基于OFDM的WiMAX物理层关键技术研究
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摘要
随着人们对宽带无线通信需求的不断增加,宽带无线通信向更高速率、更大的覆盖范围、更好的移动性方向发展。WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)技术的出现正好满足了人们对于无线通信的需求。
OFDM系统应用到WiMAX网络,结合了无线通信和互联网的特点,适应了市场和科技发展的趋势,成为下一代无线通信网络的关键技术。无线网状网的研究存在于无线局域网(IEEE 802.11s)和无线城域网(IEEE 802.16)中。无线网状网是在移动自组织网络(Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, MANET)和无线局域网(Wireless Local Area Networks, WLAN)结合的基础上逐渐发展起来的一种新的网络技术。本文侧重于对无线网状网OFDM系统中WiMAX物理层信号传输新算法的分析和研究,主要包括基于最小均方误差(Minimum Mean Square Error, MMSE)的空分多址与正交频分复用(Space Division Multiple Access-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, SDMA-OFDM)系统信道估计,导频辅助的信道传输函数研究,以及多用户单一传输天线场景下使用多输入多输出系统(MIMO)结构研究。
本文主要创新工作包括：
1)研究了基于导频辅助(Pilot-Assisted)、决策指导(Decision-Directed, DD)以及盲信道估计(Blind Channel Estimation, BCE)的分类分析技术。研究了导频辅助的信道传递函数估计算法,利用接收端特定导频信号可用子载波的一个子集,对特定信道传递函数进行采样。本文研究了使用差值方法来产生导频间每个子载波的传输函数估计方法,提高了信道估计的准确度并降低了原有算法的复杂度。
2)基于联合迭代信道估计方法提出了一个更先进的SDMA-OFDM系统信道估计方法,即遗传算法辅助的联合迭代算法与多用户检测算法(Genetic Algorithm-Aided Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection GA-JCEMUD)。该算法能有效地解决多用户信道估计的问题。
3)针对六角形导频、虚拟六角形导频、矩形导频及虚拟矩形导频提出了一种新的笛卡尔数学分析方法。它引入循环前缀来解决符号间干扰并在信道估计中针对两个不同进程提出了二维维纳滤波器的实现方法。这里的核心工作是对导频模式和有蜂窝网络支持的六角形分布式导频进行分析比较。
本文在基于遗传算法的迭代联合信道估计和多用户探测方案(GA-JCEMUD)中,通过初始频域信道传递函数(Frequency Domain CHannel Transfer Function,FD-CHTF)估计和初始符号估计来处理种群,能够有效地支持不断增长的用户数目。由于该算法提出的软输出的方法,解决了信道估计和多用户干扰的难题,在给出接收信号和信道状态信息的条件下,计算出具有较高传输概率的候选向量。
六角形导频模式是一个最佳范例,它与代表相同信号的矩形导频模型相比降低了13.3%的样本,并使误码率性能得到了改善。对多路散射干扰效应的分析和所提六角形导频模式方案对抗干扰效应的有效性分析,利用数学理论进行仿真,得到的结果证明了该设计的性能优于矩形和其它形式的导频模式。
因此,通过使用上述方法,得到了WiMAX的物理层的OFDM符号在信道模型下进行信道估计的仿真结果,从而得到了系统性能的改善。
As people's demand for broadband wireless communication is increasing, which means demand for higher speed, greater coverage, and better mobility. The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) technology, is just to satisfy user's demand for wireless communications. The OFDM system applied to the WiMAX network, a combination of the characteristics of wireless communications and the Internet to adapt to the market and technology trends, become the next generation of wireless communication network's critical technologies.
The Wireless mesh networks research is based on the wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11s) and wireless metropolitan area network (IEEE 802.16). The Wireless mesh network is the combination of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, (MANET) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) that gave birth to the gradual development of a new network technology.
This thesis focuses on the new Genetic Algorithm-Aided iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD) and analysis of the OFDM system of signal transmission on the WiMAX Physical layer, the Space Division Multiple Access-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (SDMA-OFDM) systems is used for channel estimation based on Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and the pilot-assisted channel transfer function estimation and the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) structure of the channel of the multi-user single transmitter antenna scenario using multiple transmitter antennas.
This drawn wide research interests in-depth studies and in my research, I have done the following innovative works:
1. Research on the analytical technique of pilot-assisted classification based on Decision-Directed (DD) and Blind Channel Estimation (BCE). The Pilot-Assisted channel transfer function estimate receives a particular pilot signal, which can be a subset of subcarriers, that is used in a particular channel transfer function as a sample. In this thesis, using different methods to produce a pilot sub-carrier for each of the transfer function estimation method to improve the channel estimation accuracy and reduce the complexity of the original algorithm.
2. Based on the joint iterative channel estimation method proposed a more advanced SDMA-OFDM system channel estimation method, which combined Genetic Algorithm-Aided Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD), so that the proposed algorithm can effectively solve the multi-user channel estimation problem.
3. Proposed a new Cartesian Mathematical analysis concept of the Hexagonal Pilot Pattern, Hexagonal with Virtual Rectangular Pilot and Rectangular with Virtual pilot. It presents the application of the Cyclic Prefix (CP) to resolve the inter-symbol interference and the two different processes of the performance of 2D-FIR Wiener filter for the channel estimation. The central focus of the work is the comparison of the pilots and the approach of the better performance of the Hexagonal Pilot Pattern distribution with the support of Cellular Network configuration.
In this Thesis, Genetic Algorithm-based iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD) technique, through the initial Frequency Domain CHannel Transfer Function (FD-CHTF) and the initial symbol estimates to deal effectively with the growing number of users. Since the algorithm is the soft output of the method proposed to solve the channel estimation and Multi-User Interference (MUI) problem in the received signal, the channel state information can be calculated by the probability of a candidate with higher transmission vector.
The Hexagonal pilot pattern is one of the best examples, which represent the same signal with the rectangular pilot model of lower than 13.3% of the samples and with improved bit error rate performance. The Interference effects of multiple scattering analysis and proposed hexagonal pilot model programs on the validity of the analysis.
The simulation results obtained using mathematical theory shows that the design is superior to a rectangular hexagonal pilot and other forms of pilot mode such as the hexagonal pilot, hexagonal with virtual pilot.
Therefore, by undergoing the processes above, the WiMAX physical layer of the OFDM symbols for the channel estimation performance model is simulated and an improved performance result is thus obtained.
OFDM系统应用到WiMAX网络,结合了无线通信和互联网的特点,适应了市场和科技发展的趋势,成为下一代无线通信网络的关键技术。无线网状网的研究存在于无线局域网(IEEE 802.11s)和无线城域网(IEEE 802.16)中。无线网状网是在移动自组织网络(Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, MANET)和无线局域网(Wireless Local Area Networks, WLAN)结合的基础上逐渐发展起来的一种新的网络技术。本文侧重于对无线网状网OFDM系统中WiMAX物理层信号传输新算法的分析和研究,主要包括基于最小均方误差(Minimum Mean Square Error, MMSE)的空分多址与正交频分复用(Space Division Multiple Access-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, SDMA-OFDM)系统信道估计,导频辅助的信道传输函数研究,以及多用户单一传输天线场景下使用多输入多输出系统(MIMO)结构研究。
本文主要创新工作包括：
1)研究了基于导频辅助(Pilot-Assisted)、决策指导(Decision-Directed, DD)以及盲信道估计(Blind Channel Estimation, BCE)的分类分析技术。研究了导频辅助的信道传递函数估计算法,利用接收端特定导频信号可用子载波的一个子集,对特定信道传递函数进行采样。本文研究了使用差值方法来产生导频间每个子载波的传输函数估计方法,提高了信道估计的准确度并降低了原有算法的复杂度。
2)基于联合迭代信道估计方法提出了一个更先进的SDMA-OFDM系统信道估计方法,即遗传算法辅助的联合迭代算法与多用户检测算法(Genetic Algorithm-Aided Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection GA-JCEMUD)。该算法能有效地解决多用户信道估计的问题。
3)针对六角形导频、虚拟六角形导频、矩形导频及虚拟矩形导频提出了一种新的笛卡尔数学分析方法。它引入循环前缀来解决符号间干扰并在信道估计中针对两个不同进程提出了二维维纳滤波器的实现方法。这里的核心工作是对导频模式和有蜂窝网络支持的六角形分布式导频进行分析比较。
本文在基于遗传算法的迭代联合信道估计和多用户探测方案(GA-JCEMUD)中,通过初始频域信道传递函数(Frequency Domain CHannel Transfer Function,FD-CHTF)估计和初始符号估计来处理种群,能够有效地支持不断增长的用户数目。由于该算法提出的软输出的方法,解决了信道估计和多用户干扰的难题,在给出接收信号和信道状态信息的条件下,计算出具有较高传输概率的候选向量。
六角形导频模式是一个最佳范例,它与代表相同信号的矩形导频模型相比降低了13.3%的样本,并使误码率性能得到了改善。对多路散射干扰效应的分析和所提六角形导频模式方案对抗干扰效应的有效性分析,利用数学理论进行仿真,得到的结果证明了该设计的性能优于矩形和其它形式的导频模式。
因此,通过使用上述方法,得到了WiMAX的物理层的OFDM符号在信道模型下进行信道估计的仿真结果,从而得到了系统性能的改善。
As people's demand for broadband wireless communication is increasing, which means demand for higher speed, greater coverage, and better mobility. The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) technology, is just to satisfy user's demand for wireless communications. The OFDM system applied to the WiMAX network, a combination of the characteristics of wireless communications and the Internet to adapt to the market and technology trends, become the next generation of wireless communication network's critical technologies.
The Wireless mesh networks research is based on the wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11s) and wireless metropolitan area network (IEEE 802.16). The Wireless mesh network is the combination of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, (MANET) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) that gave birth to the gradual development of a new network technology.
This thesis focuses on the new Genetic Algorithm-Aided iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD) and analysis of the OFDM system of signal transmission on the WiMAX Physical layer, the Space Division Multiple Access-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (SDMA-OFDM) systems is used for channel estimation based on Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and the pilot-assisted channel transfer function estimation and the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) structure of the channel of the multi-user single transmitter antenna scenario using multiple transmitter antennas.
This drawn wide research interests in-depth studies and in my research, I have done the following innovative works:
1. Research on the analytical technique of pilot-assisted classification based on Decision-Directed (DD) and Blind Channel Estimation (BCE). The Pilot-Assisted channel transfer function estimate receives a particular pilot signal, which can be a subset of subcarriers, that is used in a particular channel transfer function as a sample. In this thesis, using different methods to produce a pilot sub-carrier for each of the transfer function estimation method to improve the channel estimation accuracy and reduce the complexity of the original algorithm.
2. Based on the joint iterative channel estimation method proposed a more advanced SDMA-OFDM system channel estimation method, which combined Genetic Algorithm-Aided Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD), so that the proposed algorithm can effectively solve the multi-user channel estimation problem.
3. Proposed a new Cartesian Mathematical analysis concept of the Hexagonal Pilot Pattern, Hexagonal with Virtual Rectangular Pilot and Rectangular with Virtual pilot. It presents the application of the Cyclic Prefix (CP) to resolve the inter-symbol interference and the two different processes of the performance of 2D-FIR Wiener filter for the channel estimation. The central focus of the work is the comparison of the pilots and the approach of the better performance of the Hexagonal Pilot Pattern distribution with the support of Cellular Network configuration.
In this Thesis, Genetic Algorithm-based iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Multi-User Detection (GA-JCEMUD) technique, through the initial Frequency Domain CHannel Transfer Function (FD-CHTF) and the initial symbol estimates to deal effectively with the growing number of users. Since the algorithm is the soft output of the method proposed to solve the channel estimation and Multi-User Interference (MUI) problem in the received signal, the channel state information can be calculated by the probability of a candidate with higher transmission vector.
The Hexagonal pilot pattern is one of the best examples, which represent the same signal with the rectangular pilot model of lower than 13.3% of the samples and with improved bit error rate performance. The Interference effects of multiple scattering analysis and proposed hexagonal pilot model programs on the validity of the analysis.
The simulation results obtained using mathematical theory shows that the design is superior to a rectangular hexagonal pilot and other forms of pilot mode such as the hexagonal pilot, hexagonal with virtual pilot.
Therefore, by undergoing the processes above, the WiMAX physical layer of the OFDM symbols for the channel estimation performance model is simulated and an improved performance result is thus obtained.
引文
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[1]H. Sampath, S. Talwar, J. Tellado, V. Erceg, and A.Paulraj, "A fourthgeneration MIMO-OFDM:Broadband wireless system:Design, performance, and field trial results," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.40, no.9, pp.143-149, Sept.2002.
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[9]W. Roh and A. Paulraj, "Outage performance of the distributed antenna systems in a composite fading channel," Proc.2002 Fall IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol.3, pp.1520-1524, Vancouver, Canada, Sept.2002.
[1]R. W. Chang, "Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel data transmission," Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol.46, pp.1775-1796, December 1966.
[2]L. Hanzo, W. Webb, and T. Keller, Single-and Multi-carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. New York, USA:IEEE Press-John Wiley, April 2000.
[3]W. Webb and R. Steele, "Variable rate QAM for mobile radio," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.43, pp.2223-2230, July 1995.
[4]L. Hanzo, M Munster, B Choi and T Keller OFDM and MC-CDMAfor Broadband Multi-user Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting John Wiley and IEEE Press2003.992 pages.
[5]S. Nanda, K. Balachandran, and S. Kumar, "Adaptation techniques in wireless packet data services," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.38, pp.54-64, January 2000.
[6]L. Hanzo, F. Somerville, and J. Woodard, Voice Compression and Communications:Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Channels. IEEE Press and John Wiley,2001. (For detailed contents and sample chapters please refer to http://wwwmobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk.).
[7]L. Hanzo, "Bandwidth-efficient wireless multimedia communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.86, pp.1342-1382, July 1998.
[8]L. Hanzo, P. Cherriman, and J. Streit, Wireless Video Communications:From Second to Third Generation Systems, WLANs and Beyond. IEEE Press and John Wiley,2001.(For detailed contents please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk.).
[9]M. Zimmermann and A. Kirsch, "The AN/GSC-10/KATHRYN/variable rate data modem for HF radio," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. CCM-15,pp.197-205, April 1967.
[10]S. B. Weinstein and P. M. Ebert, "Data transmission by frequency division multiplexing using the discrete fourier transform," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology,vol. COM-19, pp.628-634, October 1971.
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[1]R. Steele and L. Hanzo,eds, Mobile Radio Communication. New York, USA: John Wiley and IEEE Press ed.1999 1090 Pages.
[2]L. Hanzo,L-L Yang, E.-L. Kuan and K. Yen, Single and Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA. John Wiley and IEEE Press ed.1999 430 Pages.
[3]T. Moon and W. Stirling, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal Processing. Prentice Press 1992.
[4]S.M. Kay Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Estimation Theory, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Press 1993.
[5]A. Reid, A. Grant, and P. D. Alexander, "List detection for multiaccess channels," IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.8, pp.2930-2936, August 2005.
[6]K. Yen and L. Hanzo, "Genetic Algorithm Assisted Joint Multiuser symbol Detection and Fadin Channel Estimation for Synchronous CDMA system " IEEE journal on selected Areas in Communications, vol.19 pp.985-998, June 2001.
[7]L. Hanzo, M Munster, B Choi and T Keller OFDM and MC-CDMAfor Broadband Multi-user Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting John Wiley and IEEE Press2003.992 pages.
[8]C. Berrou and A. Glavieux"Near Optimum error-correcting coding and decoding Turbo codes" IEEE Transactions on Communications vol.44 pp 1261-1271 October 1996.
[9]B. Steiner "Time domain uplink channel estimation in multicarrier-CDMA mobile radio system concepts," in Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum (K. Fazel and G. Fettweis, eds.), pp.153-160, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1997.
[10]T. Keller and L. Hanzo, "Adaptive modulation technique for duplex OFDM transmission," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, pp.1893-1906, September2000.
[11]A. Lampe, "Iterative multiuser detection with integrated channel estimation for coded DS-CDMA," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.50, no.8,pp.1217-1223, Aug.2002.
[13]S. Buzzi, M. Lops, and S. Sardellitti, "Performance of iterative data detection and channel estimation for single-antenna and multiple-antennas wireless communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no.4, pp.1085-1104, Jul. 2004.
[14]H. Li, S. M. Betz, and H. V. Poor, "Performance analysis of iterative channel estimation and multiuser detection in multipath DS-CDMA channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol.55, no.5, pp.1981-1993,May 2007.
[15]C. Cozzo and B. L. Hughes, "Joint channel estimation and data detection in space-time communications," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.51,no.8, pp.1266-1270, Aug.2003.
[16]T. Zemen, C. F. Mecklenbrauker, J. Wehinger, and R. R. Muller, "Iterative joint time-variant channel estimation and multi-user detection for MC-CDMA," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.5, no.6, pp.1469-1478, Jun.2006.
[17]H. Niu and J. A. Ritcey, "Iterative channel estimation and decoding of pilot symbol assisted LDPC coded QAM over flat fading channels,"presented at the Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., Pacific Grove, CA, Nov.2002.
[18]S. Boyd, "Multitone signals with low crest factor," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol.33, pp.1018-1022, October 1986.
[19]W. Rudin, "Some theorems on Fourier coefficients," Proceedings of American Mathematics Society, vol.10, pp.855-859, December 1959.
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[2]Realization of IEEE 802.16a OFDM Patform by FPGA, WANG Zong-ping, YUAN Zhi-feng, ZHU Qi http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DATE200503017.htm
[3]S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier CDMA Mobile Radio Systems-Analysis and Optimization of Detection, Decoding and Channel Estimation. VDI Verlag Gmbh, Dusseldorf,Germany,1998
[4]J. K. Moon and S. I. Choi, "Performance of channel estimation methods for OFDM systems in a multipath fading channels," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 46, pp.161-170, Feb.2000.
[5]S. Coleri, M. Ergen, A. Puri, and A. Bahai, "Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems," IEEE Trans.Broadcast., vol.48, pp. 223-229, Sept.2002.
[6]Working document in the OFDM concept group. " Description of Telias OFDM based proposal".ETSI STC SMG2#22. Bad Aibling, Germany.12-16 May 1997.
[7]Efficient Pilot Pattern for OFDM-based Cognitive Radio Channel Estimation-Part1 Rashad, I. Budiarjo, I. Nikookar, H. Delft Univ. of Technol, Delft; Nov. 2007
[8]M.J. Fernandez-Gettino Garcia, J.M Paez-Borallo and S. Zazo, "Efficient Pilot Patterns For Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems Over HF Channels," in IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 99, Amsterdam,
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[1]H. Sampath, S. Talwar, J. Tellado, V. Erceg, and A.Paulraj, "A fourthgeneration MIMO-OFDM:Broadband wireless system:Design, performance, and field trial results," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.40, no.9, pp.143-149, Sept.2002.
[2]Hongwei Yang, "A road to future broadband wireless access: MIMO-OFDM-Based air interface," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.43, no.1, Jan.2005, pp.53-60.
[3]Mody, A.N., Stuber, GL., Synchronization for MIMO OFDM systems, IEEE Globecom, San Antonio,2001,1,509-513.
[4]En Zhou, Xing Zhang, Hui Zhao, Wenbo Wang,Synchronization Algorithms for MIMO OFDM Systems, IEEE WCNC,2005,4,18-22.
[5]Allert van Zelst, Tim C. W. Schenk, Implementation of a MIMO OFDM-Based Wireless LAN System, IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing,2004,52(2),483-494.
[6]Schenk, T.C.W., Van Zelst, A., Frequency Synchronization for MIMO OFDM Wireless LAN Systems, IEEE VTC Fall, Orlando,2003,2,781,785.
[7]F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors and M. Faulkner, "Time and Frequency Synchronization for OFDM Using PN Sequence Preambles," IEEE VTC Vol.4, pp.2203-2207,1999.
[8]T. M. Schmidl and D. C. Cox, "Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for OFDM," IEEE Tran. On Comm., Vol.45, No.12, December 1997.
[9]W. Roh and A. Paulraj, "Outage performance of the distributed antenna systems in a composite fading channel," Proc.2002 Fall IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol.3, pp.1520-1524, Vancouver, Canada, Sept.2002.
[1]R. W. Chang, "Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel data transmission," Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol.46, pp.1775-1796, December 1966.
[2]L. Hanzo, W. Webb, and T. Keller, Single-and Multi-carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. New York, USA:IEEE Press-John Wiley, April 2000.
[3]W. Webb and R. Steele, "Variable rate QAM for mobile radio," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.43, pp.2223-2230, July 1995.
[4]L. Hanzo, M Munster, B Choi and T Keller OFDM and MC-CDMAfor Broadband Multi-user Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting John Wiley and IEEE Press2003.992 pages.
[5]S. Nanda, K. Balachandran, and S. Kumar, "Adaptation techniques in wireless packet data services," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.38, pp.54-64, January 2000.
[6]L. Hanzo, F. Somerville, and J. Woodard, Voice Compression and Communications:Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Channels. IEEE Press and John Wiley,2001. (For detailed contents and sample chapters please refer to http://wwwmobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk.).
[7]L. Hanzo, "Bandwidth-efficient wireless multimedia communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.86, pp.1342-1382, July 1998.
[8]L. Hanzo, P. Cherriman, and J. Streit, Wireless Video Communications:From Second to Third Generation Systems, WLANs and Beyond. IEEE Press and John Wiley,2001.(For detailed contents please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk.).
[9]M. Zimmermann and A. Kirsch, "The AN/GSC-10/KATHRYN/variable rate data modem for HF radio," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. CCM-15,pp.197-205, April 1967.
[10]S. B. Weinstein and P. M. Ebert, "Data transmission by frequency division multiplexing using the discrete fourier transform," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology,vol. COM-19, pp.628-634, October 1971.
[11]L. Cimini, "Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.33, pp.665-675, July 1985.
[12]M. Alard and R. Lassalle, "Principles of modulation and channel coding for digital broadcasting for mobile receivers," EBU Review, Technical No.224, pp. 47-69, August 1987.
[13]K. Fazel and L. Papke, "On the performance of convolutionally-coded CDMA/OFDM for mobile communication system," in PIMRC'93, pp.468-472,1993.
[14]L. Godara, "Applications of antenna arrays to mobile communications, part Ⅰ: Performance improvement, feasibility, and system considerations," Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.85, pp.1029-1060, July 1997.
[1]R. Steele and L. Hanzo,eds, Mobile Radio Communication. New York, USA: John Wiley and IEEE Press ed.1999 1090 Pages.
[2]L. Hanzo,L-L Yang, E.-L. Kuan and K. Yen, Single and Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA. John Wiley and IEEE Press ed.1999 430 Pages.
[3]T. Moon and W. Stirling, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal Processing. Prentice Press 1992.
[4]S.M. Kay Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Estimation Theory, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Press 1993.
[5]A. Reid, A. Grant, and P. D. Alexander, "List detection for multiaccess channels," IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.8, pp.2930-2936, August 2005.
[6]K. Yen and L. Hanzo, "Genetic Algorithm Assisted Joint Multiuser symbol Detection and Fadin Channel Estimation for Synchronous CDMA system " IEEE journal on selected Areas in Communications, vol.19 pp.985-998, June 2001.
[7]L. Hanzo, M Munster, B Choi and T Keller OFDM and MC-CDMAfor Broadband Multi-user Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting John Wiley and IEEE Press2003.992 pages.
[8]C. Berrou and A. Glavieux"Near Optimum error-correcting coding and decoding Turbo codes" IEEE Transactions on Communications vol.44 pp 1261-1271 October 1996.
[9]B. Steiner "Time domain uplink channel estimation in multicarrier-CDMA mobile radio system concepts," in Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum (K. Fazel and G. Fettweis, eds.), pp.153-160, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1997.
[10]T. Keller and L. Hanzo, "Adaptive modulation technique for duplex OFDM transmission," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.49, pp.1893-1906, September2000.
[11]A. Lampe, "Iterative multiuser detection with integrated channel estimation for coded DS-CDMA," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.50, no.8,pp.1217-1223, Aug.2002.
[13]S. Buzzi, M. Lops, and S. Sardellitti, "Performance of iterative data detection and channel estimation for single-antenna and multiple-antennas wireless communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no.4, pp.1085-1104, Jul. 2004.
[14]H. Li, S. M. Betz, and H. V. Poor, "Performance analysis of iterative channel estimation and multiuser detection in multipath DS-CDMA channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol.55, no.5, pp.1981-1993,May 2007.
[15]C. Cozzo and B. L. Hughes, "Joint channel estimation and data detection in space-time communications," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.51,no.8, pp.1266-1270, Aug.2003.
[16]T. Zemen, C. F. Mecklenbrauker, J. Wehinger, and R. R. Muller, "Iterative joint time-variant channel estimation and multi-user detection for MC-CDMA," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.5, no.6, pp.1469-1478, Jun.2006.
[17]H. Niu and J. A. Ritcey, "Iterative channel estimation and decoding of pilot symbol assisted LDPC coded QAM over flat fading channels,"presented at the Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., Pacific Grove, CA, Nov.2002.
[18]S. Boyd, "Multitone signals with low crest factor," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol.33, pp.1018-1022, October 1986.
[19]W. Rudin, "Some theorems on Fourier coefficients," Proceedings of American Mathematics Society, vol.10, pp.855-859, December 1959.
[1]P. Hoeher, "A Statistical Discrete-time Model for WSSUS Multipath Channel", IEEE Transaction of Vehicular Technology, November 1992.
[2]Realization of IEEE 802.16a OFDM Patform by FPGA, WANG Zong-ping, YUAN Zhi-feng, ZHU Qi http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DATE200503017.htm
[3]S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier CDMA Mobile Radio Systems-Analysis and Optimization of Detection, Decoding and Channel Estimation. VDI Verlag Gmbh, Dusseldorf,Germany,1998
[4]J. K. Moon and S. I. Choi, "Performance of channel estimation methods for OFDM systems in a multipath fading channels," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 46, pp.161-170, Feb.2000.
[5]S. Coleri, M. Ergen, A. Puri, and A. Bahai, "Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems," IEEE Trans.Broadcast., vol.48, pp. 223-229, Sept.2002.
[6]Working document in the OFDM concept group. " Description of Telias OFDM based proposal".ETSI STC SMG2#22. Bad Aibling, Germany.12-16 May 1997.
[7]Efficient Pilot Pattern for OFDM-based Cognitive Radio Channel Estimation-Part1 Rashad, I. Budiarjo, I. Nikookar, H. Delft Univ. of Technol, Delft; Nov. 2007
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