微波管电子光学系统数值模拟及CAD技术研究
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摘要
微波管是现代通讯器件的核心部件,其中电子光学系统主要用于产生、聚焦、维持和收集电子。电子光学系统由电子枪、磁系统和收集极组成,涉及电磁学、阴极电子学、材料学、机械加工等诸多领域,且设计和制造过程相当复杂,研制周期很长。随着计算机的应用和发展,模拟计算已成为一种高效的研究手段,可以有效地提高设计效率并节约开销。所以,微波管电子光学系统计算机辅助设计是改进和优化微波管电子光学系统的重要手段。
本论文对微波管电子光学理论进行了详细的研究,详尽分析了电子的发射机制、电磁场的求解以及电子在电磁场中的运动,考虑了电子的热发射和二次发射、空间电荷效应和相对论效应等因素的影响。同时对数值模拟理论也进行了深入的分析,分别讨论了有限差分法和有限元法如何应用到微波管的电子光学系统模拟中,比较了有限元法中线性插值和二次插值的不同。另外,为了分析器件的瞬时效应引入了时域计算,为了提高计算速度提出了三维局部对称计算技术。
本论文延续了总装备部军事电子预研“九五”重点项目“宽带大功率行波管×××研究”的工作,得到了总装备部军事电子预研“十五”重点项目“微波管×××研究”和总装备部军事电子预研“十一五”重点项目“微波管×××研究”的资助。通过对微波管电子光学系统理论和数值模拟方法的研究,采用面向对象的软件设计思路,完成了二维有限差分模拟软件:电子枪模拟软件(UESTC_Gun)、周期永磁聚焦系统模拟软件(UESTC_PPM)和多级降压收集极模拟软件(UESTC_MDC),完成了二维和三维的有限元模拟软件:电子光学系统模拟器(EOS)和磁场模拟器(MFS)。主要用于模拟轴对称电子枪、栅控电子枪、多注电子枪、轴对称和非轴对称降压收集极、周期永磁聚焦系统等。经过大量的模拟计算和实验证明,这些软件具有较高的精度,能够满足工程设计的需要。目前,这些模拟软件已经广泛用于微波管模拟和设计中。
Microwave tube (MWT) is a core component of the modern communication devices. The electron optics system of the MWT is composed of the electron gun, the magnetic system and the collector. It is mainly used to generate, focus, maintain and collect electrons. The research of the electron optics system of the MWTs needs the knowledge of electromagnetics, cathode electronics, materials, mechanical processing and many other fields. The design and machining are very complex. So usually the whole period is long. Simulation has become an efficient virtual experimental tool that can effectively improve the design efficiency and save costs with the computer application and development. Therefore, the computer-aided design (CAD) is an important means to improve and optimize microwave tubes.
In this paper, the electron optics theory of microwave tubes is carried out a detailed study. The electron emission mechanism, the solution of electromagnetic field and the movement of electrons in electromagnetic field are analyzed. The thermal emission and secondary emission, space charge effect and the relativistic effects and other factors are taken into account. The theory of numerical simulation is also studied. And the finite difference method and the finite element method are employed in the simulation of the electron optics system. The linear interpolation and the quadratic interpolation in the finite element method are compared. In order to analyze the time-varying effects, a time-domain electrostatic PIC algorithm is studied. The symmetric computation algorithm is applied to reduce the computational time and the computer memory consumption.
This work is the continuation of the“9-5 Plan”pre-study project. And it is supported by the“10-5 Plan”pre-study project and the“11-5 Plan”pre-study project. By the study of the electron optics system theory and the numerical simulation methods, using the object-oriented software design ideas, the two-dimensional finite difference simulation software is completed. It includes the electron gun simulation code (UESTC_Gun), the periodic permanent magnetic focusing system simulation code (UESTC_PPM), and the multistage depressed collector simulation code (UESTC_MDC). And we have realized the two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element software which is composed of the electron optics simulator (EOS) and the magnetic field simulator (MFS). All the codes are designed to model the axisymmetric electron gun, the gridded gun, the multi-beam gun, the multistage depressed collector, the periodic permanent magnetic focusing system and so on. Large amount of the simulation results have been compared with the experiment results. The accuracy of these codes is good enough to be used in the design and optimization of MWTs to satisfy the requirements of the engineering design.
本论文对微波管电子光学理论进行了详细的研究,详尽分析了电子的发射机制、电磁场的求解以及电子在电磁场中的运动,考虑了电子的热发射和二次发射、空间电荷效应和相对论效应等因素的影响。同时对数值模拟理论也进行了深入的分析,分别讨论了有限差分法和有限元法如何应用到微波管的电子光学系统模拟中,比较了有限元法中线性插值和二次插值的不同。另外,为了分析器件的瞬时效应引入了时域计算,为了提高计算速度提出了三维局部对称计算技术。
本论文延续了总装备部军事电子预研“九五”重点项目“宽带大功率行波管×××研究”的工作,得到了总装备部军事电子预研“十五”重点项目“微波管×××研究”和总装备部军事电子预研“十一五”重点项目“微波管×××研究”的资助。通过对微波管电子光学系统理论和数值模拟方法的研究,采用面向对象的软件设计思路,完成了二维有限差分模拟软件:电子枪模拟软件(UESTC_Gun)、周期永磁聚焦系统模拟软件(UESTC_PPM)和多级降压收集极模拟软件(UESTC_MDC),完成了二维和三维的有限元模拟软件:电子光学系统模拟器(EOS)和磁场模拟器(MFS)。主要用于模拟轴对称电子枪、栅控电子枪、多注电子枪、轴对称和非轴对称降压收集极、周期永磁聚焦系统等。经过大量的模拟计算和实验证明,这些软件具有较高的精度,能够满足工程设计的需要。目前,这些模拟软件已经广泛用于微波管模拟和设计中。
Microwave tube (MWT) is a core component of the modern communication devices. The electron optics system of the MWT is composed of the electron gun, the magnetic system and the collector. It is mainly used to generate, focus, maintain and collect electrons. The research of the electron optics system of the MWTs needs the knowledge of electromagnetics, cathode electronics, materials, mechanical processing and many other fields. The design and machining are very complex. So usually the whole period is long. Simulation has become an efficient virtual experimental tool that can effectively improve the design efficiency and save costs with the computer application and development. Therefore, the computer-aided design (CAD) is an important means to improve and optimize microwave tubes.
In this paper, the electron optics theory of microwave tubes is carried out a detailed study. The electron emission mechanism, the solution of electromagnetic field and the movement of electrons in electromagnetic field are analyzed. The thermal emission and secondary emission, space charge effect and the relativistic effects and other factors are taken into account. The theory of numerical simulation is also studied. And the finite difference method and the finite element method are employed in the simulation of the electron optics system. The linear interpolation and the quadratic interpolation in the finite element method are compared. In order to analyze the time-varying effects, a time-domain electrostatic PIC algorithm is studied. The symmetric computation algorithm is applied to reduce the computational time and the computer memory consumption.
This work is the continuation of the“9-5 Plan”pre-study project. And it is supported by the“10-5 Plan”pre-study project and the“11-5 Plan”pre-study project. By the study of the electron optics system theory and the numerical simulation methods, using the object-oriented software design ideas, the two-dimensional finite difference simulation software is completed. It includes the electron gun simulation code (UESTC_Gun), the periodic permanent magnetic focusing system simulation code (UESTC_PPM), and the multistage depressed collector simulation code (UESTC_MDC). And we have realized the two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element software which is composed of the electron optics simulator (EOS) and the magnetic field simulator (MFS). All the codes are designed to model the axisymmetric electron gun, the gridded gun, the multi-beam gun, the multistage depressed collector, the periodic permanent magnetic focusing system and so on. Large amount of the simulation results have been compared with the experiment results. The accuracy of these codes is good enough to be used in the design and optimization of MWTs to satisfy the requirements of the engineering design.
引文
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[7] R.K.Parker and C.M.Armstrong. Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. 1999, 87( 5): 702-716
[8]廖复疆.大功率微波电子注器件及其发展.真空电子技术,1999, (4): 1-14
[9]廖复疆.大功率微波管—21世纪军事电子装备的关键器件.中国电子学会真空电子学分会第十届年会论文集(上册),1995,1-7
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[18]王秉中.计算电磁学.北京:科学出版社,2005
[19]吕英华.计算电磁学的数值方法.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[20]姚寿广.边界元数值方法及其工程应用.北京:国防工业出版社,1995
[21]金建明(美).电磁场有限元方法(王建国).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1998
[22] Yee K S. Transactions on antennas and propagation. IEEE, 1966, 14(4):302-307
[23] Taflove A, Umashankar K R. Review of FD-TD numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering and radar cross section. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1989, 77(5): 682-698
[24] Choi D H, Hoefer W J R. The Finite- Difference Time-Domain Method and its Application to Eigenvalue Problems. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory Tech, 1986, 34(12):1464-1470
[25] http://www.mrcwdc.com
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