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中国奶牛养殖模式及其效率研究
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摘要
在奶业产业链中,奶牛养殖是奶业发展的“第一车间”,生鲜乳的安全优质是奶业立足的基础。当前,我国奶牛养殖业呈现规模养殖、小区和散养模式共存的局面。面对奶牛养殖业现状及存在的问题,选择适合国情的奶牛养殖模式成为了奶业持续健康发展的关键。
     本研究采用历史分析、比较分析和案例分析等方法,开展了奶牛养殖模式的理论分析和实证研究,全面剖析了我国奶牛养殖模式的历史变化规律,探索了奶业发达国家奶牛养殖模式的不同特点和典型作法,揭示了奶牛养殖重点地区的养殖模式特征和问题,研究了不同养殖模式的技术效率,提出了推进我国奶牛养殖业持续健康发展的建议。主要结论有以下几点:
     1.新中国成立后的十五年里,居民对乳制品的强烈需求推动了国营奶牛场(牧场)的大发展,国营奶牛场的规模养殖模式逐步占据主导地位。改革开放以后,奶业生产实行“国营、集体、个体一起上”的发展方针,推动了奶牛养殖模式由国营规模养殖为主向个体散养、养殖小区和规模养殖多元化发展模式转变。新世纪以来,大型乳品加工企业的迅速崛起对高质量生鲜乳的需求,推动了奶牛养殖由散养模式向养殖小区和规模养殖模式转变。
     2.国际奶业发达国家的奶牛养殖都是50头以上的规模养殖模式。美国是以土地、资本和技术密集,以机械化作业为主的集约化养殖模式。新西兰是以土地投入为主的草地放牧模式;荷兰是以资本和技术密集、以机械化作业为主的家庭牧场模式。日本是以技术密集,以机械化、专业化为主的适度规模养殖模式;印度是以劳动力密集,以小规模合作社为主的散养模式。
     3.通过对河南省不同养殖模式的实地调研。规模养殖、养殖小区在规划设计和整体布局方面科学合理,养殖环境较好,优于散养模式;规模奶牛场饲养管理科学,饲料供给和配比合理,挤奶和给水等环节较为规范,养殖小区及散养模式存在优质粗饲料供给不足,结构不合理,挤奶操作和给水不规范问题;规模奶牛场奶牛的健康和营养状况明显好于小区和散养户,牛奶质量也好于养殖小区和散养户;规模奶牛场单产水平和生鲜乳价格高于养殖小区和散养模式。
     4.在对河北省等7个定点监测省615户养殖场(户)的连续监测基础上,对2011-2012年23个月共计14144个观测值的定量分析得出,中规模养殖的技术效率最高,小规模次之,散养模式技术效率最小。两年平均来看,中规模养殖模式技术效率为49%,小规模养殖模式技术效率为38%,散养模式为20%。养殖模式对产出效率有显著的正向影响,中、小规模养殖模式的技术效率要显著高于散养模式的技术效率。养殖模式对产出效率的稳定性有积极影响,相比散养模式来说,同等条件下,中、小规模养殖模式的产出效率更稳定。
     5.中国奶牛养殖业持续健康发展的三个建议:一是要推动散养和小区饲养模式向规模养殖转变;二是要开发利用优质饲草,推进种草养牛模式;三是要发挥区域优势,实施奶畜品种多元化。
In the dairy industry chain, dairy farming is often called “the first workshop”. Supplyof the safe and high quality raw milk is the foothold of the dairy industry. At present,3dairy cattle farming patterns, including scale farming, plot farming and dispersed farming,stand like the legs of a tripod in China. Facing the current situation and the problems of thedairy cattle farming industry, it is crucial to choose the suitable farming pattern based onthe national realities for the sustained and sound development of dairy industry.
     The theoretical analysis and empirical research of the dairy farming pattern wereperformed by the methods of historical, comparative andcaseanalysis in this study. Thehistorical changes and the law of China's dairy farming pattern were comprehensivelyanalyzed. The characteristics and typical practices of the dairy farming patterns in dairydeveloped countries were explored, and the features and problems of the key dairy farmingzones were revealed. The technical efficiency of the different farming patterns was studied,and the suggestions for acheving the sustainable and sound development of China’s dairyindustry were presented. The main conclusions are as follows:
     1. During the fifteen years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, nationalized scaledairy farming, which being as the leading position of dairy farming, had grown rapidly as the strongdemand of resident for the dairy products. After the reform and opening up of China, thecomprehensive developing policy of diverse dairy modes which were managed by state,collective and individual respectively, promoted transformation from scale farming toprivate dispersed farming, plot farming and scale farming. Since the new century, as the rapiddevelopment of the large dairy processing companies and the strong demands for highquality raw milk, the pattern of dairy farming was largely promoted to transform fromdispersed farming to plot farming and scale farming.
     2. Gerenally, the herd size of the scale farms was over50in most of the dairydeveloped countries. The USA apply the intensive farming pattern based on the land, capital andintensive technology. The New Zealand apply the grassland grazing pattern based on itsgrassland input, The Netherlands apply family farm model based on the capital andintensive technology. The Japan, mainly apply moderate scale farming pattern based onintensive technology, mechanization and specialization. The India apply dispersed farmingpattern predominantly based on labour-intensive and small scale cooperatives.
     3. Based on the investigation of the different dairy farming patterns in Henan province,it was found that the design, overall layout and enviroment of scale farming and plotfarming were better than those of the dispersed farming. The scale dairy cattle farmsoperated with scientific management, reasonable feed mixture ratio, and standardized milking operation and water supply, etc. We found that the plot farming and dispersedfarming patterns had many problems such as insufficient supply of high-quality roughage,unreasonable structure, and lack of standardized milking operation and water supply, etc.Therefore, the health and nutritional condition of the herd and the milk quality in the scaledairy farms were better than those in the plot and dispersed farms, and the milk yield perunit level and the price of the raw milk of the scale dairy farming pattern were higher thanthose of the plot and dispersed farming pattern.
     4. On the basis of continuous monitoring on615dairy families from7designatedprovinces including Hebei province, it was found that the intermediate-scale farmingpattern’s technical efficiency was the highest, the small-scale pattern’s took the secondplace, and the dispersed pattern’s was the lowest by quantitatively analyzing14144observed values during the23months from2011to2012. On average of the2years, theintermediate-scale farming pattern’s technical efficiency was49%, the small-scale pattern’swas38%, and the dispersed pattern’s was approximately20%. Farming patterns had asignificantly positive effect on output efficiency, and the technical efficiency of theintermediate-and small-scale farming patterns was significantly higher than dispersedfarming pattern. Farming patterns showed a positive influence on the stability of the outputefficiency, and the output efficiency of the intermediate-and small-scale farming patternswas more stable compared with the dispersed farming pattern under the same condition.
     5. There are3proposals for promoting the sustained and sound development forChina’s dairy cattle farming industry. First, pushing the transformation of farming patternfrom the plot and dispersed farming to the scale dairy farming. Second, exploiting thehigh-quality forage resources and promoting the pattern of feeding dairy cattle with foragegrass. Third, exerting the regional advantages and implementing the diversity of the dairycattle species.
引文
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