汽车与行人碰撞事故调查分析及仿真研究
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摘要
汽车—行人碰撞事故中行人致伤原因、损伤类型和分布的研究以及改进汽车安全性、减少人员伤亡是汽车被动安全领域研究的热点和难点之一，涉及交通损伤流行病学、事故分析、损伤生物力学、和车辆工程学理论和方法。针对我国道路交通环境和交通模式开展行人碰撞保护研究是目前我国道路车辆交通安全领域急待解决的重要科技问题，也是推动社会进步的一项重要工作。
本文以交通损伤流行病学为理论基础，采用事故分析与计算机仿真相结合的研究方法，通过对交通事故中行人损伤及原因的深入分析研究，确定致伤机理及其与汽车安全相关的因素。在事故分析研究的基础上，采用计算机仿真模型计算导致损伤的主要动力学参数，预测和评估行人各部位的损伤风险。针对影响行人动力学响应的主要因素：碰撞速度、车辆前部结构、刚度特性进行参数研究，为改善车辆与行人的碰撞安全性以及行人损伤防护提供依据。因此本研究不但具有现实的经济和社会意义，同时其研究方法和研究结果对于指导行人损伤研究和车辆安全性设计有重要意义。
本文主要研究内容包括：
(1)在医院交通伤数据采集、分析和交警事故调查的基础上，研究了长沙市地区汽车—行人碰撞事故的发生规律以及交通事故中行人致伤原因与损伤机理，调查了汽车—行人碰撞中行人最易受伤的部位和原因，并与国外的研究情况进行了对比分析。在过录和分析医院详细医疗诊断记录的基础上，采用目前国际上公认的交通伤评分方法即简明损伤定级法(AIS)和格拉斯哥昏迷评分法(GCS)对伤员的伤情严重程度进行评定，确定了交通事故中行人受伤部位和伤势的分布特点。
(2)建立了长沙市地区2000年至2003年车辆-行人交通损伤数据库，事故数据包括伤员类型、年龄、性别、身体创伤部位、创伤程度AIS等级分类、受伤时间、治疗结果、是否复合伤、肇事车型等。使用结构化查询语言(SQL)创建了伤员类型查询、身体创伤部位查询、肇事车型查询等数据库对象。以上事故数据传统上由医院和交警部门分别收集和保存，该数据库的建立不但可供交通安全管理部门参考应用，同时为交通损伤流行病学研究、汽车安全性设计研究提供了重要基础。
(3)研究了深入事故调查的理论和方法。结合一起典型汽车—行人相撞事故调查，阐述了行人事故调查方法，特别是事故调查过程中必需采集的事故再现基础数据。对这些理论和方法的掌握，是进行典型事故调查的前提条件，为将来进
The research on the pedestrian injury causation, injury pattern and distributions in vehicle traffic accidents and improvement of the vehicle design to reduce pedestrian injuries and economical loss is a challenge to vehicle safety community. The development of safer vehicle for pedestrian protection from which is related to following subjects: traffic injury epidemiology, accident analysis, impact biomechanics, and vehicle safety techniques. In China the pedestrian safety is still not only a serious social problem, but also an important technical issue to be urgently resolved.
This study aims at identification of domestic road environment, traffic injuries and traffic mode by using the integrated method of accident analysis and computer simulation. After extensive accident investigation with collected data, the injury causations and factors relative to vehicle are determined. Based on the results of accident analysis, a real car-pedestrian accident is reconstructed by means of computer simulation. The main injury related parameters are calculated to predict and evaluate the risk of pedestrian injuries in the collisions. The parameters influencing the pedestrian dynamic response during the crash are studied. The main tasks are presented as follows:
(1) The traffic accident data were collected from Wu-Jing hospital in Changsha. Accident investigation was carried out in terms of the occurrence of vehicle-pedestrian collisions in Changsha city area and the injury causation and mechanism of the pedestrians. It is found that the most frequently injured body segments are head and low extremities and injury mechanisms of different body segments were analysed. The distribution of injured body regions in the accidents was also compared with injury distributions found from other countries. Furthermore the injury severity is coded using AIS and GCS on the basis of the detailed clinical documents and the characteristics of injury severity is determined.
(2) A database of pedestrian accident has been set up based on collected cases in Changsha area from 2000 to 2003. The information of pedestrian injurers and accident vehicles are described in terms of pedestrian age group, gender, injury location and severity as well as the type of the vehicles in the database, which traditionally is collected and documented separately by traffic authorities and hospital. The database
本文以交通损伤流行病学为理论基础，采用事故分析与计算机仿真相结合的研究方法，通过对交通事故中行人损伤及原因的深入分析研究，确定致伤机理及其与汽车安全相关的因素。在事故分析研究的基础上，采用计算机仿真模型计算导致损伤的主要动力学参数，预测和评估行人各部位的损伤风险。针对影响行人动力学响应的主要因素：碰撞速度、车辆前部结构、刚度特性进行参数研究，为改善车辆与行人的碰撞安全性以及行人损伤防护提供依据。因此本研究不但具有现实的经济和社会意义，同时其研究方法和研究结果对于指导行人损伤研究和车辆安全性设计有重要意义。
本文主要研究内容包括：
(1)在医院交通伤数据采集、分析和交警事故调查的基础上，研究了长沙市地区汽车—行人碰撞事故的发生规律以及交通事故中行人致伤原因与损伤机理，调查了汽车—行人碰撞中行人最易受伤的部位和原因，并与国外的研究情况进行了对比分析。在过录和分析医院详细医疗诊断记录的基础上，采用目前国际上公认的交通伤评分方法即简明损伤定级法(AIS)和格拉斯哥昏迷评分法(GCS)对伤员的伤情严重程度进行评定，确定了交通事故中行人受伤部位和伤势的分布特点。
(2)建立了长沙市地区2000年至2003年车辆-行人交通损伤数据库，事故数据包括伤员类型、年龄、性别、身体创伤部位、创伤程度AIS等级分类、受伤时间、治疗结果、是否复合伤、肇事车型等。使用结构化查询语言(SQL)创建了伤员类型查询、身体创伤部位查询、肇事车型查询等数据库对象。以上事故数据传统上由医院和交警部门分别收集和保存，该数据库的建立不但可供交通安全管理部门参考应用，同时为交通损伤流行病学研究、汽车安全性设计研究提供了重要基础。
(3)研究了深入事故调查的理论和方法。结合一起典型汽车—行人相撞事故调查，阐述了行人事故调查方法，特别是事故调查过程中必需采集的事故再现基础数据。对这些理论和方法的掌握，是进行典型事故调查的前提条件，为将来进
The research on the pedestrian injury causation, injury pattern and distributions in vehicle traffic accidents and improvement of the vehicle design to reduce pedestrian injuries and economical loss is a challenge to vehicle safety community. The development of safer vehicle for pedestrian protection from which is related to following subjects: traffic injury epidemiology, accident analysis, impact biomechanics, and vehicle safety techniques. In China the pedestrian safety is still not only a serious social problem, but also an important technical issue to be urgently resolved.
This study aims at identification of domestic road environment, traffic injuries and traffic mode by using the integrated method of accident analysis and computer simulation. After extensive accident investigation with collected data, the injury causations and factors relative to vehicle are determined. Based on the results of accident analysis, a real car-pedestrian accident is reconstructed by means of computer simulation. The main injury related parameters are calculated to predict and evaluate the risk of pedestrian injuries in the collisions. The parameters influencing the pedestrian dynamic response during the crash are studied. The main tasks are presented as follows:
(1) The traffic accident data were collected from Wu-Jing hospital in Changsha. Accident investigation was carried out in terms of the occurrence of vehicle-pedestrian collisions in Changsha city area and the injury causation and mechanism of the pedestrians. It is found that the most frequently injured body segments are head and low extremities and injury mechanisms of different body segments were analysed. The distribution of injured body regions in the accidents was also compared with injury distributions found from other countries. Furthermore the injury severity is coded using AIS and GCS on the basis of the detailed clinical documents and the characteristics of injury severity is determined.
(2) A database of pedestrian accident has been set up based on collected cases in Changsha area from 2000 to 2003. The information of pedestrian injurers and accident vehicles are described in terms of pedestrian age group, gender, injury location and severity as well as the type of the vehicles in the database, which traditionally is collected and documented separately by traffic authorities and hospital. The database
引文
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