基于集聚效应的企业区位选择研究
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摘要
从上个世纪80年代开始,我国的产业空间布局呈现出集聚的趋势。企业、资本和人口在特定区域内大量集聚,提升了区域经济的竞争力,促进了地方经济的快速发展。利用产业集聚产生的强大竞争力,引导国民经济有计划的发展壮大,实现我国经济从东部到西部逐步协调发展的伟大宏图,必须认清产业集聚的形成机理。
当代产业集聚现象研究学者认为,企业层面集聚现象研究认为企业集聚是企业分散的偶然结果,忽略了企业通过协作追求集聚带来的行业外部性经济的区位行为；而组织层面上集聚现象的研究强调了行业外部性经济对集聚的作用,忽略了企业选择区位的能动性。因此,在工业组织层面的集聚现象研究和企业层面的企业区位选择建立起联系的纽带是研究集聚现象必须补充的理论。
本文根据国家统计局发布的2006年我国工业制造业19个子行业的统计数据,以马歇尔、韦伯和克鲁格曼的产业集聚理论为基础选择了代表成本因子、需求因子和创新因子的8个指标,建立了统计回归模型,分析产业集聚度与区位因子经济指标间的相关关系。统计结果表明,需求规模、生产成本和交通运输成本与集聚度相关度高；需求规模和集聚度正相关,生产成本和交通运输成本与集聚度负相关。以霍特林(Hotelling)线性城市模型拓展研究的价格——区位均衡模型为基础,分析追求产业集聚效应下的较大需求规模、生产成本节约和交通运输成本节约的同质企业的区位选择。研究表明,追求集聚效应下的较大的需求规模和生产成本的节约促使同质企业在特定的区域内集中,而产业集聚效应下企业和消费者间交通运输成本的节约对同质企业的集聚没有促进作用。由于同时消费互补产品消费所产生的效用明显大于它们单独消费时所产生效用之和,因此互补产品的生产企业的区位邻近使得消费者同时消费互补产品成为可能。集聚效应作用下的生产成本节约、需求规模扩大和单位距离交通成本的节约促使生产互补产品的企业在空间上选择邻近的区位,形成产业集聚。数量——区位均衡模型是霍特林线性城市模型的另一个变种,本文以此模型为基础,分析发现集聚效应下上游企业的生产成本节约对下游企业区位的选择有吸引作用,集聚效应下下游企业的生产规模扩大对上游企业区位有吸引作用,单位距离的交通成本节约对上下游关联企业区位的集中有吸引作用,所以集聚效应下的生产成本节约、需求规模扩大和单位距离交通成本节约促进了上下游企业区位的空间集聚,形成了产业集聚。
通过以上的成果研究建立了企业层面和工业组织层面的集聚机理理论的联系纽带。
From last centry 80s, China's industrial space layout shows a gathering trend. Lots of Enterprises, capital and people gathered in a particular region that enhances regional economic competetiveness, and promote the local economy's rapid development. To use the strong industry cluster competitiveness, to planned guide economy to grow and achieve the great grand progressive which coordinated development our economy from east to west, we must understand the formation mechanism of industrial agglomeration.
Modern researchers believe the studies of industrial agglomeration, which firm level study suggest that the concentration of business is the casual result of enterprise location choice, and which the study ignores the maximum profit's pursuit of an enterprise through a collaborative location. They also believe that the industrial agglomeration theory at level of industrial organization, which pay more attention on the industrial economic externalities, and which ingnores the dynamic nature of business location selection. As a result, it is important added theory to establish a link between location choice explation of industrial agglomeration and theory at level of industrial organization.
Acording to National Bureau of Statistics released in 2006 China's manufacturing industry 19 sub-industry statistics statistical data, based on the theory of Marshall, Weber, and Krugman's industrial agglomeration this paper choices 8 indicators which represent cost factor, demand factor and innovation factors. It analyses the statistic relation between the degree of industrial concentration and the location factors through statistical regression model. According the regression results, it shows that the scale of demand, production costs and transportation costs and agglomeration degree of correlation is high; demand for size and concentration degree of positive correlation, production costs and transportation costs and agglomeration degree of negative correlation. Based on the price-location equilibrium model which is the chang of Hotelling's model, it analyse the homogeneous companies'location choice which persuit the larger demand, lower production cost and lower transportation cost under the agglomeration effect. The result shows that the homogeneous companies'location concentrating because of the larger demand and lower production cost. But the lower transportation cost has nothing with the homogeneous companies'location concentration. It is possible that consumer can buy complementary products together because the enterprise of complementary product closes to each other. The utility of simultaneous consumption of complementary product consumption has significantly greater than utility generated by consumption separately. Under the combined effect of production cost savings, demand scale and unit transportation cost savings from the production of complementary products to promote enterprise in space, select the adjacent location, the formation of industrial agglomeration. Number-location equilibrium model is a variant of Hotelling linear city model. Based on the number-location equilibrium model, the paper discovers that downstream enterprise close to the upstream locating for the production cost savings which come from agglomeration effect. At the same time, agglomeration effect brings the production scale expansion of the downstream which has the upstream enterprise locate nearly, the unit distance transportation cost savings associated enterprises between the upstream and downstream which has them locat side by side. Production cost savings, production scale expansion and unit distance transportation cost savings of agglomeration effect have enterprise choice centralized location, and cause the formation of industrial agglomeration.
Based on the conclusion come from analysis of industrial agglomeration, this paper establishes theory which linkages Results mechanism of industrial agglomeration between theory of the level of industrial organization and studies on enterprise location.
当代产业集聚现象研究学者认为,企业层面集聚现象研究认为企业集聚是企业分散的偶然结果,忽略了企业通过协作追求集聚带来的行业外部性经济的区位行为；而组织层面上集聚现象的研究强调了行业外部性经济对集聚的作用,忽略了企业选择区位的能动性。因此,在工业组织层面的集聚现象研究和企业层面的企业区位选择建立起联系的纽带是研究集聚现象必须补充的理论。
本文根据国家统计局发布的2006年我国工业制造业19个子行业的统计数据,以马歇尔、韦伯和克鲁格曼的产业集聚理论为基础选择了代表成本因子、需求因子和创新因子的8个指标,建立了统计回归模型,分析产业集聚度与区位因子经济指标间的相关关系。统计结果表明,需求规模、生产成本和交通运输成本与集聚度相关度高；需求规模和集聚度正相关,生产成本和交通运输成本与集聚度负相关。以霍特林(Hotelling)线性城市模型拓展研究的价格——区位均衡模型为基础,分析追求产业集聚效应下的较大需求规模、生产成本节约和交通运输成本节约的同质企业的区位选择。研究表明,追求集聚效应下的较大的需求规模和生产成本的节约促使同质企业在特定的区域内集中,而产业集聚效应下企业和消费者间交通运输成本的节约对同质企业的集聚没有促进作用。由于同时消费互补产品消费所产生的效用明显大于它们单独消费时所产生效用之和,因此互补产品的生产企业的区位邻近使得消费者同时消费互补产品成为可能。集聚效应作用下的生产成本节约、需求规模扩大和单位距离交通成本的节约促使生产互补产品的企业在空间上选择邻近的区位,形成产业集聚。数量——区位均衡模型是霍特林线性城市模型的另一个变种,本文以此模型为基础,分析发现集聚效应下上游企业的生产成本节约对下游企业区位的选择有吸引作用,集聚效应下下游企业的生产规模扩大对上游企业区位有吸引作用,单位距离的交通成本节约对上下游关联企业区位的集中有吸引作用,所以集聚效应下的生产成本节约、需求规模扩大和单位距离交通成本节约促进了上下游企业区位的空间集聚,形成了产业集聚。
通过以上的成果研究建立了企业层面和工业组织层面的集聚机理理论的联系纽带。
From last centry 80s, China's industrial space layout shows a gathering trend. Lots of Enterprises, capital and people gathered in a particular region that enhances regional economic competetiveness, and promote the local economy's rapid development. To use the strong industry cluster competitiveness, to planned guide economy to grow and achieve the great grand progressive which coordinated development our economy from east to west, we must understand the formation mechanism of industrial agglomeration.
Modern researchers believe the studies of industrial agglomeration, which firm level study suggest that the concentration of business is the casual result of enterprise location choice, and which the study ignores the maximum profit's pursuit of an enterprise through a collaborative location. They also believe that the industrial agglomeration theory at level of industrial organization, which pay more attention on the industrial economic externalities, and which ingnores the dynamic nature of business location selection. As a result, it is important added theory to establish a link between location choice explation of industrial agglomeration and theory at level of industrial organization.
Acording to National Bureau of Statistics released in 2006 China's manufacturing industry 19 sub-industry statistics statistical data, based on the theory of Marshall, Weber, and Krugman's industrial agglomeration this paper choices 8 indicators which represent cost factor, demand factor and innovation factors. It analyses the statistic relation between the degree of industrial concentration and the location factors through statistical regression model. According the regression results, it shows that the scale of demand, production costs and transportation costs and agglomeration degree of correlation is high; demand for size and concentration degree of positive correlation, production costs and transportation costs and agglomeration degree of negative correlation. Based on the price-location equilibrium model which is the chang of Hotelling's model, it analyse the homogeneous companies'location choice which persuit the larger demand, lower production cost and lower transportation cost under the agglomeration effect. The result shows that the homogeneous companies'location concentrating because of the larger demand and lower production cost. But the lower transportation cost has nothing with the homogeneous companies'location concentration. It is possible that consumer can buy complementary products together because the enterprise of complementary product closes to each other. The utility of simultaneous consumption of complementary product consumption has significantly greater than utility generated by consumption separately. Under the combined effect of production cost savings, demand scale and unit transportation cost savings from the production of complementary products to promote enterprise in space, select the adjacent location, the formation of industrial agglomeration. Number-location equilibrium model is a variant of Hotelling linear city model. Based on the number-location equilibrium model, the paper discovers that downstream enterprise close to the upstream locating for the production cost savings which come from agglomeration effect. At the same time, agglomeration effect brings the production scale expansion of the downstream which has the upstream enterprise locate nearly, the unit distance transportation cost savings associated enterprises between the upstream and downstream which has them locat side by side. Production cost savings, production scale expansion and unit distance transportation cost savings of agglomeration effect have enterprise choice centralized location, and cause the formation of industrial agglomeration.
Based on the conclusion come from analysis of industrial agglomeration, this paper establishes theory which linkages Results mechanism of industrial agglomeration between theory of the level of industrial organization and studies on enterprise location.
引文
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