受限空间宽带无线信道统计建模及OFDM调制技术研究
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摘要
受限空间是与自由空间相对而言的，受限空间主要包括：室内传播环境、地铁、隧道、地下商场和地下煤矿开采环境等。本文中，主要对煤矿井下巷道这一类受限空间中的电波传播特性进行了研究。
近年来，我国煤矿事故频繁发生，造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡。煤矿井下需要建立灵活、可靠的预警监控通信系统，这对提高井下安全生产和抢险救灾，保障国家财产和矿工生命安全具有重要意义。
准确的信道传播特性描述是建立上述可靠通信系统的基本保障。然而，目前煤矿井下并没有完善的信道传播模型。因此，本文深入研究煤矿井下巷道环境中的电波传播特性，建立井下宽带信道统计传播模型，这对于其他受限空间，如地铁、隧道等环境中的电波传播特性研究具有参考意义。此外，还根据井下无线信道的传播特点，设计了井下OFDM通信系统参数。
文中主要研究了煤矿井下的噪声特点和电波传播特性。首先根据井下开采设备功率大、启动频繁的特点，分析井下噪声主要分为加性高斯白噪声和脉冲干扰。然后，研究了煤矿巷道截面尺寸、粗糙程度、倾斜角度、工作频率等对大尺度衰落传输损耗的影响。最后，研究了井下无线电波的小尺度多径传播。根据多径在井下这一特殊传播环境中的传播特点，建立了井下参数可变的Nakagami宽带信道统计传播模型，并对模型进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，在超高频，煤矿巷道信道中传播时延均方根随着载波频率的增加而增加，这些结果与已有的井下典型测量结果相一致，表明了所建模型的正确性。
煤矿井下多径传播现象复杂，而OFDM调制技术通过串并变换及循环前缀技术，可以有效的抵抗多径传播带来的码间干扰，故将OFDM技术应用于井下，预期可显著改善井下无线通信系统的性能。根据本文所建立的井下宽带信道统计传播模型，优化配置了矿井巷道不同环境下的OFDM系统参数，并对系统在2．4GHz和5．8GHz这2个载波频率进行了仿真。仿真结果表明采用OFDM调制技术及优化配置的参数，在井下多径环境下显著改善井下无线通信系统的性能，并能很好的抗井下脉冲干扰。
The confined space relative to free space consists of indoor propagation, subway, tunnel, underground market and underground coal mine. This paper focuses on the research of radio propagation in underground coal mine.
Recently there are more accidents in coal mine which bring large losses to the economy and lives. It's vital to establish a flexible and reliable alarm and monitoring system which can improve the safety production and emergency service and disaster relief and protect the state property and life safety of miners.
The exact description of channel propagation characteristics is important for the above system. Because the lack of propagation model of coal mine, this paper makes deeply research on propagation characteristics and establishes the statistical propagation model of coal mine, and this will be helpful for the research on radio propagation in subway and tunnel. Farther the parameter of the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is designed for coal mine communication.
The main work of this paper is the research on the noise and characteristics of radio propagation in coal mine. Because of the large power and frequently start of the mining equipment, the noise consists of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and impulse noise. Then the impact of coal mine section, roughness, tilt of tunnel wall and carrier frequency on propagation loss is analysed. At last the wideband wireless statistic model based on Nakagami distribution is put forward and the simulation is taken. The simulation results consistent with the measurements show that the delay spread is larger as the higher carrier frequency at UHF in coal mine.
There are large amounts of multipath in coal mine laneway. OFDM make use of the serial-paralley converter and cyclic prefix to decrease the ISI (InterSymbol Interference). Therefore OFDM is applied to improve the performance of wireless communication system in coal mine. The parameter of OFDM is designed for various places of coal mine based on the forward model, and the simulation is taken under 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz. The simulation results show that OFDM after designed for various places has great performance under multipath and impulsive niose.
近年来，我国煤矿事故频繁发生，造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡。煤矿井下需要建立灵活、可靠的预警监控通信系统，这对提高井下安全生产和抢险救灾，保障国家财产和矿工生命安全具有重要意义。
准确的信道传播特性描述是建立上述可靠通信系统的基本保障。然而，目前煤矿井下并没有完善的信道传播模型。因此，本文深入研究煤矿井下巷道环境中的电波传播特性，建立井下宽带信道统计传播模型，这对于其他受限空间，如地铁、隧道等环境中的电波传播特性研究具有参考意义。此外，还根据井下无线信道的传播特点，设计了井下OFDM通信系统参数。
文中主要研究了煤矿井下的噪声特点和电波传播特性。首先根据井下开采设备功率大、启动频繁的特点，分析井下噪声主要分为加性高斯白噪声和脉冲干扰。然后，研究了煤矿巷道截面尺寸、粗糙程度、倾斜角度、工作频率等对大尺度衰落传输损耗的影响。最后，研究了井下无线电波的小尺度多径传播。根据多径在井下这一特殊传播环境中的传播特点，建立了井下参数可变的Nakagami宽带信道统计传播模型，并对模型进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，在超高频，煤矿巷道信道中传播时延均方根随着载波频率的增加而增加，这些结果与已有的井下典型测量结果相一致，表明了所建模型的正确性。
煤矿井下多径传播现象复杂，而OFDM调制技术通过串并变换及循环前缀技术，可以有效的抵抗多径传播带来的码间干扰，故将OFDM技术应用于井下，预期可显著改善井下无线通信系统的性能。根据本文所建立的井下宽带信道统计传播模型，优化配置了矿井巷道不同环境下的OFDM系统参数，并对系统在2．4GHz和5．8GHz这2个载波频率进行了仿真。仿真结果表明采用OFDM调制技术及优化配置的参数，在井下多径环境下显著改善井下无线通信系统的性能，并能很好的抗井下脉冲干扰。
The confined space relative to free space consists of indoor propagation, subway, tunnel, underground market and underground coal mine. This paper focuses on the research of radio propagation in underground coal mine.
Recently there are more accidents in coal mine which bring large losses to the economy and lives. It's vital to establish a flexible and reliable alarm and monitoring system which can improve the safety production and emergency service and disaster relief and protect the state property and life safety of miners.
The exact description of channel propagation characteristics is important for the above system. Because the lack of propagation model of coal mine, this paper makes deeply research on propagation characteristics and establishes the statistical propagation model of coal mine, and this will be helpful for the research on radio propagation in subway and tunnel. Farther the parameter of the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is designed for coal mine communication.
The main work of this paper is the research on the noise and characteristics of radio propagation in coal mine. Because of the large power and frequently start of the mining equipment, the noise consists of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and impulse noise. Then the impact of coal mine section, roughness, tilt of tunnel wall and carrier frequency on propagation loss is analysed. At last the wideband wireless statistic model based on Nakagami distribution is put forward and the simulation is taken. The simulation results consistent with the measurements show that the delay spread is larger as the higher carrier frequency at UHF in coal mine.
There are large amounts of multipath in coal mine laneway. OFDM make use of the serial-paralley converter and cyclic prefix to decrease the ISI (InterSymbol Interference). Therefore OFDM is applied to improve the performance of wireless communication system in coal mine. The parameter of OFDM is designed for various places of coal mine based on the forward model, and the simulation is taken under 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz. The simulation results show that OFDM after designed for various places has great performance under multipath and impulsive niose.
引文
[1] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京．北京邮电大学出版社．2001．8
[2] 杨大成．移动传播环境．北京．机械工业出版社．2003．8
[3] Theodore S．Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用．第二版．Wireless Communications Principles and Practice．北京．电子工业出版社．2004．3
[4] Kaveh Pahlavan．Prashant Krishnamurthy．刘剑．安晓波．李春生等译．无线网络通信原理与应用．北京．清华大学出版社．2003．5
[5] Kaveh Pahlavan. Allen H. Levesque. Wireless Information Networks. New York. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. 1995
[6] JHong Sam Lee．Leonard E．Miller．许希斌．周世东．赵明．李刚等译．CDMA系统工程手册．北京．人民邮电出版社．2002．3
[7] Maria-Gabriella．Di Benedetto．Guerino Giancola．葛利嘉．朱林．袁晓芳．陈帮富等译．超宽带无线电基础．北京．电子工业出版社．2006．1
[8] Homayoun Hashemi. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE. July 1993. 81(7). pp.943-968
[9] G.. L. Turin. F. D. Clapp. T. L. Johnston. S. B. Fine. D. Lavry. A Statistical Model of Urban Multipath Propagation. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. Feb 1972. 21(1). pp. 1-9
[10] Hirofumi Suzuki. A Statistical Model for Urban radio Propagation. IEEE Transactions on communications. July 1977. 25(7). pp. 673-680
[11] 黄伟．姚善化．矿井移动通信技术难题及解决方案探讨．煤矿机械．2003．12．pp．33-36
[12] 祁玉生．卲世祥．现代移动通信系统．北京．人民邮电出版社．2004．9
[13] William C. Jakes. MICROWAVE MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS. Piscataway. NJ. IEEE Press. 1993
[14] 王思其．姚善化．矿井通信的抗干扰技术分析及其应用．煤矿机械．2004．10．pp．50-52
[15] 姚善化．范骏．噪声背景下矿井无线通信的弱信号检测技术．煤炭工程．2005．11．pp．76-77
[16] 马德朝．煤矿主通风机噪声控制对策．科教文汇．2007．4．PP．194-194
[17] 曹连民．肖兴媛．郭爱英．煤矿噪声治理研究．煤矿机械．2004．11．pp．41-43
[18] Monisha Ghosh. Analysis of the Effect of Impulse Noise on Multicarrier and Single Carrier QAM Systems. IEEE Transactions on communications. Feb 1996. 44(2). pp. 145-147
[19] Alfred G.. Emslie. Robert L. Lagace. Theory of the Propagation of UHF Radio Waves in Coal Mine Tunnels. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation. Mar 1975. 23(2). pp. 192-205
[20] 孙继平．石庆东．UHF频段在空矩形巷道中的无线传输特性．工矿自动化．2002．2．pp．7-9
[21] 张长森．田子健．UHF电波在任意截面隧道中传播特性．辽宁工程技术大学学报：自 然科学版．2005．24(3)．pp．384-386
[22] 张跃平．郑国莘．张文梅．盛剑桓．隧道中UHF窄带无线电波传播信道的特性．通信学报．1998．19(12)．pp．47-53
[23] Mourad Djadel. Charles Despins. Sofiene Affes. Narrowband Propagation Characteristics at 2.45 and 18GHz in Underground Mining Environments. Global Telecommunications Conference. GLOBECOM IEEE. Nov 2002.2. pp. 1870-187
[24] Y. P. Zhang. Y. Hwang. Characterization of UHF Radio Propagation Channels in Tunnel Environment for Microcellular and Personal communications. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology. Feb 1998. 47(1). pp. 283-296
[25] Li-Chun Wang. Chin-Tau Lea. Co-Channel Interference Analysis of Shadowed Rician Channels. IEEE Communications Letters. Mar 1998. 2(3). pp.67-69
[26] Ahmed Benzakour. Sofiene Affes. Charles Despins. Pierre-Martin Tardif. Wideband Measurements of Channel Characteristics at 2.4 and 5.8 GHZ in Underground Mining Environments. Vehicular Technology Conference. 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004 IEEE 60th. 5. pp. 3595-3599
[27] Adel A. M. Saleh. Reinaldo A. Valenzuela. A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications. Feb 1987.5(2). pp. 128-137
[28] 张海滨．正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术．北京．国防工业出版社．2005．6
[29] 谭泽富．聂祥飞．王海宝．OFDM关键技术及应用．成都．西南交通大学．2005．6
[30] 杨晓春．何建吾．OFDM无线局域网．北京．电子工业出版社．2003．3
[31] 王文博．郑侃．宽带无线通信OFDM技术．北京．人民邮电出版社．2003．11
[32] Chahe Nerguizian. Charles L. Despins. Sofiene Affes. Mourad Djadel. Radio-Channel Characterization of an Underground Mine at 2.4 GHz. IEEE Transactions on wireless communications. Sept 2005. 4(5). pp.2441-2453
[2] 杨大成．移动传播环境．北京．机械工业出版社．2003．8
[3] Theodore S．Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用．第二版．Wireless Communications Principles and Practice．北京．电子工业出版社．2004．3
[4] Kaveh Pahlavan．Prashant Krishnamurthy．刘剑．安晓波．李春生等译．无线网络通信原理与应用．北京．清华大学出版社．2003．5
[5] Kaveh Pahlavan. Allen H. Levesque. Wireless Information Networks. New York. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. 1995
[6] JHong Sam Lee．Leonard E．Miller．许希斌．周世东．赵明．李刚等译．CDMA系统工程手册．北京．人民邮电出版社．2002．3
[7] Maria-Gabriella．Di Benedetto．Guerino Giancola．葛利嘉．朱林．袁晓芳．陈帮富等译．超宽带无线电基础．北京．电子工业出版社．2006．1
[8] Homayoun Hashemi. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE. July 1993. 81(7). pp.943-968
[9] G.. L. Turin. F. D. Clapp. T. L. Johnston. S. B. Fine. D. Lavry. A Statistical Model of Urban Multipath Propagation. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. Feb 1972. 21(1). pp. 1-9
[10] Hirofumi Suzuki. A Statistical Model for Urban radio Propagation. IEEE Transactions on communications. July 1977. 25(7). pp. 673-680
[11] 黄伟．姚善化．矿井移动通信技术难题及解决方案探讨．煤矿机械．2003．12．pp．33-36
[12] 祁玉生．卲世祥．现代移动通信系统．北京．人民邮电出版社．2004．9
[13] William C. Jakes. MICROWAVE MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS. Piscataway. NJ. IEEE Press. 1993
[14] 王思其．姚善化．矿井通信的抗干扰技术分析及其应用．煤矿机械．2004．10．pp．50-52
[15] 姚善化．范骏．噪声背景下矿井无线通信的弱信号检测技术．煤炭工程．2005．11．pp．76-77
[16] 马德朝．煤矿主通风机噪声控制对策．科教文汇．2007．4．PP．194-194
[17] 曹连民．肖兴媛．郭爱英．煤矿噪声治理研究．煤矿机械．2004．11．pp．41-43
[18] Monisha Ghosh. Analysis of the Effect of Impulse Noise on Multicarrier and Single Carrier QAM Systems. IEEE Transactions on communications. Feb 1996. 44(2). pp. 145-147
[19] Alfred G.. Emslie. Robert L. Lagace. Theory of the Propagation of UHF Radio Waves in Coal Mine Tunnels. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation. Mar 1975. 23(2). pp. 192-205
[20] 孙继平．石庆东．UHF频段在空矩形巷道中的无线传输特性．工矿自动化．2002．2．pp．7-9
[21] 张长森．田子健．UHF电波在任意截面隧道中传播特性．辽宁工程技术大学学报：自 然科学版．2005．24(3)．pp．384-386
[22] 张跃平．郑国莘．张文梅．盛剑桓．隧道中UHF窄带无线电波传播信道的特性．通信学报．1998．19(12)．pp．47-53
[23] Mourad Djadel. Charles Despins. Sofiene Affes. Narrowband Propagation Characteristics at 2.45 and 18GHz in Underground Mining Environments. Global Telecommunications Conference. GLOBECOM IEEE. Nov 2002.2. pp. 1870-187
[24] Y. P. Zhang. Y. Hwang. Characterization of UHF Radio Propagation Channels in Tunnel Environment for Microcellular and Personal communications. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology. Feb 1998. 47(1). pp. 283-296
[25] Li-Chun Wang. Chin-Tau Lea. Co-Channel Interference Analysis of Shadowed Rician Channels. IEEE Communications Letters. Mar 1998. 2(3). pp.67-69
[26] Ahmed Benzakour. Sofiene Affes. Charles Despins. Pierre-Martin Tardif. Wideband Measurements of Channel Characteristics at 2.4 and 5.8 GHZ in Underground Mining Environments. Vehicular Technology Conference. 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004 IEEE 60th. 5. pp. 3595-3599
[27] Adel A. M. Saleh. Reinaldo A. Valenzuela. A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications. Feb 1987.5(2). pp. 128-137
[28] 张海滨．正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术．北京．国防工业出版社．2005．6
[29] 谭泽富．聂祥飞．王海宝．OFDM关键技术及应用．成都．西南交通大学．2005．6
[30] 杨晓春．何建吾．OFDM无线局域网．北京．电子工业出版社．2003．3
[31] 王文博．郑侃．宽带无线通信OFDM技术．北京．人民邮电出版社．2003．11
[32] Chahe Nerguizian. Charles L. Despins. Sofiene Affes. Mourad Djadel. Radio-Channel Characterization of an Underground Mine at 2.4 GHz. IEEE Transactions on wireless communications. Sept 2005. 4(5). pp.2441-2453