数控刻楦机研制及鞋楦CAM系统开发
摘要
鞋楦在制鞋工艺中具有重要的作用，鞋楦设计和加工的好坏直接影响成品鞋的质量。随着生活水平的提高，人们对鞋的款式和质量提出了更高的要求，另一方面，我国的制鞋业和世界发达国家相比还有很大差距，为了更好地满足消费者的需求及参与日趋激烈的国际竞争，必须用先进制造技术对传统的制楦方法进行改造。因此，研制实用、可靠、低成本的数控刻楦机和开发相配套的鞋楦CAM系统具有重要的现实意义，并具有较好的推广价值。
本文首先概述了鞋楦设计和制造国内外现状，指出我国在这一领域存在的差距，并归纳了CAM技术在鞋檀制造中的作用。在分析重庆大学已开发的数控刻楦机的原理及不足的基础上，提出了数控刻楦机的整体设计方案，刻檀机采用斜床身布局，不仅利于排除切屑，而且提高了刻楦机的刚性和稳定性。刻楦机设计采用模块化设计思想，采用交流伺服系统作为刻楦机自动控制系统。
其次，用离散造型技术构建了鞋楦三维模型，建立了数控刻楦刀位点算法模型。算法模型采用当今加工自由曲面最流行的球头铣刀作为加工刀具，并且提出“一次逼近法”作为鞋楦刀位点计算的理论依据，从而使刀位点计算简化，大大提高了设计和加工效率。为了验证刀位点算法的正确性，作者采用数字仿真技术并对所获得的鞋楦加工刀位点进行了数字仿真，结果表明不仅刀位点算法正确，而且刻楦精度和质量也得到了保证，另外对刀位点计算过程中存在的误差进行了分析。
最后拟定了数控刻楦工作流程，并用Microsoft公司的Visual C++语言编制了控制软件，实现对刻楦机的控制，从而完成对鞋楦的全自动加工。
The last plays an important role in the shoe making industry. The design and manufacturing quality of last affects the quality of finished shoes directly. As the standard of living improved, people request better style and higher quality of shoes. On the other hand, compared with the developed countries, our nation's shoemaking industry is still backward. Only with advanced manufacture technology can we improve traditional shoemaking, and thus further to meet the need of consumers and get involved in the more and more intense international competition. So, the study on numerical control last-making machine with high reliability and low cost and the development of shoe last CAM system are very necessary. On the other hand, the research results can be used in other fields.
Firstly, this paper introduces the domestic and international current situations of last designing and manufacturing, points out the distance between our country and other's in this field, and analyses the meaning of CAM technology in last making industry. The author analyses the principle and weakness of numerical control last-producing machine made by Chongqing University, on these basis, the author introduce the whole structure design of the numerical control last-producing machine. The last-making machine adopts inclined Lathe bed as its total arrangement scheme, which is not only good at getting rid of cut trifles, but also enhance the strong character and stability during manufacturing-process. Module design method is adopted during the lath bed design and alternating servo system is employed as the auto-control system of the last-making machine.
Secondly, on the basis of introducing discrete modeling method, the author creates last's three-dimensional model, and build up algorithm model of tool position for numerical control last-making machine. Algorithm model applies sphere tool, which is most popular in processing curved surface nowadays. Moreover, the author puts forward "one-time approach method" as the theoretic foundation for the algorithm of tool position, so that this simplifies the calculation and increases greatly the efficiency of design and process. To verify the correctness of the algorithm for tool position, the author introduces digital simulation technology and simulates the calculated tool position using the technology. The result not only proves the algorithm for tool position, but also guarantees the accuracy and quality in last making, at the same time it analyses
the errors existing in the tool position calculating process.
At last the author analyses the principle of digital control programs' manufacturing process, writes programs with Microsoft's visual C++ language, therefore controls the last-making machine to complete the last auto-process with software.
本文首先概述了鞋楦设计和制造国内外现状，指出我国在这一领域存在的差距，并归纳了CAM技术在鞋檀制造中的作用。在分析重庆大学已开发的数控刻楦机的原理及不足的基础上，提出了数控刻楦机的整体设计方案，刻檀机采用斜床身布局，不仅利于排除切屑，而且提高了刻楦机的刚性和稳定性。刻楦机设计采用模块化设计思想，采用交流伺服系统作为刻楦机自动控制系统。
其次，用离散造型技术构建了鞋楦三维模型，建立了数控刻楦刀位点算法模型。算法模型采用当今加工自由曲面最流行的球头铣刀作为加工刀具，并且提出“一次逼近法”作为鞋楦刀位点计算的理论依据，从而使刀位点计算简化，大大提高了设计和加工效率。为了验证刀位点算法的正确性，作者采用数字仿真技术并对所获得的鞋楦加工刀位点进行了数字仿真，结果表明不仅刀位点算法正确，而且刻楦精度和质量也得到了保证，另外对刀位点计算过程中存在的误差进行了分析。
最后拟定了数控刻楦工作流程，并用Microsoft公司的Visual C++语言编制了控制软件，实现对刻楦机的控制，从而完成对鞋楦的全自动加工。
The last plays an important role in the shoe making industry. The design and manufacturing quality of last affects the quality of finished shoes directly. As the standard of living improved, people request better style and higher quality of shoes. On the other hand, compared with the developed countries, our nation's shoemaking industry is still backward. Only with advanced manufacture technology can we improve traditional shoemaking, and thus further to meet the need of consumers and get involved in the more and more intense international competition. So, the study on numerical control last-making machine with high reliability and low cost and the development of shoe last CAM system are very necessary. On the other hand, the research results can be used in other fields.
Firstly, this paper introduces the domestic and international current situations of last designing and manufacturing, points out the distance between our country and other's in this field, and analyses the meaning of CAM technology in last making industry. The author analyses the principle and weakness of numerical control last-producing machine made by Chongqing University, on these basis, the author introduce the whole structure design of the numerical control last-producing machine. The last-making machine adopts inclined Lathe bed as its total arrangement scheme, which is not only good at getting rid of cut trifles, but also enhance the strong character and stability during manufacturing-process. Module design method is adopted during the lath bed design and alternating servo system is employed as the auto-control system of the last-making machine.
Secondly, on the basis of introducing discrete modeling method, the author creates last's three-dimensional model, and build up algorithm model of tool position for numerical control last-making machine. Algorithm model applies sphere tool, which is most popular in processing curved surface nowadays. Moreover, the author puts forward "one-time approach method" as the theoretic foundation for the algorithm of tool position, so that this simplifies the calculation and increases greatly the efficiency of design and process. To verify the correctness of the algorithm for tool position, the author introduces digital simulation technology and simulates the calculated tool position using the technology. The result not only proves the algorithm for tool position, but also guarantees the accuracy and quality in last making, at the same time it analyses
the errors existing in the tool position calculating process.
At last the author analyses the principle of digital control programs' manufacturing process, writes programs with Microsoft's visual C++ language, therefore controls the last-making machine to complete the last auto-process with software.
引文
[1] 蔡颍，薛庆，徐弘山．CAD／CAM原理与应用．北京：机械工业出版社．1998．
[2] 任仲贵．CAD／CAM原理．北京：清华大学出版社．1991．
[3] 宁汝新，赵汝嘉．CAD／CAM技术．北京：机械工业出版社．1999．
[4] 诸炳生．现代皮鞋款式与设计．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1988．
[5] 沈安俊．自动控制与调节原理．北京：机械工业出版社．1979．
[6] 陈远龄．机床电气自动控制．重庆：重庆大学出版社．1995．
[7] 李佳等．数控机床及应用．北京：清华大学出版社．2001．
[8] 高潮，李姣，郭永彩．鞋楦CAD中的鞋楦建模与局部修改技术．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．2002，14(9)．
[9] 《皮鞋工艺》编写组．皮鞋工艺．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1995．
[10] 刘雄伟等．数控加工理论与编程技术，北京：机械工业出版社，1994．
[11] 曾庆乐．微机辅助皮鞋二维CAD系统的开发．制鞋科技．1994，2：33～37
[12] GaoPinzhen,Lu E.Development of a shoe's computer aider design and processing system [J].Optical Machinery. 1998(4):47～52.
[13] 石道渝等．基于PC机的鞋楦数控刻楦机数控系统．重庆第五届计算机学术大会论文集．重庆：《计算机科学》杂志社．1997，10：114～116．
[14] 王希．鞋楦CAD／CAM技术及数控刻楦机的研究与实现．重庆：重庆大学博士学位论文．2001．
[15] 蒋和生，袁小玉．机床数控技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社．1998．
[16] 王爱玲．现代数控机床结构与设计．北京：兵器工业出版社．1999．
[17] 廖卫献．数控车床加工自动编程．北京：国防工业出版社．2002．
[18] 钱能．C++程序设计教程．北京：清华大学出版社．1999．
[19] [美]David J．Kruglinski著，潘爱民，王国印译．Visual C++技术内幕．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
[20] 万跃华．精通VC++5.0编程[M]．成都：电子科技大学出版社．1998．
[21] 谭浩强．C程序设计．[M]．清华大学出版社．1995．
[22] 赵杰，陶桂宝，张毅．数控刻楦刀位点算法．重庆大学学报．2003，26(1)：100～103．
[23] P Borrel. Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive dsign [J],Acm Transactions on Graphics,1994,13(2): 137～155.
[24] 轻工业部制鞋工业科学研究所，中国鞋号及鞋楦设计．北京：中国轻工业部出版社．1996．
[25] 张伯鹏．机电智能控制工程．北京：机械工业出版社．1991
[26] 王润孝．机床数控原理与系统．西安：西北工业大学出版社．1989．
[27] 孙庆夏．计算机辅助设计与制造．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1994．
[28] TSederberg,Sparry.Free-form deformation of solid geometricmodels[A]. In:Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series.ACM SIGGRAPH,Dallas,Texas,1986. 537～541.
[29] 华熳煜，曹句江，彭国勋．鞋楦CAD曲面数学模型的研究．西北轻工业学院学报1994，12(3)：187～197．
[30] 王伟．一种高性能的交流伺服系统．微机电．1994．27(4)．
[31] 谢方华．CAD／CAM技术与鞋楦CAM系统．光学机械．1989,(4)：101～106．
[32] 深圳市摩信科技有限公司．MCT8100F4运动控制器硬件使用手册．深圳：2002．
[33] 王希，石道渝，罗达立等．数控刻楦机加工鞋楦的方法．重庆大学学报．2000，23(4)：30～32．
[34] 王希，罗晓晖，石道渝等．数控刻楦机加工的刀位计算．无锡轻工大学学报．2001，20(2)：181～185
[35] 冯辛安，葛巧琴．计算机辅助设计与制造．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[36] 彭炎午．计算机数控(CNC)系统．西安：西北工业大学出版社．1993．
[37] McAllister, D F; Carver, D; Devarajan etal. RAn interactive computer graphics system for the design of molded and orthopedic shoe lasts. Journal Of Rehabilitation Research And Development. 1991,28(4):39～46.
[38] Perng, D.-B., Cheng, F.-T.Shoe last solid model construction and feature data measurement. Technical report, 1997.
[39] “八五”攻关课题“数控刻楦机及其CAM系统”可行性研究报告．重庆大学．1995．
[40] P Borrel.Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactivedesign[J], ACM Transactionson Graphics. 1994,13(2): 137～155.
[41] 赵阳，吴会林等．面向用户的机床模块化设计．机械设计．1996．
[42] 王钧功．数字伺服系统．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1985．
[43] 张清，周艳玲，刘炳山．数控机床进给系统交流伺服电机选择．制造技术与机床．1997．
[44] Feng-Tsung Cheng, Der-Baau Perng. A systematic approach for developing a foot size information system for shoe last design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 1999,25(2): 171～185.
[45] Feng Jieqing,Peng Qunsheng.Accurate B-spline free-form deformation of polygonal objects[J]. JournalofSoftware, 1999,10(10): 1009～1015.
[46] Lord, M; Foulston, J. Technical evaluation of a CAD system for orthopaedic shoe-upper design. Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers. 1991,205(2): 109～115
[2] 任仲贵．CAD／CAM原理．北京：清华大学出版社．1991．
[3] 宁汝新，赵汝嘉．CAD／CAM技术．北京：机械工业出版社．1999．
[4] 诸炳生．现代皮鞋款式与设计．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1988．
[5] 沈安俊．自动控制与调节原理．北京：机械工业出版社．1979．
[6] 陈远龄．机床电气自动控制．重庆：重庆大学出版社．1995．
[7] 李佳等．数控机床及应用．北京：清华大学出版社．2001．
[8] 高潮，李姣，郭永彩．鞋楦CAD中的鞋楦建模与局部修改技术．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．2002，14(9)．
[9] 《皮鞋工艺》编写组．皮鞋工艺．北京：中国轻工业出版社．1995．
[10] 刘雄伟等．数控加工理论与编程技术，北京：机械工业出版社，1994．
[11] 曾庆乐．微机辅助皮鞋二维CAD系统的开发．制鞋科技．1994，2：33～37
[12] GaoPinzhen,Lu E.Development of a shoe's computer aider design and processing system [J].Optical Machinery. 1998(4):47～52.
[13] 石道渝等．基于PC机的鞋楦数控刻楦机数控系统．重庆第五届计算机学术大会论文集．重庆：《计算机科学》杂志社．1997，10：114～116．
[14] 王希．鞋楦CAD／CAM技术及数控刻楦机的研究与实现．重庆：重庆大学博士学位论文．2001．
[15] 蒋和生，袁小玉．机床数控技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社．1998．
[16] 王爱玲．现代数控机床结构与设计．北京：兵器工业出版社．1999．
[17] 廖卫献．数控车床加工自动编程．北京：国防工业出版社．2002．
[18] 钱能．C++程序设计教程．北京：清华大学出版社．1999．
[19] [美]David J．Kruglinski著，潘爱民，王国印译．Visual C++技术内幕．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
[20] 万跃华．精通VC++5.0编程[M]．成都：电子科技大学出版社．1998．
[21] 谭浩强．C程序设计．[M]．清华大学出版社．1995．
[22] 赵杰，陶桂宝，张毅．数控刻楦刀位点算法．重庆大学学报．2003，26(1)：100～103．
[23] P Borrel. Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive dsign [J],Acm Transactions on Graphics,1994,13(2): 137～155.
[24] 轻工业部制鞋工业科学研究所，中国鞋号及鞋楦设计．北京：中国轻工业部出版社．1996．
[25] 张伯鹏．机电智能控制工程．北京：机械工业出版社．1991
[26] 王润孝．机床数控原理与系统．西安：西北工业大学出版社．1989．
[27] 孙庆夏．计算机辅助设计与制造．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1994．
[28] TSederberg,Sparry.Free-form deformation of solid geometricmodels[A]. In:Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series.ACM SIGGRAPH,Dallas,Texas,1986. 537～541.
[29] 华熳煜，曹句江，彭国勋．鞋楦CAD曲面数学模型的研究．西北轻工业学院学报1994，12(3)：187～197．
[30] 王伟．一种高性能的交流伺服系统．微机电．1994．27(4)．
[31] 谢方华．CAD／CAM技术与鞋楦CAM系统．光学机械．1989,(4)：101～106．
[32] 深圳市摩信科技有限公司．MCT8100F4运动控制器硬件使用手册．深圳：2002．
[33] 王希，石道渝，罗达立等．数控刻楦机加工鞋楦的方法．重庆大学学报．2000，23(4)：30～32．
[34] 王希，罗晓晖，石道渝等．数控刻楦机加工的刀位计算．无锡轻工大学学报．2001，20(2)：181～185
[35] 冯辛安，葛巧琴．计算机辅助设计与制造．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[36] 彭炎午．计算机数控(CNC)系统．西安：西北工业大学出版社．1993．
[37] McAllister, D F; Carver, D; Devarajan etal. RAn interactive computer graphics system for the design of molded and orthopedic shoe lasts. Journal Of Rehabilitation Research And Development. 1991,28(4):39～46.
[38] Perng, D.-B., Cheng, F.-T.Shoe last solid model construction and feature data measurement. Technical report, 1997.
[39] “八五”攻关课题“数控刻楦机及其CAM系统”可行性研究报告．重庆大学．1995．
[40] P Borrel.Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactivedesign[J], ACM Transactionson Graphics. 1994,13(2): 137～155.
[41] 赵阳，吴会林等．面向用户的机床模块化设计．机械设计．1996．
[42] 王钧功．数字伺服系统．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1985．
[43] 张清，周艳玲，刘炳山．数控机床进给系统交流伺服电机选择．制造技术与机床．1997．
[44] Feng-Tsung Cheng, Der-Baau Perng. A systematic approach for developing a foot size information system for shoe last design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 1999,25(2): 171～185.
[45] Feng Jieqing,Peng Qunsheng.Accurate B-spline free-form deformation of polygonal objects[J]. JournalofSoftware, 1999,10(10): 1009～1015.
[46] Lord, M; Foulston, J. Technical evaluation of a CAD system for orthopaedic shoe-upper design. Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers. 1991,205(2): 109～115
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