. In 1978-2010, the construction land in the central area of Lanzhou City increased from 87.47 km2 to 172.61 km2, and the urban expansion had a spatial consistency with the urban heat island expansion. At the same time of urban expansion, the urban surface temperature increased gradually, and the heat island area had an increasing expansion.
2. Thermal environment effect of underlying surface type and pattern in Lanzhou City. The authors put forward a V-I-AP (vegetable-impervious-soil) model, with an attempt to address problems of mixed pixels arising in moderate-resolution remote sensing images. Urban underlying surface was represented by green vegetation and impervious surface generated by linear spectral mixture analysis. Relationship between urban heat island and underlying surface was analyzed based on combining mathematical statistics with spatial statistics. The variance in land surface temperature (LST) and NDVI values associated with different landscape types was studied. Then, the quantitative relationship was acquired by regressive analysis. Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) and Contagion Index (CONT) were also introduced to analyze the spatial difference between LST and NDVI under the different spatial compound mode of land use. Results suggest that:
(1) The vegetation abundance of Lanzhou City decreased significantly during the period from 1999 to 2006. However, the imperious surface abundance increased by 5.32%. A positive spatial autocorrelation exists in the distribution of green vegetation, impervious surface and heat island strength in Lanzhou City.
(2) There is an apparent correlativity between LST and NDVI. A significant inverse correlation relationship between LST and NDVI associated with all land use polygons, the same associated with each land type, but correlation coefficients associated with land use types are different. It is more sensitive of LST change on the influence of NDVI in the area of higher CONT or lower SHDI.
(3) Water area, green space has a significant cooling function, while the building ground warming effect is obvious. These three kinds of surface area and the average LST of the explored plots are closely related. The effect of selected ecological green space index on LST is in decreasing order of green space coverage, division, average area of patch, cohesion index, shape index, and fractal dimension. There is a positive correlation between fractal dimension and LST, and a negative correlation between LST and other index.
3 Spatial scale effect on landscape patterns. Xigu District was selected as a study area for analysis of variation of landscape index with grain size from the landscape level and type level by using 2005 SPOT 5 remote-sensing images. Results demonstrate that 10 m was an intrinsic observation scale for land use landscape of Xigu District. The characteristics of landscape types and landscape patterns of the study area varied significantly with the increase in grain size, reflecting certain scale dependence. Landscape indexes of the townships(towns and neighborhoods) displayed differentiation characteristics of urban-peri-urban-countryside and apparent gradient variation.
4. Simulation and analysis of human dimensions of urban thermal environment in Lanzhou City. The author employed Spatial Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) method to analyze the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of urban thermal environment as a substitute of Multi-Criterion valuation (MCE) method. Result indicated that there are four primary factors to influence the density and spatial pattern of urban environment in Lanzhou, which can be generalized as landscape pattern, allocation of industries, urban construction density and types of underlying surface. Landscape pattern is regarded as the most sensitive factors to Lanzhou's thermal environment among these factors, whose variance contribution was up to 48.42%.
引文
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