低渗透油藏空气泡沫驱提高采收率实验及应用研究
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摘要
本文针对西峰油田开发过程中所出现的储层堵塞严重、注水压力上升快、注不进、油井产量低、酸化降压增注和压裂增产效果不明显、有效期短等实际问题,在利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、恒速压汞以及核磁共振等技术对西峰低渗透油藏储层特征详细研究的基础上,深入研究了引起储层堵塞的外界因素、详细分析了造成西峰油田现有的酸化降压增注和压裂增产技术效果不明显、有效期短的深层原因。在此基础上,大胆的提出了有机酸酸化深部解堵、前置酸压裂、空气泡沫驱等增产改造和增能措施,并进行了细致的实验评价研究,取得了良好的效果,为该技术的现场实施提供了有力的理论基础和技术支持。主要取得了以下几方面成果：
(1)受沉积环境和后期成岩作用影响,西峰油田低渗透储层微裂缝发育；储层岩石以长石岩屑砂岩为主,酸敏性矿物含量较高；孔隙结构复杂,喉道细小、狭窄,连通性差,对外来固相和液相伤害敏感；油层非均质性强,注入水波及效率低；可动流体饱和度不高。
(2)西峰油田地层水和注入水配伍性差,当地层水与注入水比例为9：1时结垢最为严重,成分以碳酸钙为主,占85%以上。
(3)在现行的注水制度下,注水开发10年后不会使储层温度降低到析蜡点以下,地层不会形成蜡堵塞；井筒温度场计算结果表明,井筒的析蜡位置一般在900m左右。
(4)西峰油田储层孔隙结构复杂、孔喉细小、酸敏性矿物含量高等是导致土酸酸化解堵和水力压裂增产措施效果不明显,有效期短的内在原因；应用有机酸对储层进行大规模酸化不仅能够解除储层深层堵塞起到降压增注的作用,而且能有效的防止二次伤害的发生；前置酸压裂技术综合了酸化和压裂二者的优点,两种技术组合使用能够有效的降低压裂液滤液对储层的伤害,延长压裂增产的有效期。
(5)空气泡沫驱在西峰低渗透油田的应用,不仅能够实现原油在地层发生低温氧化,起到降粘、烟道气驱的作用；而且能够有效的防止气窜、提高注入流体的波及效率、控制水锥提高原油产能；更有利于节约水资源,保护产油区的生态环境。
In this article the practical problems which appeared during the development of Xifeng Oilfield, such as serious oil formation plugging, water injection pressure increased fast, no injection, low oil well production, the effect of acidified-decreased pressure-increasing injected and fractured stimulation unconspicuous, the short effective period. Testing methods of casting thin sections, SEM, high pressure Hg injection, contant-speed mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance and so on were used to make a detailed research about reservior characteristics of Xifeng oilfield. The external factors which plugged the reservior were studyed deeply. Deep causes were detailed analyzed of the effect of acidified-decreased pressure-increasing injected and fractured stimulation were not obvious of Xifeng oilfield. On this basis, put forward some simullation and flooding measures, such as the organic sour dissolve blocking technology, lead acid fracturing technology and air foam flooding technoloy and so on. The experiments were evaluated and studyed detailed, obtained good effect. At last, provide a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the field implementation.
(1) Inluenced by the sediment environment and later diagenesis, micro fissure was well developed in Xifeng Oilfield. The rock of reservior was mainly feldspar lithic sandstone, the content of acid sensitivity clay was high; the micro-pore structure was complicated, the throat radiu was small, connection was poor, sensitived about the foreign solid and liquid material. Oil reservoir was strong heterogeneity. The affected efficiency of injection water was low, moving fluid saturation was not high.
(2) The Compatibility of the formation water and the injection water was poor in Xifeng oilfield. When the ratio of the formation water and the injection water was9:1, the scaling was the most serious. The ingredients were mainly calcium carbonate and the content accounted for more than85%.
(3) In the current injection, the water injection development will not make the reservoir temperature down to below wax chromatography for10years, and the strata won't form a wax blocked. Wellbore temperature field simulation results show that position of the post-mortem wax of the well bore was in commonly about900m.
(4) The reasons of the micro-pore structure was complicated, the throat was narrow, the content of acid sensitived clay was high were the internal causes that why the stimulation measures of soil sour dissovle blocking and hydraulic fracturing were not obvious, and the effective period was short in Xifeng oilfield. Application of organic acid reservoir acidification can not only remove reservoir jams so as to step-down pressure and increase injection, and also can effectively prevent the damage occurred; Lead acid fracturing technology combined the advantages of the acidification and fracturing. The combination of the two techniques could effectively reduce the filtrate on reservoir of injury, in the same time, extended the valid period of the well stimulation.
(5) The application of air foam flooding of the low-permeability reservoir in Xifeng oilfield, could not only realize crude oil in a low temperature oxidation, rise to fall stick, the role of black flooding, but also could to effectively prevent steaming breakthrough, improving the affected efficiency of injection water, controlling the water cone to enhance oil capacity. More beneficial to to save the water resources, and protected the ecological environment of the oil-producing areas.
(1)受沉积环境和后期成岩作用影响,西峰油田低渗透储层微裂缝发育；储层岩石以长石岩屑砂岩为主,酸敏性矿物含量较高；孔隙结构复杂,喉道细小、狭窄,连通性差,对外来固相和液相伤害敏感；油层非均质性强,注入水波及效率低；可动流体饱和度不高。
(2)西峰油田地层水和注入水配伍性差,当地层水与注入水比例为9：1时结垢最为严重,成分以碳酸钙为主,占85%以上。
(3)在现行的注水制度下,注水开发10年后不会使储层温度降低到析蜡点以下,地层不会形成蜡堵塞；井筒温度场计算结果表明,井筒的析蜡位置一般在900m左右。
(4)西峰油田储层孔隙结构复杂、孔喉细小、酸敏性矿物含量高等是导致土酸酸化解堵和水力压裂增产措施效果不明显,有效期短的内在原因；应用有机酸对储层进行大规模酸化不仅能够解除储层深层堵塞起到降压增注的作用,而且能有效的防止二次伤害的发生；前置酸压裂技术综合了酸化和压裂二者的优点,两种技术组合使用能够有效的降低压裂液滤液对储层的伤害,延长压裂增产的有效期。
(5)空气泡沫驱在西峰低渗透油田的应用,不仅能够实现原油在地层发生低温氧化,起到降粘、烟道气驱的作用；而且能够有效的防止气窜、提高注入流体的波及效率、控制水锥提高原油产能；更有利于节约水资源,保护产油区的生态环境。
In this article the practical problems which appeared during the development of Xifeng Oilfield, such as serious oil formation plugging, water injection pressure increased fast, no injection, low oil well production, the effect of acidified-decreased pressure-increasing injected and fractured stimulation unconspicuous, the short effective period. Testing methods of casting thin sections, SEM, high pressure Hg injection, contant-speed mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance and so on were used to make a detailed research about reservior characteristics of Xifeng oilfield. The external factors which plugged the reservior were studyed deeply. Deep causes were detailed analyzed of the effect of acidified-decreased pressure-increasing injected and fractured stimulation were not obvious of Xifeng oilfield. On this basis, put forward some simullation and flooding measures, such as the organic sour dissolve blocking technology, lead acid fracturing technology and air foam flooding technoloy and so on. The experiments were evaluated and studyed detailed, obtained good effect. At last, provide a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the field implementation.
(1) Inluenced by the sediment environment and later diagenesis, micro fissure was well developed in Xifeng Oilfield. The rock of reservior was mainly feldspar lithic sandstone, the content of acid sensitivity clay was high; the micro-pore structure was complicated, the throat radiu was small, connection was poor, sensitived about the foreign solid and liquid material. Oil reservoir was strong heterogeneity. The affected efficiency of injection water was low, moving fluid saturation was not high.
(2) The Compatibility of the formation water and the injection water was poor in Xifeng oilfield. When the ratio of the formation water and the injection water was9:1, the scaling was the most serious. The ingredients were mainly calcium carbonate and the content accounted for more than85%.
(3) In the current injection, the water injection development will not make the reservoir temperature down to below wax chromatography for10years, and the strata won't form a wax blocked. Wellbore temperature field simulation results show that position of the post-mortem wax of the well bore was in commonly about900m.
(4) The reasons of the micro-pore structure was complicated, the throat was narrow, the content of acid sensitived clay was high were the internal causes that why the stimulation measures of soil sour dissovle blocking and hydraulic fracturing were not obvious, and the effective period was short in Xifeng oilfield. Application of organic acid reservoir acidification can not only remove reservoir jams so as to step-down pressure and increase injection, and also can effectively prevent the damage occurred; Lead acid fracturing technology combined the advantages of the acidification and fracturing. The combination of the two techniques could effectively reduce the filtrate on reservoir of injury, in the same time, extended the valid period of the well stimulation.
(5) The application of air foam flooding of the low-permeability reservoir in Xifeng oilfield, could not only realize crude oil in a low temperature oxidation, rise to fall stick, the role of black flooding, but also could to effectively prevent steaming breakthrough, improving the affected efficiency of injection water, controlling the water cone to enhance oil capacity. More beneficial to to save the water resources, and protected the ecological environment of the oil-producing areas.
引文
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