不同养殖海藻表面附着细菌多样性分析
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摘要
大型海藻的表面附着着大量的细菌，这些细菌对于藻的生长发育和形态发生必不可少，某些菌株在特定条件下还可以导致藻类疾病的发生。藻类表面附着细菌群落多样性研究是了解海藻和附着细菌相互关系的必要前提。本论文应用分离培养方法和分子生物学技术对中国沿海不同海域不同养殖海藻表面的附着细菌进行了分析研究。
从不同地点采集7种海藻（条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱、异枝麒麟菜、浒苔、蜈蚣藻）的22个样品上分离培养，获得了606个菌株，通过鉴定它们主要分布于4个门的35个属内。其中变形菌门的菌株最多，占总分离菌数的84.48%，其后依次为拟杆菌门7.43%、厚壁菌门7.10%、放线菌门0.99%。变形菌门的γ-变形菌纲中菌株最多（占总菌株的84.16%），有16个属，以Pseudoalteromonas（假交替单胞菌属）菌株最多，占总分离菌数的54.29%。其它是Acinetobacter（不动杆菌属）、Alteromonas（交替单胞菌属）、Amphritea、Cobetia、Colwellia、Escherichia（埃希氏菌属）、Halomonas、Marinomonas、Photobacterium（发光杆菌属）、Pseudoalteromonas、Pseudomonas（假单胞菌属）、Psychrobacter、Psychromonas、Shewanella（希瓦氏菌属）、Stenotrophomonas、Vibrio（弧菌属）；-变形菌纲2个属，是Brevundimonas和Pseudoruegeria。在拟杆菌门发现了10个属，分别为Algibacter、Cellulophaga（食纤维素属）、Maribacter、Olleya、Persicivirga、Polaribacter、Psychroserpens、Tenacibaculum、Winogradskyella、Zobellia。厚壁菌门有5个属，分别为Bacillus（芽孢杆菌属）、Desemzia、Jeotgalicoccus、Salinicoccus（盐水球菌属）、Staphylococcus（葡萄球菌属）。放线菌门有2个属，分别为Microbacterium（微杆菌属）、Micrococcus（微球菌属）。
同海区来源的同品种海藻间，分离获得可培养菌株，在优势种属和多样性上都有较明显差异。条斑紫菜各不同来源海区样品分离菌株之间，不仅种类组成差异明显，优势菌株也各不相同，分别为Pseudoalteromonas、Bacillus、Maribacter和Photobacterium。坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱三种海藻各自不同的样品之间，分离菌株在种类组成及数量上有明显差异，但每个样品的优势菌株均属Pseudoalteromonas。异枝麒麟菜的两个样品分离菌株的种类组成较为相似，并且优势菌株均为Pseudoalteromonas。浒苔上分离的菌株较少，但两个样品分离菌株之间差异较大，仅有一个相同属，是Pseudomonas。蜈蚣藻样品仅一个样品，分离菌株全部为Pseudoalteromonas。
不同种类海藻之间比较的结果表明，Pseudoalteromonas在每种海藻中均有发现，并且除了条斑紫菜以及浒苔的个别样品外，均为优势菌株。另外的优势种类是Vibrio、Pseudomonas和Staphylococcus。Vibrio在除了蜈蚣藻之外的6种藻类样品上均分离；Pseudomonas在条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱和浒苔5种藻上均有发现；Staphylococcus在条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱、异枝麒麟菜5种藻上均有发现。
不同海藻样品分离菌株组成的比较以及聚类分析和非线性多维标度分析结果表明，藻种差异和地区差异以及可能存在的其它因素共同影响着分离菌株的组成，仅在少数样品之间呈现出较强的同地区相似性或同种藻相似性。
对采集自大连的7种海藻（条斑紫菜、马泽藻、海萝、龙须菜、孔石莼、裙带菜、海带）构建了表面附着细菌的克隆文库，并对克隆文库进行了多样性及系统发育分析。条斑紫菜表面附着细菌构建的克隆文库主要由Ahrensia、Octadecabacter、Roseobacter、Sulfitobacter、Cocleimonas、Moritella、Psychromonas、Formosa、Olleya、Winogradskyella10个属组成，其中以Olleya占优势，约27.87%。马泽藻表面附着细菌的克隆文库主要由13个属组成，分别为Loktanella、Pseudoruegeria、Robiginitomaculum、Roseovarius、Sulfitobacter、Aliivibrio、Colwellia、Leucothrix、 Oleispira、 Pseudoalteromonas、 Psychrobacter、 Psychromonas、Polaribacter，其中以Leucothrix居多，占14.81%。海萝表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括8个属，分别为Octadecabacter、Roseovarius、Sulfitobacter、Alteromonas、Leucothrix、 Marinomonas、 Pseudoalteromonas、 Lacinutrix，其中以Pseudoalteromonas最多，总共42.37%。龙须菜表面附着细菌克隆文库由Alteromonas、Colwellia、Oceanisphaera、Photobacterium、Pseudoalteromonas、Psychrobacter、Psychromonas、Vibrio8个属组成，其中以Pseudoalteromonas最多，占67.86%。孔石莼表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括Altererythrobacter、Bradyrhizobium、 Erythrobacter、 Octadecabacter、 Roseovarius、 Sulfitobacter、Psychromonas、Winogradskyella和Bacillus9个属，其中Octadecabacter最多，占28%。裙带菜表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括Loktanella、Alteromonas、Colwellia、 Granulosicoccus、 Leucothrix、 Moritella、 Oceanisphaera、Pseudoalteromonas、 Psychrobacter、 Psychromonas、 Rheinheimera、 Bizionia、Lacinutrix、Polaribacter，计14个属，其中Leucothrix占了46%。海带表面附着细菌克隆文库仅包括三个属Pseudoalteromonas、Psychromonas、Vibrio，其中Psychromonas最多，占91.67%。
在获得的所有克隆文库中均以变形菌门（主要为α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲）为主，其次为拟杆菌门。从属的水平进行比较，7个克隆文库总共发现了34个属。其中条斑紫菜克隆文库中Ahrensia、Roseobacter、Cocleimonas、Formosa和Winogradskyella5个属为特有属。马泽藻表面附着细菌克隆文库中Pseudoruegeria、Robiginitomaculum、Aliivibrio、Oleispira为特有属。海萝表面附着细菌克隆文库中仅Photobacterium为特有属。龙须菜表面附着细菌克隆文库中仅Marinomonas为特有属。孔石莼表面附着细菌克隆文库中Altererythrobacter、Bradyrhizobium、Erythrobacter和Bacillus4个属为特有属。裙带菜表面附着细菌克隆文库中Granulosicoccus、Rheinheimera和Bizionia为特有属。其余各属中，Psychromonas分布较广，在6个海藻克隆文库中均有发现（龙须菜中未发现），其它各属仅发现于少数几个克隆文库。各海藻样品表面附着细菌构建的克隆文库均有较为明显的优势属存在。其中龙须菜和海萝克隆文库中具有相同优势属，裙带菜和马泽藻克隆文库具有相同优势属，条斑紫菜、孔石莼、海带克隆文库各自具有特有的优势属。
在属的水平上进行的聚类分析表明，大连7个海藻样品表面附着细菌的克隆文库分为3类：绿藻门孔石莼、红藻门龙须菜和条斑紫菜聚为一类，红藻门马泽藻、海萝和褐藻门裙带菜聚为一类，海带单独归为一类。非线性多维标度分析的结果和聚类分析结果一致，并且显示出绿藻门、红藻门、褐藻门之间较为明显的差异。
Epiphytic bacteria are abundant and ubiquitous colonizers of the external surfacesof marine macroalgae, but relatively little is known about the nature of theirinteraction or the perceived benefits to the macroalgae. This bacteria are generallyassumed to be essential for the development, defense and morphogenesis of algaes,and some bacteria are opportunistic pathogens of host algae. In order to fully assessand explore such interactions, an improved understanding of the composition anddynamics of the surface community is required. We isolated some bacteria fromseveral macroalge sampled from different sites of China coast and investigated thebacterial community of another seveal macroalge simped in Dalian by16S rDNAclone library analysis.
Totally606strains were isloated from the surface of22macroalgae samples(Porphyra yezoensis, P. haitanensis, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, G. tenuistipitata,Eucheuma striatum, Grateloupia filicina, Grateloupia filicina) and identified by aphylogenetic analysis of the16S rDNA sequences. They were composed of4phylum:Proteobacteria (84.48%), Bacteroidetes (7.43%), Firmicutes (7.10%) andActinobacteria (0.99%).
Gammaproteobacteria (84.16%of the total,16genera) was apparently amajordivision of Pretobacteria, and a large portion (54.29%of the total) fell withinthe genus Pseudoalteromonas. Other strains of Gammaproteobacteria belonged tothe genera Acinetobacter, Alteromonas, Amphritea, Cobetia, Colwellia, Escherichia,Halomonas, Marinomonas, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter,Psychromonas, Shewanella, Stenotrophomonas and Vibrio. Marine Bacteroidetesincluding10genera, Algibacter, Cellulophaga, Maribacter, Olleya, Persicivirga,Polaribacter, Psychroserpens, Tenacibaculum, Winogradskyella, Zobellia, wasanother large group found in the culturable part of epibacterial community.Strains ofthe genera Desemzia, Jeotgalicoccus, Salinicoccus, Staphylococcus in the Firmicutes,Microbacterium, Micrococcus in the Actinobacteria, and Brevundimonas,Pseudoruegeria in the Alphaproteobacteria were also be found.
Within different samples of the same algal species, the composition of bacteria wassubjected to shifts at the bacterial genus level. Composition patterns of cultural epibacteria of P. yezoensis differed not only in the types of genera but also in therelative proportions of those tpyes within different sampling sites. This phenomenonre-occurred in P. haitanensis, G. lemaneiformis, G. tenuistipitata but all the samplesof this three algae species had the the same dominant genus, Pseudoalteromonas.Composition pattern of two samples of E. striatum were nearly the same but slightlydiffered in proportions of some genera. Few stains were isolated from surface of G.filicina, and only one genus, Pseudomonas, was found coexisting in the two samples.
All the isolates from G. filicina belonged to Pseudoalteromonas.Pseudoalteromonas was the dominant group of all the algal species but P. yezoensis.Vibrio was isolated from surface of all algae species but G. filicina.Pseudomonas andStaphylococcus were also in different five algal species, respectively. Obviousdifferences of other genera appeared between different algal species, and many generawere only isolated from one algal species.
Cluster analysis and Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis (NMDS)indicated that the cultured part of the epibacterial community of macroalgae wasdetermined by algal species and sampling regions. In this study, no more similaritywas found on closely related host species.
Epibacterial community of another7macroalgae (P. yezoensis, Mazzaella sp.,Gloiopeltis furcata, G. lemaneiformis, Ulva pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminariajaponica) sampled in Dalian were studied with molecular technical method. The16SrDNA clone libriaries analysis revealed that the epibacterial community weredominated by the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Bacterial phylotypes associatedwith P. yezoensis were affiliated with the genera Ahrensia, Octadecabacter,Roseobacter, Sulfitobacter, Cocleimonas, Moritella, Psychromonas, Formosa, Olleya,Winogradskyella, and Olleya was the dominant genus, about27.87%of the totalclones. Bacterial phylotypes associated with Mazzaella sp. belonged to the generaLoktanella, Pseudoruegeria, Robiginitomaculum, Roseovarius, Sulfitobacter,Aliivibrio, Colwellia, Leucothrix, Oleispira, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter,Psychromonas, Polaribacter, and Leucothrix dominated the libriay, about14.81%. Alarge portion (42.37%) of clone libriary associated with Gloiopeltis furcata fall withinthe genus Pseudoalteromonas and the genera Octadecabacter, Roseovarius,Sulfitobacter, Alteromonas, Leucothrix, Marinomonas, Lacinutrix were also be found.Only γ-proteobacteria was found in clone libriary associated with G. lemaneiformis,and the clones belonged to the genera Alteromonas, Colwellia, Oceanisphaera,Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, Psychromonas, Vibrio. Pseudoalteromonas dominated the libriary, about67.86%. Bacterial phylotypesassociated with Ulva pertusa were mainly assigned to Altererythrobacter,Bradyrhizobium, Erythrobacter, Octadecabacter, Roseovarius, Sulfitobacter,Psychromonas, Winogradskyella, Bacillus, and Octadecabacter was the donminant28%. Clone libriary associated with Undaria pinnatifida was comprised of the generaLoktanella, Alteromonas, Colwellia, Granulosicoccus, Leucothrix, Moritella,Oceanisphaera, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, Psychromonas, Rheinheimera,Bizionia, Lacinutrix, Polaribacter, and Leucothrix was the main part,46%. Clonelibriary associated with Laminaria japonica showed the lowest bacterial diversity.Only three genera were found in the libriary: Pseudoalteromonas, Psychromonas,Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas was the dominant part,91.67%of the total clones.
Comparisons of different clone libraries showed obvious differences between theepibacterial community of different macroalgae. Totally, the7clone libraries contains34genera.18genera were found only in one clone library。Ahrensia, Roseobacter,Cocleimonas, Formosa and Winogradskyella were be found only in the clone libraryof P. yezoensis and Pseudoruegeria, Robiginitomaculum, Aliivibrio, Oleispira inMazzaella sp., and Photobacterium in G. furcata, and Marinomonas in G.lemaneiformis, and Altererythrobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Erythrobacter, Bacillus in U.pertusa, and Granulosicoccus, Rheinheimera, Bizionia in U. pinnatifida. Theremained genera existed in several clone libraries. Psychromonas existed in6clonelibraries, not founded in clone library of G. lemaneiformis. Pseudoalteromonas wasthe domintant in epibacterial community of G. lemaneiformis and Gloiopeltis furcata,and Leucothrix in Mazzaella sp., U. pinnatifida. Clone library of P. yezoensis, U.pertusa, L. japonica was dominant with Olleya, Octadecabacter, Psychromonasrespectively.
Cluster analysis of clone libraries showed that the variability between thecommunity of different algal species was generally high.2D-NMDS analysis alsoindicated that obvious but slightly differences existed between different phylum ofalgae.
从不同地点采集7种海藻（条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱、异枝麒麟菜、浒苔、蜈蚣藻）的22个样品上分离培养，获得了606个菌株，通过鉴定它们主要分布于4个门的35个属内。其中变形菌门的菌株最多，占总分离菌数的84.48%，其后依次为拟杆菌门7.43%、厚壁菌门7.10%、放线菌门0.99%。变形菌门的γ-变形菌纲中菌株最多（占总菌株的84.16%），有16个属，以Pseudoalteromonas（假交替单胞菌属）菌株最多，占总分离菌数的54.29%。其它是Acinetobacter（不动杆菌属）、Alteromonas（交替单胞菌属）、Amphritea、Cobetia、Colwellia、Escherichia（埃希氏菌属）、Halomonas、Marinomonas、Photobacterium（发光杆菌属）、Pseudoalteromonas、Pseudomonas（假单胞菌属）、Psychrobacter、Psychromonas、Shewanella（希瓦氏菌属）、Stenotrophomonas、Vibrio（弧菌属）；-变形菌纲2个属，是Brevundimonas和Pseudoruegeria。在拟杆菌门发现了10个属，分别为Algibacter、Cellulophaga（食纤维素属）、Maribacter、Olleya、Persicivirga、Polaribacter、Psychroserpens、Tenacibaculum、Winogradskyella、Zobellia。厚壁菌门有5个属，分别为Bacillus（芽孢杆菌属）、Desemzia、Jeotgalicoccus、Salinicoccus（盐水球菌属）、Staphylococcus（葡萄球菌属）。放线菌门有2个属，分别为Microbacterium（微杆菌属）、Micrococcus（微球菌属）。
同海区来源的同品种海藻间，分离获得可培养菌株，在优势种属和多样性上都有较明显差异。条斑紫菜各不同来源海区样品分离菌株之间，不仅种类组成差异明显，优势菌株也各不相同，分别为Pseudoalteromonas、Bacillus、Maribacter和Photobacterium。坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱三种海藻各自不同的样品之间，分离菌株在种类组成及数量上有明显差异，但每个样品的优势菌株均属Pseudoalteromonas。异枝麒麟菜的两个样品分离菌株的种类组成较为相似，并且优势菌株均为Pseudoalteromonas。浒苔上分离的菌株较少，但两个样品分离菌株之间差异较大，仅有一个相同属，是Pseudomonas。蜈蚣藻样品仅一个样品，分离菌株全部为Pseudoalteromonas。
不同种类海藻之间比较的结果表明，Pseudoalteromonas在每种海藻中均有发现，并且除了条斑紫菜以及浒苔的个别样品外，均为优势菌株。另外的优势种类是Vibrio、Pseudomonas和Staphylococcus。Vibrio在除了蜈蚣藻之外的6种藻类样品上均分离；Pseudomonas在条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱和浒苔5种藻上均有发现；Staphylococcus在条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、龙须菜、细基江篱、异枝麒麟菜5种藻上均有发现。
不同海藻样品分离菌株组成的比较以及聚类分析和非线性多维标度分析结果表明，藻种差异和地区差异以及可能存在的其它因素共同影响着分离菌株的组成，仅在少数样品之间呈现出较强的同地区相似性或同种藻相似性。
对采集自大连的7种海藻（条斑紫菜、马泽藻、海萝、龙须菜、孔石莼、裙带菜、海带）构建了表面附着细菌的克隆文库，并对克隆文库进行了多样性及系统发育分析。条斑紫菜表面附着细菌构建的克隆文库主要由Ahrensia、Octadecabacter、Roseobacter、Sulfitobacter、Cocleimonas、Moritella、Psychromonas、Formosa、Olleya、Winogradskyella10个属组成，其中以Olleya占优势，约27.87%。马泽藻表面附着细菌的克隆文库主要由13个属组成，分别为Loktanella、Pseudoruegeria、Robiginitomaculum、Roseovarius、Sulfitobacter、Aliivibrio、Colwellia、Leucothrix、 Oleispira、 Pseudoalteromonas、 Psychrobacter、 Psychromonas、Polaribacter，其中以Leucothrix居多，占14.81%。海萝表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括8个属，分别为Octadecabacter、Roseovarius、Sulfitobacter、Alteromonas、Leucothrix、 Marinomonas、 Pseudoalteromonas、 Lacinutrix，其中以Pseudoalteromonas最多，总共42.37%。龙须菜表面附着细菌克隆文库由Alteromonas、Colwellia、Oceanisphaera、Photobacterium、Pseudoalteromonas、Psychrobacter、Psychromonas、Vibrio8个属组成，其中以Pseudoalteromonas最多，占67.86%。孔石莼表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括Altererythrobacter、Bradyrhizobium、 Erythrobacter、 Octadecabacter、 Roseovarius、 Sulfitobacter、Psychromonas、Winogradskyella和Bacillus9个属，其中Octadecabacter最多，占28%。裙带菜表面附着细菌克隆文库主要包括Loktanella、Alteromonas、Colwellia、 Granulosicoccus、 Leucothrix、 Moritella、 Oceanisphaera、Pseudoalteromonas、 Psychrobacter、 Psychromonas、 Rheinheimera、 Bizionia、Lacinutrix、Polaribacter，计14个属，其中Leucothrix占了46%。海带表面附着细菌克隆文库仅包括三个属Pseudoalteromonas、Psychromonas、Vibrio，其中Psychromonas最多，占91.67%。
在获得的所有克隆文库中均以变形菌门（主要为α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲）为主，其次为拟杆菌门。从属的水平进行比较，7个克隆文库总共发现了34个属。其中条斑紫菜克隆文库中Ahrensia、Roseobacter、Cocleimonas、Formosa和Winogradskyella5个属为特有属。马泽藻表面附着细菌克隆文库中Pseudoruegeria、Robiginitomaculum、Aliivibrio、Oleispira为特有属。海萝表面附着细菌克隆文库中仅Photobacterium为特有属。龙须菜表面附着细菌克隆文库中仅Marinomonas为特有属。孔石莼表面附着细菌克隆文库中Altererythrobacter、Bradyrhizobium、Erythrobacter和Bacillus4个属为特有属。裙带菜表面附着细菌克隆文库中Granulosicoccus、Rheinheimera和Bizionia为特有属。其余各属中，Psychromonas分布较广，在6个海藻克隆文库中均有发现（龙须菜中未发现），其它各属仅发现于少数几个克隆文库。各海藻样品表面附着细菌构建的克隆文库均有较为明显的优势属存在。其中龙须菜和海萝克隆文库中具有相同优势属，裙带菜和马泽藻克隆文库具有相同优势属，条斑紫菜、孔石莼、海带克隆文库各自具有特有的优势属。
在属的水平上进行的聚类分析表明，大连7个海藻样品表面附着细菌的克隆文库分为3类：绿藻门孔石莼、红藻门龙须菜和条斑紫菜聚为一类，红藻门马泽藻、海萝和褐藻门裙带菜聚为一类，海带单独归为一类。非线性多维标度分析的结果和聚类分析结果一致，并且显示出绿藻门、红藻门、褐藻门之间较为明显的差异。
Epiphytic bacteria are abundant and ubiquitous colonizers of the external surfacesof marine macroalgae, but relatively little is known about the nature of theirinteraction or the perceived benefits to the macroalgae. This bacteria are generallyassumed to be essential for the development, defense and morphogenesis of algaes,and some bacteria are opportunistic pathogens of host algae. In order to fully assessand explore such interactions, an improved understanding of the composition anddynamics of the surface community is required. We isolated some bacteria fromseveral macroalge sampled from different sites of China coast and investigated thebacterial community of another seveal macroalge simped in Dalian by16S rDNAclone library analysis.
Totally606strains were isloated from the surface of22macroalgae samples(Porphyra yezoensis, P. haitanensis, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, G. tenuistipitata,Eucheuma striatum, Grateloupia filicina, Grateloupia filicina) and identified by aphylogenetic analysis of the16S rDNA sequences. They were composed of4phylum:Proteobacteria (84.48%), Bacteroidetes (7.43%), Firmicutes (7.10%) andActinobacteria (0.99%).
Gammaproteobacteria (84.16%of the total,16genera) was apparently amajordivision of Pretobacteria, and a large portion (54.29%of the total) fell withinthe genus Pseudoalteromonas. Other strains of Gammaproteobacteria belonged tothe genera Acinetobacter, Alteromonas, Amphritea, Cobetia, Colwellia, Escherichia,Halomonas, Marinomonas, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter,Psychromonas, Shewanella, Stenotrophomonas and Vibrio. Marine Bacteroidetesincluding10genera, Algibacter, Cellulophaga, Maribacter, Olleya, Persicivirga,Polaribacter, Psychroserpens, Tenacibaculum, Winogradskyella, Zobellia, wasanother large group found in the culturable part of epibacterial community.Strains ofthe genera Desemzia, Jeotgalicoccus, Salinicoccus, Staphylococcus in the Firmicutes,Microbacterium, Micrococcus in the Actinobacteria, and Brevundimonas,Pseudoruegeria in the Alphaproteobacteria were also be found.
Within different samples of the same algal species, the composition of bacteria wassubjected to shifts at the bacterial genus level. Composition patterns of cultural epibacteria of P. yezoensis differed not only in the types of genera but also in therelative proportions of those tpyes within different sampling sites. This phenomenonre-occurred in P. haitanensis, G. lemaneiformis, G. tenuistipitata but all the samplesof this three algae species had the the same dominant genus, Pseudoalteromonas.Composition pattern of two samples of E. striatum were nearly the same but slightlydiffered in proportions of some genera. Few stains were isolated from surface of G.filicina, and only one genus, Pseudomonas, was found coexisting in the two samples.
All the isolates from G. filicina belonged to Pseudoalteromonas.Pseudoalteromonas was the dominant group of all the algal species but P. yezoensis.Vibrio was isolated from surface of all algae species but G. filicina.Pseudomonas andStaphylococcus were also in different five algal species, respectively. Obviousdifferences of other genera appeared between different algal species, and many generawere only isolated from one algal species.
Cluster analysis and Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis (NMDS)indicated that the cultured part of the epibacterial community of macroalgae wasdetermined by algal species and sampling regions. In this study, no more similaritywas found on closely related host species.
Epibacterial community of another7macroalgae (P. yezoensis, Mazzaella sp.,Gloiopeltis furcata, G. lemaneiformis, Ulva pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminariajaponica) sampled in Dalian were studied with molecular technical method. The16SrDNA clone libriaries analysis revealed that the epibacterial community weredominated by the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Bacterial phylotypes associatedwith P. yezoensis were affiliated with the genera Ahrensia, Octadecabacter,Roseobacter, Sulfitobacter, Cocleimonas, Moritella, Psychromonas, Formosa, Olleya,Winogradskyella, and Olleya was the dominant genus, about27.87%of the totalclones. Bacterial phylotypes associated with Mazzaella sp. belonged to the generaLoktanella, Pseudoruegeria, Robiginitomaculum, Roseovarius, Sulfitobacter,Aliivibrio, Colwellia, Leucothrix, Oleispira, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter,Psychromonas, Polaribacter, and Leucothrix dominated the libriay, about14.81%. Alarge portion (42.37%) of clone libriary associated with Gloiopeltis furcata fall withinthe genus Pseudoalteromonas and the genera Octadecabacter, Roseovarius,Sulfitobacter, Alteromonas, Leucothrix, Marinomonas, Lacinutrix were also be found.Only γ-proteobacteria was found in clone libriary associated with G. lemaneiformis,and the clones belonged to the genera Alteromonas, Colwellia, Oceanisphaera,Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, Psychromonas, Vibrio. Pseudoalteromonas dominated the libriary, about67.86%. Bacterial phylotypesassociated with Ulva pertusa were mainly assigned to Altererythrobacter,Bradyrhizobium, Erythrobacter, Octadecabacter, Roseovarius, Sulfitobacter,Psychromonas, Winogradskyella, Bacillus, and Octadecabacter was the donminant28%. Clone libriary associated with Undaria pinnatifida was comprised of the generaLoktanella, Alteromonas, Colwellia, Granulosicoccus, Leucothrix, Moritella,Oceanisphaera, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, Psychromonas, Rheinheimera,Bizionia, Lacinutrix, Polaribacter, and Leucothrix was the main part,46%. Clonelibriary associated with Laminaria japonica showed the lowest bacterial diversity.Only three genera were found in the libriary: Pseudoalteromonas, Psychromonas,Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas was the dominant part,91.67%of the total clones.
Comparisons of different clone libraries showed obvious differences between theepibacterial community of different macroalgae. Totally, the7clone libraries contains34genera.18genera were found only in one clone library。Ahrensia, Roseobacter,Cocleimonas, Formosa and Winogradskyella were be found only in the clone libraryof P. yezoensis and Pseudoruegeria, Robiginitomaculum, Aliivibrio, Oleispira inMazzaella sp., and Photobacterium in G. furcata, and Marinomonas in G.lemaneiformis, and Altererythrobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Erythrobacter, Bacillus in U.pertusa, and Granulosicoccus, Rheinheimera, Bizionia in U. pinnatifida. Theremained genera existed in several clone libraries. Psychromonas existed in6clonelibraries, not founded in clone library of G. lemaneiformis. Pseudoalteromonas wasthe domintant in epibacterial community of G. lemaneiformis and Gloiopeltis furcata,and Leucothrix in Mazzaella sp., U. pinnatifida. Clone library of P. yezoensis, U.pertusa, L. japonica was dominant with Olleya, Octadecabacter, Psychromonasrespectively.
Cluster analysis of clone libraries showed that the variability between thecommunity of different algal species was generally high.2D-NMDS analysis alsoindicated that obvious but slightly differences existed between different phylum ofalgae.
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