道路运输危险品企业应急能力作用机理与提升对策研究
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摘要
由于危险品具有易燃、易爆、毒害、腐蚀、放射性等特性，一旦发生运输突发事件，如不有效处置，将使人民生命财产受到重大损失，对周边生态环境也将造成持久影响。虽然导致运输突发事件的因素很多，但大约90%是因为企业管理原因（如，人员因素、车辆技术因素、装载因素）所致。因此，只有作为运输生产和安全责任主体的运输企业，不断强化危险品运输应急管理，并将其发展为企业的一种核心能力——应急能力，才是降低、甚至杜绝运输突发事件的发生，实现企业乃至道路运输危险品行业安全发展的治本之策。为此，本文从分析道路运输危险品突发事件的发生规律，以及企业应急管理各阶段的特点入手，探索一条提升企业应急能力、从根本上实现企业安全发展的思路。主要研究内容如下：
①全面掌握并系统分析国内外道路运输危险品安全管理、应急管理和应急能力研究现状、发展趋势及存在的问题；在分析道路运输危险品应急管理各阶段特点的基础上，通过对动态能力框架进行拓展和实征访谈，提出以评估能力、执行能力、重组能力和学习能力为构成要素的应急能力框架。
②在研究应急能力生命周期各阶段特点的基础上，建立了基于生命周期的应急能力管理IDEF0功能模型，采用逐层分解方法，系统分析应急能力生命周期的演化及各管理阶段主要功能活动和运作机制。
③在文献研究和理论分析的基础上，建立应急能力和应急绩效的结构方程模型，研究了应急能力对应急绩效作用机理，这对提升应急能力具有重要现实意义。
④基于危险品运输企业应急能力构成要素，建立应急能力评价指标体系，构建了基于模糊TOPSIS综合评价框架。
⑤在建立危险品运输企业应急能力提升驱动因素多项logit模型的基础上，分析了影响道路运输危险品企业提升应急能力意愿的相关因素，为激励企业提升应急能力提供理论及实践支持。
⑥道路运输危险品企业应急能力评价系统可为应急能力提升提供支持保障，而正确反映用户需求是科学设计系统的重要基础。利用品质机能法将用户需求导入危险品运输企业应急能力评价系统设计中，并采用专家群体决策理论构建设计方案选择的框架体系，以IDEF0与UML的联合建模方法，完成了评价系统架构宏观和微观建模，为“道路运输危险品企业应急能力评价系统”建立了可视化的标准模型。
⑦最后以江苏省11个地市道路运输危险品企业为对象，利用所建立的应急能力评价指标体系和框架，从企业各能力要素和应急能力整体两个方面对企业应急能力进行实际评价，分析了企业应急能力建设的优点和不足，提出了江苏省道路运输危险品企业应急能力提升对策。
研究表明，本文提出的应急能力构成要素有效，构建的应急能力评价指标体系能够较好的反映危险品运输企业应急能力水平，建立的评价框架和方法在实施评价上具有良好的操作性，可为我国现代道路运输危险品企业、供应链伙伴和政府管理部门开展企业应急能力评价，以及危险品运输应急管理提供理论指导和技术支持。
Because hazardous materials have an inflammable, explosive, poison, corrosive,radioactive and other characteristics, if the transportation emergencies taking place in thetransport activities can not be handled, which will make people's lives and property losses,and a lasting impact on the surrounding ecological environment. Although many factors leadto transport emergencies, but about90percent of which is due to enterprise’s managementreasons (eg, human factors, vehicle technical factors, load factors). Therefore, only thetransport enterprises as the main body of transport production and safety responsibilities,continue to strengthen the emergency management of the transportation of hazardousmaterials, then developing it as a core capabilities of enterprises, that is, emergencymanagement capabilities, which is the fundamental strategy to reduce or even eliminate theoccurrence of transport emergencies and then to realize safe development of the enterprises aswell as road transport hazardous materials industry. Thus, through analyzing the mechanismof road hazardous materials transport emergencies, as well as the characteristics of the variousstages of the emergency management of enterprises, this article will explore a ideas toenhance emergency management capabilities, and then realize the enterprise’s safedevelopment fundamentally. Thereby, the main study context for this thesis is as follows:
①Fully grasp and systematic analysis of the status quo, development trend and theproblems of domestic and international road transport hazardous materials safety management,emergency management and emergency management capabilities. On the basis of analyzingthe characteristics of the various stages of road transport hazardous materials emergencymanagement, through expanding the dynamic capabilities framework and real interviews,then evaluation capabilities, execution capabilities, reconfiguration capabilities, and learningcapabilities as the elements of the emergency management capabilities is proposed.
②On the basis of the study of the characteristics of the various stages of the life cycle ofthe emergency management capabilities, an emergency management capabilities managementIDEF0functional model is builded based on life cycle, and the evolution of the life cycle ofemergency management capabilities and the main function of the management phaseactivities and operating mechanisms is analyzed through decomposition method.
③On the basis of the literature study and theoretical analysis the establishment ofemergency management capabilities and emergency performance of the structural equationmodeling(SEM) to study the mechanism between emergency management capabilities andemergency performance, which has important practical significance to enhance emergencymanagement capabilities.
④Based on the elements of road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergencymanagement capabilities, an evaluation index system of emergency response capability andcomprehensive evaluation framework based on Fuzzy TOPSIS is established.
⑤Based on the multinomial Logit model of the driving factors of enhancing road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency management capabilities, the relevantfactors which affect the aspiration of enhancing emergency management capabilities isanalyzed. It will provide theoretical and practical support to encourage enterprises to enhanceemergency management capabilities.
⑥The road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency management capabilitiesevaluation system can provide support for the evaluation of emergency managementcapabilities. But correctly reflect the user needs is an important foundation of the scientificdesign of the system. The user needs is imported in design of road hazardous materialstransport enterprise emergency management capabilities evaluation system through qualityfunction development(QFD), and using expert group decision theory to build framework forsystem design options, jointed IDEF0and UML modeling, the evaluation system architecturemacro and micro modeling is finished. A visualization standard model is established forevaluation system for road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency managementcapabilities.
⑦Finally, the road hazardous materials transport enterprises in11cities in JiangsuProvince as the evaluation object, the emergency management capabilities of which areevaluated actually from two aspects of single element and their overall of emergencymanagement capabilities through the established evaluation index system and framework.Then the strengths and weaknesses of enhancement of emergency management capabilities isanalyzed, and the countermeasures to increase emergency management capabilities of theroad hazardous materials transport enterprises in Jiangsu Province is proposed.
Studies have shown that the proposed elements of emergency management capabilitiesare effective, the established emergency management capabilities evaluation index system canbetter reflect the level of road hazardous materials transport enterprises, the establishedevaluation framework and methodology in the implementation of the evaluation has goodoperability. It can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for modern roadhazardous materials transport enterprises, supply chain partners and government agencies tocarry out the emergency management capabilities evaluation.
①全面掌握并系统分析国内外道路运输危险品安全管理、应急管理和应急能力研究现状、发展趋势及存在的问题；在分析道路运输危险品应急管理各阶段特点的基础上，通过对动态能力框架进行拓展和实征访谈，提出以评估能力、执行能力、重组能力和学习能力为构成要素的应急能力框架。
②在研究应急能力生命周期各阶段特点的基础上，建立了基于生命周期的应急能力管理IDEF0功能模型，采用逐层分解方法，系统分析应急能力生命周期的演化及各管理阶段主要功能活动和运作机制。
③在文献研究和理论分析的基础上，建立应急能力和应急绩效的结构方程模型，研究了应急能力对应急绩效作用机理，这对提升应急能力具有重要现实意义。
④基于危险品运输企业应急能力构成要素，建立应急能力评价指标体系，构建了基于模糊TOPSIS综合评价框架。
⑤在建立危险品运输企业应急能力提升驱动因素多项logit模型的基础上，分析了影响道路运输危险品企业提升应急能力意愿的相关因素，为激励企业提升应急能力提供理论及实践支持。
⑥道路运输危险品企业应急能力评价系统可为应急能力提升提供支持保障，而正确反映用户需求是科学设计系统的重要基础。利用品质机能法将用户需求导入危险品运输企业应急能力评价系统设计中，并采用专家群体决策理论构建设计方案选择的框架体系，以IDEF0与UML的联合建模方法，完成了评价系统架构宏观和微观建模，为“道路运输危险品企业应急能力评价系统”建立了可视化的标准模型。
⑦最后以江苏省11个地市道路运输危险品企业为对象，利用所建立的应急能力评价指标体系和框架，从企业各能力要素和应急能力整体两个方面对企业应急能力进行实际评价，分析了企业应急能力建设的优点和不足，提出了江苏省道路运输危险品企业应急能力提升对策。
研究表明，本文提出的应急能力构成要素有效，构建的应急能力评价指标体系能够较好的反映危险品运输企业应急能力水平，建立的评价框架和方法在实施评价上具有良好的操作性，可为我国现代道路运输危险品企业、供应链伙伴和政府管理部门开展企业应急能力评价，以及危险品运输应急管理提供理论指导和技术支持。
Because hazardous materials have an inflammable, explosive, poison, corrosive,radioactive and other characteristics, if the transportation emergencies taking place in thetransport activities can not be handled, which will make people's lives and property losses,and a lasting impact on the surrounding ecological environment. Although many factors leadto transport emergencies, but about90percent of which is due to enterprise’s managementreasons (eg, human factors, vehicle technical factors, load factors). Therefore, only thetransport enterprises as the main body of transport production and safety responsibilities,continue to strengthen the emergency management of the transportation of hazardousmaterials, then developing it as a core capabilities of enterprises, that is, emergencymanagement capabilities, which is the fundamental strategy to reduce or even eliminate theoccurrence of transport emergencies and then to realize safe development of the enterprises aswell as road transport hazardous materials industry. Thus, through analyzing the mechanismof road hazardous materials transport emergencies, as well as the characteristics of the variousstages of the emergency management of enterprises, this article will explore a ideas toenhance emergency management capabilities, and then realize the enterprise’s safedevelopment fundamentally. Thereby, the main study context for this thesis is as follows:
①Fully grasp and systematic analysis of the status quo, development trend and theproblems of domestic and international road transport hazardous materials safety management,emergency management and emergency management capabilities. On the basis of analyzingthe characteristics of the various stages of road transport hazardous materials emergencymanagement, through expanding the dynamic capabilities framework and real interviews,then evaluation capabilities, execution capabilities, reconfiguration capabilities, and learningcapabilities as the elements of the emergency management capabilities is proposed.
②On the basis of the study of the characteristics of the various stages of the life cycle ofthe emergency management capabilities, an emergency management capabilities managementIDEF0functional model is builded based on life cycle, and the evolution of the life cycle ofemergency management capabilities and the main function of the management phaseactivities and operating mechanisms is analyzed through decomposition method.
③On the basis of the literature study and theoretical analysis the establishment ofemergency management capabilities and emergency performance of the structural equationmodeling(SEM) to study the mechanism between emergency management capabilities andemergency performance, which has important practical significance to enhance emergencymanagement capabilities.
④Based on the elements of road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergencymanagement capabilities, an evaluation index system of emergency response capability andcomprehensive evaluation framework based on Fuzzy TOPSIS is established.
⑤Based on the multinomial Logit model of the driving factors of enhancing road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency management capabilities, the relevantfactors which affect the aspiration of enhancing emergency management capabilities isanalyzed. It will provide theoretical and practical support to encourage enterprises to enhanceemergency management capabilities.
⑥The road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency management capabilitiesevaluation system can provide support for the evaluation of emergency managementcapabilities. But correctly reflect the user needs is an important foundation of the scientificdesign of the system. The user needs is imported in design of road hazardous materialstransport enterprise emergency management capabilities evaluation system through qualityfunction development(QFD), and using expert group decision theory to build framework forsystem design options, jointed IDEF0and UML modeling, the evaluation system architecturemacro and micro modeling is finished. A visualization standard model is established forevaluation system for road hazardous materials transport enterprise emergency managementcapabilities.
⑦Finally, the road hazardous materials transport enterprises in11cities in JiangsuProvince as the evaluation object, the emergency management capabilities of which areevaluated actually from two aspects of single element and their overall of emergencymanagement capabilities through the established evaluation index system and framework.Then the strengths and weaknesses of enhancement of emergency management capabilities isanalyzed, and the countermeasures to increase emergency management capabilities of theroad hazardous materials transport enterprises in Jiangsu Province is proposed.
Studies have shown that the proposed elements of emergency management capabilitiesare effective, the established emergency management capabilities evaluation index system canbetter reflect the level of road hazardous materials transport enterprises, the establishedevaluation framework and methodology in the implementation of the evaluation has goodoperability. It can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for modern roadhazardous materials transport enterprises, supply chain partners and government agencies tocarry out the emergency management capabilities evaluation.
引文
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