美国黑人早期布鲁—鲁斯音乐的兴衰（1890-1929）
|
摘要
本论文将要对美国黑人早期布鲁斯音乐的兴起、传播与衰落(1890-1929)进行考察。
本文由4部分组成：前言和正文3章,另有附录、参考书目和论文。
本文前言部分将对本文研究的国内外研究现状、主要研究著作和论文、本文研究的学术价值和现实意义、本文的研究方法和路径等问题进行说明。
本文第一章将对美国黑人布鲁斯音乐的历史渊源进行考察,其中包括其非洲音乐渊源、美国与欧洲、拉丁美洲音乐渊源、美国本土政治、经济与文化渊源等问题进行论证和说明。
本文第二章将对美国黑人布鲁斯音乐在19世纪末20世纪初兴起、传播和衰落问题进行讨论,其中包括美国黑人奴隶的解放及其与黑人音乐的关联、解放前黑人音乐的基本状况和特点、解放后黑人的社会地位和处境、19世纪90年代以后黑人音乐发展、演变成布鲁斯音乐的过程、布鲁斯音乐的乐理特征、早期黑人布鲁斯音乐的传播与衰落等。
本文第三章将对美国黑人早期布鲁斯音乐兴衰问题进行认识和分析,其中包括对黑人布鲁斯音乐政治史、音乐史和文化史视野下的分析。
The dissertation will investigate the growing and decline of African American Blues Music during the early atage, and the time category is from 1890 to 1929.
The dissertation is composed of the introduction,3 chapters, appendix and bibliography.
The preface made clear the status quo of the topic study, the major works and papers of the study, the goal of the dissertation, and the methods of the study.
Chapter one explores the origin of Afro-Americans blues music, including Africa, America, Europe, Lading-America, American politics, American economy and culture.
Chapter two reviews the rising of Afro-Americans blues music in the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, and its decline in the 1920s, including the connection of emancipation of black slaves and blues music, the nature of black music before emancipation, the situation of black after emancipation, the rise, spread and decline of black music from 1890s to 1920s-and its music nature.
Chapter three reviews and analysis the issue of rise and decline of Afro-Americans blues music from the perspectives of political history, musical history and cultural history.
本文由4部分组成：前言和正文3章,另有附录、参考书目和论文。
本文前言部分将对本文研究的国内外研究现状、主要研究著作和论文、本文研究的学术价值和现实意义、本文的研究方法和路径等问题进行说明。
本文第一章将对美国黑人布鲁斯音乐的历史渊源进行考察,其中包括其非洲音乐渊源、美国与欧洲、拉丁美洲音乐渊源、美国本土政治、经济与文化渊源等问题进行论证和说明。
本文第二章将对美国黑人布鲁斯音乐在19世纪末20世纪初兴起、传播和衰落问题进行讨论,其中包括美国黑人奴隶的解放及其与黑人音乐的关联、解放前黑人音乐的基本状况和特点、解放后黑人的社会地位和处境、19世纪90年代以后黑人音乐发展、演变成布鲁斯音乐的过程、布鲁斯音乐的乐理特征、早期黑人布鲁斯音乐的传播与衰落等。
本文第三章将对美国黑人早期布鲁斯音乐兴衰问题进行认识和分析,其中包括对黑人布鲁斯音乐政治史、音乐史和文化史视野下的分析。
The dissertation will investigate the growing and decline of African American Blues Music during the early atage, and the time category is from 1890 to 1929.
The dissertation is composed of the introduction,3 chapters, appendix and bibliography.
The preface made clear the status quo of the topic study, the major works and papers of the study, the goal of the dissertation, and the methods of the study.
Chapter one explores the origin of Afro-Americans blues music, including Africa, America, Europe, Lading-America, American politics, American economy and culture.
Chapter two reviews the rising of Afro-Americans blues music in the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, and its decline in the 1920s, including the connection of emancipation of black slaves and blues music, the nature of black music before emancipation, the situation of black after emancipation, the rise, spread and decline of black music from 1890s to 1920s-and its music nature.
Chapter three reviews and analysis the issue of rise and decline of Afro-Americans blues music from the perspectives of political history, musical history and cultural history.
引文
①Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1999, p.29.
Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues. Detroit:Lucent Books,2006. p.8.
③王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海音乐出版社,2005年版,第345页。
① Harrison, Daphne Duval. Black Pearls:Blues Queens of the'20s. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988. n.12.
① Francis Davis. The History of Blues, The Roots, The Music, The People, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,1995. pp.1-57.
② Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press.1997.
①Dick Weissman, Blues. The Basics. New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005. p.8.
① Mark Vinet, Evolution of Modern Popular Music. A History of Blues. Jazz. Country.R & B. Roack and Rap, Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac:Wadem Publishing,2004. p.53.
② LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, New York:Harper Collins,1999, pp.17-19.
①ISBN:3115277, Muir. Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America,1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon. Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp. 2-4.
② ISBN:9602342X, Garabedian, Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship. and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, pp.1.2.3,18.19.80下载时间：2011,4,9.
③ D. J. Hatch and D. R. Watson, Hearing the Blues:An Essay in the Sociology of Music Acta Sociologica, Sage Publications, Ltd., pp.162-178.,下载时间：2010,12.19。
① Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. American Music. University of Illinois Press, pp.194-197下载时间：2010,12,24。
②Sherley A. Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review, Inc., pp.542-543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
③ISBN:81109566888, Dempsey. Brian Davis. "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta". Middle Tennessee State University. Ph.D.2009.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, pp.11.13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
① ISBN:80549992271, Avanti. Peter, "Modernity legato:Black. White, and Blues", California Institute of Integral Studies, Ph.D.2008.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations., pp.7,8,13.下载时间：2011,4,8
②Eileen Southern.Afro-American Musical Materials The Black Perspective in Music. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214121.pp.24.28.下载时间：2010,12,19
③ Frederic Ramsey, Jr.. "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama. Louisiana, and Mississippi.1860-1900". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology, pp.375.下载时间：2010,12,18。
①Peter Narvaez. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press,p.28.下载时间：2010,12,23。
William Tallmadge, Afro-American Music Music Educators Journa, MENC:The National Association for Music Education, p.37.下载时间：2010,12,]9。
③Jacques D. Lacava The Theatricality of the Blues,Black Music Research Journa Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.127.下载时间：2010,12,22。
④Sherley Anne Williams, Returning to the Blues:Esther Phillips and Contemporary Blues Culture, Callaloo, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.820-821.下载时间：2010,12,23。 ①Marybeth Hamilton, The Voice of the Blues, History Workshop Journal, Oxford University Press, pp.124-128.下载时间：2010,12,23。
② Mary Ellison, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-307.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, Popular Music and Society Bowling Green:Dec 2007. Vol.30,下载时间：2010,12,23。
② Olly Wilson, The Significance of the Relationship between Afro-American Music and West African Music, The Black Perspective in Music, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214144,p.3.2010.12,25。下载时间：2010,12,24
③ Marybeth Hamilton, The Blues, the Folk, and African-American History, Transactions of the Roval Historical Society Royal Historical Society, p.20.下载时间：2010,12,24日。
Horace Clarence Boyer, Gospel Music, Music Educators Journal, MENC:The National Association for Music Education, pp.36-40.下载时间：2010,12,23。
①何平：《走进美国音乐—一个美国音乐文化的历史透视》,华南理工大学出版社.2008年版.第83-88页。
②吴南：《古典之外—欧美流行音乐大观》,当代发展出版社,2008年版,2-10页。
①Robert V. Haynes, Blacks In White America Before 1865:Issues and Interpretations, New York: David Mckay Company, Inc,1972, p264.
②Ibid.
①雨来：《肯尼亚发现人类最早祖先遗体化石》,见：http://www.biosino.org/news/200012/00120611.htm.下载时间：2011,3,12.
①有关人类起源问题的讨论文章(无作者),见：http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q93061844.htm,下载时间：2011,3,12
②董小川：《世界文化史》,北京：高等教育出版社,2002年版,第124页。
①同上。
② Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-286.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America. New York:Harper Collins,1999. pp,25-26.28.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, New York:Penguin Books,1982. pp.27-29.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press.1995. pp. 18-19.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.17-19.
②Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, pp.63-64.
③Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, p.25.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, pp.31-33.
②Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues, pp.3-4.
③Jon Michael Spencer.,Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. pp.ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅴ.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.21-22.
②陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019,下载时间：2011,3,23.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.24-26.
③Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues. London:Da Capo Press,1997. p.29.
④Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal, Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press.p.214.下载时间：2010,12,23。
①何平：《走进美国音乐》.广州：华南理工大学出版社,2008年版,第68页。
②王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2004年版,242-243页。
③Frank w. Sweet. A History of the Minstrel Show,本文作者没有见到全书,部分内容见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show,下载时间：2011,3,4.
① Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, pp.39-41.
② David Evans. Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, Urbana:University of Illinois.2008. p.52.
Ira Berlin. Many Thousands Gone:The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge. MA: Belknap Press,1998. p.39
① Ibid. p.50-51.
② Peter Narvaez,. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.203.
③ Ibid.206-208.
① Peter Narvaez.. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, pp.206-207.
② Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
②Peter Narvaez,, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
①Ibid. p.216.
②Peter Narvaez,, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.216.
①Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, Detroit:Lucent Books.2006. p.38.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. p.14.
②Hyatt, Harry Middleton,Hoodoo--Conjuration--Witchcraft--Rootwork.1970,Hannibal:Western,vol 1, p.19.
Jon Michael Spencer..Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. pp.16-17.
② LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America. New York:Harper Collins.1999. p.41.
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.34-35.
①Jon Michael Spencer.,Blues and Evil, pp.1-2.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil, pp.2-3.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People. Negro Music in White America, p.33.
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, p.34.
②Ibid. pp.35-36.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues. p.26
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues. Detroit:Lucent Books.2006. pp.15-16.
③刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第1卷,李剑鸣著：《美国的奠基时代.1585-1776》,北京：人民出版社.2002年版,第207-212页。
④李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776》,第218页。
①Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, pp.63-64.
①陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》,见：http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019.下载时间：2011,3,23.
②李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776》,第214-217页。
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.18-19.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.18-19.
①David Evans. Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, pp.49-51.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.50-53.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music. Blues, Chicago:Heinemann Library,2007. pp.6-7.
②Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its Histon-and Its Themes, p.14.
Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.12-13.
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.293.
②陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》,见：http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019,下载时间：2011,3,23.
①Howard Zinn. A People's History of The United States,1492-Present, pp.192,193.202. http://www.docin.com/p-73114547.html.下载时间：2011,3,29.
② Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, pp.20-23.
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.289.
②Jon Michael Spencer,.Blues and Evil. pp.37-39.
①Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.72.
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.26-27.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music, Blues, pp.8-9.
①Ibid. p.13.
(?)刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第3卷,丁则民主编：《美国内战与镀金时代(1861-19世纪末)》,北京：人民出版社,2002年版,第1-20页。
①Mary Ellison, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.307.
②Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, American Music. University of Illinois Press, pp.195-19、67.下载时间：2010,12,24。
Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. pp.196-197.
Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. Chicago:University Illinois Press.1986. pp.22-23.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America. p.,95.
②The New Columbia Encyclopedia. New York:Columbia University Press,1975, p.1416.
③何平：《走进美国音乐》,第68页。
④王珉：《美国音乐史》.第242-243页。
①同上
②刘绪贻、李世洞：《美国研究词典》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第726页。
①C. V. Woodward. The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1966).http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0826301.html,下载时间：2010,12,24
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.2.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil, Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press,1993. pp.89-90.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.60-65.
Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.307.
① Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, p.,35.
② Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, p.199.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.59-60.
①Creole一词在拉丁美洲历史上是指生活在西班牙美洲殖民地上的土生白人,一般翻译为克列奥尔人。但是,在美国历史上,克列奥尔人却具有美国人自己的解释。在美国历史研究当中,克列奥尔人(Creole)是指生活在原来法国殖民地路易斯安那的所有人,包括土生白人和混血人。因此,这里所用的Creole of color应该是指新奥尔良当地的混血人。
②Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. Louisiana Historical Association, p.317.下载时间：2010,12,19。
③Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, p.318.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press,1997. p.31.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music, Blues, p.15.
William Christopher Handy. Father of the Blues, New York:Macmillan,1941. pp.140-148.
①有关格哈特·库比克的情况详见前言注释。
②Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.12.
③ Broce Bastin. Red River Blues, The Blues Tradition in the Southeast, p.8.
Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.16.
Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. pp.18-19.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.53-54.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.54-55.
Allan Moore, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003. p.25.
① Samuel Charters. The Bluesmen. The Story and the Music of the Men Who Made the Blues, New York:Oak Publications.1967, p.38.
② Robert Palmer. Deep Blues. A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, p.48.
③Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural Histon; from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, pp.49-51.
①Stefan Grossman.,Delta Blues.Oak Anthology of Blues Guitar. New York:Oak Publications,1988. p.22
① Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.53-54.55.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.74.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, p.85.
①Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. pp.197.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues. A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago s South Side to the World, pp.33-35.
①David Evans. Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.22-23.
① Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.24.
② Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.14-16.
③Ibid. p.16.
①David Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, p.25.
②Ibid. pp.17-18.
①Dick Weissman. Blues, The Basics, New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005. pp.8-9.
② Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics. p.9.
①Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, p.31.
② Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues, pp.82-83.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World,p.41.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.69-70.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.83.
②Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.83.
① Ibid. pp.84-85.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.40.
① Francis Davis. The History of Blues.The Roots. The Music. The People, p.94.
② Ibid. pp.94-95.
③Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, pp.29-30.
Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.32.
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, p.33.
Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its Histon and Its Themes, p.88.
Jon Michael Spencer. Blues and Evil, pp.120-121.
Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, p.143.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.144-145.
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.174-175.
Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.54-55.
①David Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues. pp.47-50.
①Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, p.41.
② Jon Michael Spencer. Blues and Evil, p.ⅹⅹⅹⅲ.
①Harrison. Daphne Duval. Black Pearls:Blues Queens of the'20s. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press. 1988. p.12.
② Jon Michael Spencer, Blues and Evil. p. ⅹⅹⅸ.
①LeRoi Jones.Blues People,Negro Music in White America.pp.86-88.
① Dick Weissman, Blues. The Basics, p.38.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.103-105.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.103-105.
①Francis Davis. The History of Blues ,The Roots, The Music. The People. Cambridge:Da Capo Press.1995. pp. 57-58.
② Ibid, pp.59-61.
③Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.84-85.
④Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.17.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.21.
Tracy, Steven C, Going to Cincinnati:A History of the Blues in the Queen City. University of Illinois Press. 1998, p.5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie_Smith,下载时间：2011,2,27.
② Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.83-84.
③ Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.21.
①http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith.下载时间：2011,10,19.
②http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith,下载时间：2011,10,19.
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.98-99.
①Allan Moore. The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2003. p.21.
② Allan Moore. The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music,2003. p.2.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes,1-2..
②Ibid. p.8.
③Dick Weissman, Blues, The Basics, p.38.
① Stephen Calt and Gayle Dean Wardlow. King of the Delta Blues:The Life and Music of Charley Paton. Newton N. J. Rock Chapel Press,1988, p.18.
①David, Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, p.29.
① LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, p.28.
②John A. Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, New York:Pantheon,1993, pp. ix-x
①David Evans. Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.40-41.
① Sherley A Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review. Inc., p.543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
② Francis Davis, The History of Blues,The Roots, The Music, The People, p.123.
① David, Evans. Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.6-18.
②Sherley A Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry p.544.。
①David Evans. Ramblin on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, p.70.
② ISBN:9602342X, Garabedian. Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship, and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp.1,2,3,18,19,80.下载时间：2011,4,9.
①王珉：《美国音乐史》,第4页。
②尤静波：《流行音乐,历史与风格》.长沙：湖南文艺出版社,2007年版,第2-168页
③Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics, pp.44.45
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.17-18.
LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.62-63.
①Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast, pp.3-4.
①Dick Weissman. Blues, The Basics, pp.20-21.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.3.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp,17,93.
② ISBN:80549992271, Avanti. Peter. "Modernity legato:Black. White, and Blues", California Institute of Integral Studies. Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations., pp.7.8,13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.17.
② Allan Moore, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, p.9.
③ ISBN:81109566888, Dempsey, Brian Davis, "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta", Middle Tennessee State University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp.11,13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil. pp. xxvi-xxvii.
② Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics. p.38.
①Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues, p.26.
② ISBN:3115277. Muir, Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America.1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon, Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp. 2-4.
① Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, p.129.
② Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.19.
③ Ibid. p.30.
①David Evans, Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, pp.50-51.
Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began. p.71.
② Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.73-74.
①Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, p.79.
Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began. p.158.
①Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.182-183.
Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, p.189.
①Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.194-195.
1、Abbott, Lynn, Doug Seroff,Out of Sight:The Rise of African American Popular Music, 1889-1895, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,2003.
2、Albertson, Chris, Bessie. New York:Stein and Day,1972.
3、Allen, William Francis, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, New York:Dover Publications,1995.
4、Bane, Michael, White Boy Singin'the Blues:The Black Roots of White Rock, New York: Penguin,1982.
5、Banfield, William C., Black Notes. Essays of a Musician Writing in a Post-Album Age. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,2004.
6、Berendt, Joachim-Ernst, Jazz:A Photo History, New York:Schirmer Books,1978.
7、Bastin, Broce, Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. Chicago:University Illinois Press,1986.
8、Bindas, Kenneth J., America's Musical Pulse, Popular Music in Twentieth-Century Society. Westport:Greenwood Press,1992.
9、Bradford, Perry, Born with the Blues, New York:Oak Publications,1965.
10、Burkholder, Peter J., Donald J. Grout, Claude V. Palisca, A Histon-of Western Music, New York:W-W-Norton & Co Ltd..2006.
11、Calt, Stephen and Gayle Dean Wardlow. King of the Delta Blues:The Life and Music of Charley Paton, Newton N. J. Rock Chapel Press,1988.
12、Cook, Richard, Blues Note Records,the Biography,Boston:Justin, Charles & Co.,2001.
13、Davis, Francis, The History of Blues, The Roots, The Music, The People, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,1995.
14、Dixon, Robert. John Godrich, and Howard Rye. Blues and Gospel Records 1902-1943, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1997.
15、Evans, David, Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, Berkeley: University of California,1982.
16、Evans, David, Ramblin'on My Mind, New Perspectives on the Blues, Urbana:University of Illinois,2008.
17、Gloves, Tony, Scott Dirks, and Ward Gaines, Blues with a Feeling:The Little Walter Ston, New York:Routledge,2002.
18、Grossman, Stefan, Delta Blues, Oak Anthology of Blues Guitar, New York:Oak Publications, 1988.
19、Handyside, Christopher, A History of American Music, Blues, Chicago:Heinemann Library, 2007.
20、Harris, Michael W., The Rise of Gospel Blues, New York:Oxford University Press,1992.
21、Jones, LeRoi, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, New York:Harper Collins,1999.
22、Jones, LeRoi, A brief history of Rhythm'n'Blues http://www.scaruffi.com/history/rb.html.2009年12月26日下载。
23、Kahn,Ashley, Kind of Blues, The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,2007.
24、Kell, Charles, Urban Blues. Chicago:The University of Chcago Press,1991.
25、King, B. B., David Ritz, Blues All Around Me. New York:Avon Books,1996.
26、Koopmans, Andy, The History of the Blues, Detroit:Lucent Books,2006.
27、Kubik, Gerhard, Africa and the Blues, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999.
28、Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax, American Ballads and Folk Songs, New York:Dover Publshcations, INC.1994.
29、Lomax, Allan, The Land Where the Blues Began, New York:Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
30、Moore, Allan, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2003.
31、Nisenson, Eric, Blue:The Murder Of Jazz. London:Da Capo Press,1997.
32、Oakley, Giles, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press,1997.
33、Palmer, Robert, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World. London:Penguin Books,1982.
34、Reich, Howard, Let Freedom Swing. Collected Writings on Jazz, Blues, and Gospel. Evenston: Northwestern University Press,2010.
35、Rubin, Rachel and Jeffrey Melnick, American Popular Music. Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press.2001.
36、Spencer, Jon Michael, Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press,1993.
37、Starr, Larry, Christopher Waterman, American Popular Music. From Minstrelsy to MTV, New York:Pxford University Press,2003.
38、Scaruffi, Piero, A brief history of Blues Music. http://www.scaruffi.com/history/blues.html, http://www.scaruffi.com/history/rb.html,2009年12月26日下载。
39、Springer, Robert, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press,1995.
40、Vinet, Mark, Evolution of Modern Popular Music, A History of Blues, Jazz, Country.R & B, Roack and Rap, Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac:Wadem Publishing,2004.
41、Wald, Elijah, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.,2004.
42、Weissman, Dick, Blues, The Basics, New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005.
43、Zwigoff, Terry, R. Crumb's Heroes of Blues. Jazz & Country, New York:Abrams,2006.
1. Amidon, Tucker Bruce, ""Throwing voices" and "hearing things":Auditory power in American literature", University of California, Riverside, Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:9780549848950.下载时间：2011,4,9.
2. Avanti, Peter, "Modernity legato:Black, white, and blues", California Institute of Integral Studies, Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549992271.下载时间：2011,4,9.
3. Baird, David Olen, "String Beans and Rice---Three dances for jazz quartet and string quartet", University of Missouri-Kansas City, M.M.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80549621645.下载时间：2011,4,9.
4. Barfield, David G, "Texas spatial ethnomusicology, Stephen F", Austin State University, M.I.S.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549469384.
5. Borshuk, Michael Thomas, "Swinging the vernacular:Jazz and African American modernist literature (Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, Michael S. Harper, Albert Murray)", University of Alberta (Canada), Ph.D.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:12685497.下载时间：2011,4,9.
6. Chor. Ives, "Cognitive frameworks for the production of musical rhythm", Northwestern Umversity.bMusic Theory, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109745191.下载时间：2011,4,9.
7. Chris Morris., Black Music Month:Singing the blues'praises, Billboard, New York:Jun 2, 2001. Vol.113, Iss.22; pg.44,1 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
8. Cummings, Alex," Music piracy and the value of sound,1909-1998", Columbia University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109346541.
9. Dempsey, Brian Davis, "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta", Middle Tennessee State University, Ph.D.2209,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81]09566888.下载时间：2011,4,9.
10. Dolan, Mark K, "Cathartic uplift:A cultural history of blues and jazz in the Chicago "Defender",1920--1929 (Illinois)", University of South Carolina,Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3115106.下载时间：2011,4,9.
11. Donald Spivey, Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga:Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South, Southern Quarterly. Hattiesburg:Winter 2011. Vol.48, Iss.2; pg.134,5 pgs下载时间：2011,4.9.
12. Garabedian, Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship, and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:9602342X.下载时间：2011,4,9.
13. Gillett, Rachel Anne, "Crossing the pond:Jazz, race and gender in interwar Paris", Northeastern University.bHistory, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124128382.下载时间：2011,4,9.
14. Greenberg, Jonathan Ross, "Singing up close:Voice, language, and race in American popular music,1925-1935", University of California, Los Angeles,Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549485483.下载时间：2011,4,9.
15. Han, Jihee, "Democratic bards after Walt Whitman:Langston Hughes, Adrienne Rich, and Kyong-Nim Shin", The University of Tulsa, Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80496565832.下载时间：2011,4,9.
16. Hiram Nall, From down south to up south:An examination of geography in the blues, The Midwest Quarterly. Pittsburg:Spring 2001. Vol.42, Iss.3; pg.306,14 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
17. Jabbaar-Gyambrah, Tara Aminah (Ama Sika), "Hip-hop, hip-life:Global sistahs". State University of New York at Buffalo.bWomen's Studies,Ph.D.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3261958.下载时间：2011,4,9.
18. Jackson, James Reginald. "World music curricula in Florida general music classrooms: Identifying methods and materials for implementation", The Florida State University, Ph.D.2001,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations ISBN:80493412207.下载时间：2011,4,9.
19. Marshall, Ian H, "Rhetorics of whiteness:Race, class and the development of early American modernism", City University of New York, Ph.D.2006,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80542623752.下载时间：2011,4,9.
20. Messmer, David, "Aural fictions:Sound in African American literature", Rice University, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124258218.下载时间：2011,4,9.
21. Muir, Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America,1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon, Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3115277.下载时间：2011,4,9.
22. Nghana tamu Lewis, In a Different Chord:Interpreting the Relations Among Black Female Sexuality, Agency, and the Blues, African American Review. Saint Louis:Winter 2003. Vol.37, Iss.4;pg.599,11 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
23. Nick Bromell, "The blues and the veil":The cultural work of musical form in blues and '60s rock, American Music. Champaign:Summer 2000. Vol.18, Iss.2; pg.193,29 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
24. Noble, Jean, "Masculinities without men:Female masculinity in twentieth-century fictions", York University (Canada), Ph.D.2000,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80612591509.下载时间：2011,4,9.
25. Pardo, Bryan A, "Probabilistic sequence alignment methods for on-line score following of music performances", University of Michigan, Ph.D.2005,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:96985027.下载时间：2011,4,9.
26. Patrick Joseph O'Connor, Roosevelt's Blues, Popular Music and Society. Bowling Green: Summer 2000. Vol.24, Iss.2; pg.159,2 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
27. Prichard, Forrest Ansel, "Fighting the blues with blues:How Indianola, Mississippi used Delta Blues tourism to develop a new identity", Mississippi State University.bHistory, M.A.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124116501.下载时间：2011,4,9.
28. Ridgway, Benjamin B, "Imagined travel:Displacement, landscape, and literati identity in the song lyrics of Su Shi (1037-1101) (China)", University of Michigan, Ph.D.2005,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:42365766.下载时间：2011,4,9.
29. Roberts, Brian Henry, "Can you tell me how to get to the crossroads? A cultural analysis of community rituals in five major plays by August Wilson", Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:93850694.下载时间：2011,4,9.
30. Robinson, Christopher, ""Dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn":The influence of African American culture on the Beats", Liberty University.bSchool of Communications, M.A.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81109108989.下载时间：2011,4,9.
31. Robinson-Whitted, Qiana Joelle, "African-American literature and the crisis of faith (Walter White, Nella Larsen, Richard Wright, Alice Walker, Ernest Gaines)", Yale University, Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3091763.下载时间：2011,4,9.
32. Silva. Walenia Marilia, "Urban music:A case study of communities of learning in a music school", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Ph.D.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80549096405.下载时间：2011,4,9.
33. Strait, Kevin Michael Angelo, ""A tone parallel"---Jazz music, leftist politics, and the counter-minstrel narrative,1930-1970", The George Washington University.bAmerican Studies, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81109691795.下载时间：2011,4.9.
34. Thompson, Charles Lee. Jr, "Musician style recognition:Training a computer system to recognize the signature patterns of pianists", University of South Alabama, M.S.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:93543899.下载时间：2011,4,9.
35. Winters. Joseph Richard, "Remembering the dismembered:The work of mourning and hope in Adorno and Morrison", Princeton University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109378948下载时间：2011,4,9.
1.Barrett, Samuel, and Robert Springer, Nobody Knows Where the Blues Come From: Lyrics and History., Popular Music and Society Bowling Green:Dec 2007. Vol.30,下载时间：2010,12,23。
2.Boyer, Horace Clarence, Gospel Music, Music Educators Journal. MENC:The National Association for Music Education, pp.36-40. 下载时间:2010,12,23。
3.Bromell. Nick, "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, American Music, University of Illinois Press, pp.194-197.下载时间:2010,12,24。
4.Clarence, Horace. Gospel Music Music Educators Journal. MENC:The National Association for Music Education. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3395468,下载时间: 2010,12,22。
5.Ellison. Mary, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-307.下载时间：2010,12,19。
6.Floyd, Samuel A. Jr., On Black Music Research, Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/779489,下载时间:2010,12,24。
7.Floyd, Samuel A. Jr., Black Music and Writing Black Music History:American Music and Narrative Strategies。 http://www.jstor.org/pss/25433796?searchUrl=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fhp%3D25%261 a%3D%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Doff%26gw%3Djtx%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26Query%3 Dhistory%2Bof%2Bafrican-american%2Bblues%2Bmusic%26sbq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bafrican-amencan%2Bblues%2Bmusic%26si%3D526%26jtxsi%3D526&Search=yes,下载时间：2010,12,24。
8.Hamilton, Marybeth, The Blues, the Folk, and African-American History,Transactions of the Roval Historical Society Royal Historical Society, p.20.下载时间：2010,12.24日。
9.Hamilton, Marybeth, The Voice of the Blues, History Workshop Journal, Oxford University Press, pp.124-128.下载时间：2010.12,23。
10.Hatch, D. J. and D. R. Watson, Hearing the Blues:An Essay in the Sociology of Music Acta Sociologica, Sage Publications. Ltd., pp.162-178.,下载时间：2010,12,19。
11.Lacava, Jacques D., The Theatricality of the Blues, Black Music Research Journa Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.127.下载时间：2010,12,22。
12.McGinty, Doris Evans, Black Scholars on Black Music:The Past, the Present, and the Future, Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/779403,下载时间：2010,12,24。
13.Moskowitz, D. V., Barrelhouse blues:location recording and the early traditions of the blues, Jan 2010:47.5; Academic Research Library,下载时间：2010,12,16。
14.Narvaez, Peter, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal, Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.28.下载时间：2010,12,23。
15.Nketia, J. H. Kwabena, The Study of African and Afro-American Music, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214119,下载时间：2010,12,19。
16.Palmer, Robert, Review:Afro-American Folk Music, The Journal of American Folklore, American Folklore Society, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/539462,下载时间：2010,12,20
17.Ramsey, Frederic Jr., "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,1860-1900", Ethnomusicology, University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology, pp.375.下载时间：2010,12,18。
18.Ramsey, Frederic Jr., "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,1860-1900", Ethnomusicology, University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/924765,下载时间：2010,12,20
19.Ruskey, John, The Blues, Footsteps. Peterborough:Sep/Oct 2005. Vol.7, Iss.4; pg.4, 2pgs,下载时间：2010,12,17。
20.Southern, Eileen, Afro-American Musical Materials The Black Perspective in Music. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214121.pp.24.28.下载时间：2010,12.19
21.Tallmadge, William, Afro-American Music. Music Educators Journa. MENC:The National Association for Music Education, p.37.下载时间：2010,12,19。
22.Williams, Sherley Anne, Returning to the Blues:Esther Phillips and Contemporary Blues Culture, Callaloo, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.820-821.下载时间：2010,12,23。
23.Wilson, Olly, The Significance of the Relationship between Afro-American Music and West African Music, The Black Perspective in Music, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214144,p.3.2010,12,25。下载时间：2010,12,24。
24. Williams-Jones, Pearl, Afro-American Gospel Music:A Crystallization of the Black Aesthetic, Ethnomusicology,University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology,Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/850791,下载时间：2010,12,18。
25.Williams, Sherley A., The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review, Inc.,pp.542-543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
1.[英]安吉拉·默克罗比：《后现代主义与大众文化》,田晓非译,北京：中央编译出版社,2001年版。
2.[美]艾琳·索森：《美国黑人音乐史》,袁华清译,北京：人民音乐出版社,1983年版。
3.[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆：《非凡的小人物——反抗、造反及爵士乐》,北京：新华出版社,2001年版。
4.章珍芳：《美国大众音乐》,北京：中国文联出版公司,1968年版。
5.[美]伯纳德·W·贝尔：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,成都：四川人民出版社,2000年版。第231-285页。
6.[英]伯尼斯·马丁：《当代社会与文化艺术》,李中泽译,成都：四川人民出版社,2000年版。
7.[德]卡尔·雅斯贝斯：《时代的精神状况》,王德峰译,上海：上海译文出版社,1997年版。
8.陈铭道：《黑皮肤的感觉——美国黑人音乐文化》,北京：世界知识出版社,1999年版。
9.程民生：《音乐美纵横谈》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2000年版。
10.蔡良玉：《西方音乐文化》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1999年版。
11.从峰等著译：《绝世爵士/未来社编著》,北京：现代出版社,2002年3月。
12.[美]丹尼尔·霍夫曼：《美国当代文学》,北京：中国文艺联合出版社,1984年版。
13.[美]丹尼尔·贝尔：《资本主义文化矛盾》赵一帆蒲隆等译,北京：三联书店,1992年版。
14.段琦：《美国宗教嬗变论》,北京：今日中国出版社,1994年版。
15.董小川：《美国文化概论》,北京：人民出版社,2006年版。
16.董小川：《世界文化史》,北京：高等教育出版社2002年版。
17.董衡巽、朱虹、施咸荣、郑士生：《美国文学简史》,北京：人民文学出版社,1978年版。
18.[美]弗兰克·蒂罗：《爵士音乐史》,麦玲译,北京：人民音乐出版社,1995年版。
19.[美]格雷厄姆·瓦里美：《爵士乐》,王秋海译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1992年版。
20.高春常：《文化的断裂——美国黑人问题与南方重建》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年版。
21.[美]古拉尔尼克 P.：《蓝调百年之旅》,李佳纯等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003年版。
22.何平：《走进美国音乐—一个美国音乐文化的历史透视》,武汉：华南理工大学出版社,2008年版。
23.姜飞：《跨文化传播的后殖民语境》,北京：中国人民出版社,2005年版。
24.[美]杰夫·托德·提顿：《世界音乐》,西安：陕西师范大学出版社,2003年版。
25.[美]詹姆斯·鲍德温：《另一个国家》,张和龙译,南京：译林出版社,2002年版。
26.洛秦：《爵士百年兴衰录》,合肥：安徽文艺出版社,2002年版。
27.洛秦：《街头音乐：美国社会和文化的一个缩影》,人民音乐出版社,2001年版。
28.罗德·霍顿、赫伯特·爱德华兹：《美国文学思想背景》,房炜、孟昭庆译,北京：人民文学出版社,1991年版。
29.[美]拉尔夫·艾利森：《无形人》,任绍曾张德中黄云鹤殷惟本译,南京：译林出版社,2003年版。
30.李昕：《黑人传统音乐中的鼓文化研究》载于《音乐艺术》1999年第4期。
31.刘保瑞等译《美国作家论文学》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1984年版。
32.刘文玲：《近代爵士乐的兴起与发展》载于http://140.112.114.126/guide/music/west002.htm.
33.[美]伦纳德·迈尔：《音乐的情感与意义》,何乾三译,北京：北大出版社,1991年版。
34.吕西安·马尔松克里斯谦·贝莱斯特：《爵士乐》,北京：商务印书馆,1998年版。
35.刘进田：《文化哲学导论》,北京：法律出版社,1998年版。
36.李公昭：《20世纪美国文学导论》,西安：西安交通大学出版社。2000年版。
37.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第1卷,李剑鸣著：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776)),北京：人民出版社2002年版。
38.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第3卷,丁则民主编：《美国内战与镀金时代(1861-19世纪末)》,北京：人民出版社,2002年版。
39.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第5卷,刘绪贻、李存训主编《富兰克林·D·罗斯福时代1929-1945》北京：人民出版社,2002年版。
40.刘绪贻、李世洞：《美国研究词典》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年版。
41.[美]马尔科姆·考利：《流放者的归来——二十年代的文学流浪生涯》,张承谟 译,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1986年版。
42.茅原：《未完成的音乐美学》,张道一主编,东南大学艺术学研究所编,上海：上海人民出版社,1997年版。
43.聂珍钊等主编：《20世纪西方文学》,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2001年版。
44.宁骚：《非洲黑人文化》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,1993年版。
45.[美]彼得·斯·汉森《二十世纪音乐概论》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1981年版。
46.[美]托妮·莫里森：《爵士乐》,潘岳雷格译,海口：南海出版公司,2006年版。
47.毛信德：《美国小说史纲》,北京：北京出版社,1988年版。
48.[美]詹姆斯·鲍德温：《向苍天呼吁》,霁虹、宏前译,包头：内蒙古人民出版社,1984年版。
49.王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2005年版。
50.王守仁、吴新云：《性别·种族·文化——托妮·莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学》,北京：北京大学出版社,1999年版。
51.吴南：《古典之外—欧美流行音乐大观》,北京：当代发展出版社,2008年版。
52.[美]肖恩·霍利：《美国20世纪流行文化词典》,李著螺、王建华译,北京：清华大学出 版社,1998年第1版。
53.谢卫群,洛秦：《美国摇滚历程五十年》,合肥：安徽文艺出版社,2002年第1版。
54.[美]西蒙·亚当斯：《爵士乐》,李彦译,香港：三联书店(香港)有限公司,2000年版。
55.解英兰：《美国黑人文化》,北京：中国妇女出版社,2003年版。
56.修海林、罗小平：《音乐美学通论》,上海：上海音乐出版社,1999年版。
57.袁华庸：《美国黑人音乐史》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1983年版。
58.杨自伍主编：《美国文化选本》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,1996年版。
59.尤静波：《流行音乐—历史与风格》,长沙：湖南文艺出版社,2007年版。
60.[美]伊哈布·哈桑：《当代美国文学》,陆凡译,济南：山东人民出版社,1980年版。
61.于润洋：《音乐史论问题研究》,福州：福建教育出版社,2002年版。
62.于润洋：《西方音乐通史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2001年版。
63.朱世达：《当代美国文化》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001年版。
64.朱敬修：《西方音乐史》,开封：河南大学出版社,2004年版。
65.朱振武：《詹姆斯·鲍德温<另一个国家>的文化解读》,上海：上海大学,2005年版。
66.张福运：《美洲黑奴》,福州：福州人民出版社,2000年版。
67.钟子林：《摇滚乐的历史与风格》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1998年第1版。
1.迟莹： 《内战前美国黑人奴隶社会地位探析》,东北师范大学历史文化学院2006年硕士毕业论文
2.黄佳佳：《布鲁斯在《看不见的人》中的功能》,中南大学2007年硕士毕业论文。
3.龙跃：《奥古斯都·威尔逊三戏剧中的布鲁斯音乐对美国黑人武汉身份的建构》,湖南科技大.学2007年硕士毕业论文。
4.孟萍：《美国黑人的不朽赞歌—论莫里森小说《爵士乐》的蓝调特征》,华东师范大学2007年硕士毕业论文。
5.王恩铭：《美国反正统文化运动—嬉皮士文化研究》,上海外国语大学2008年博士毕业论文。
6.赵炀：《来自美国黑人灵魂深处的布鲁斯绝唱—从音乐视角解读拉尔夫·埃里森的小说《看不见的人》》,内蒙古大学2008年硕士毕业论文。
1.陈铭道：《撕心裂肺的歌：美国黑人布鲁斯》,载《云南艺术学院学报》,1999年第3期。王欣。
2.杜维平：《<爵士乐>叙事话语中的历史观照》载于《东北师大报(哲学社会科学版)》2000年第2期,总第184期。
3.杜蕙：《美国通俗音乐的发展浅谈》,载《河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005年第5期。
4.韩有毅：《美国黑人英语的语言特征》载于《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第24 卷第4期,1998年12月。
5.黄钟：《爵士长笛演奏初探》载于《武汉音乐学院学报》,2000年第4期。
6.郝俊杰：《布鲁斯：美国黑人忧伤音乐和文学诉说——布鲁斯及其在<看不见的人>和《所罗门之歌》中的运用》。
7.姜江：《黑人音乐与美国非裔族群的自我表达》,载《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2006年第3期。
8.刘玉芳：《浅析爵士乐和声技法特点》载于《惠州学院学报(社会科学版)》第22卷第4期,2002年8月。
9.路文明秦婉丽：《浅谈音乐与语言的关系》载于《齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003年9月。
10.林岩：《<看不见的人>之叙事话语分析》载于《佳木斯大学社会科学学报》2002年8月。
11.罗良功：《论黑人音乐与兰斯顿·休斯的诗歌艺术创新》,载《外国文学研究》2002年第4期。
12.吕国秋：《论《所罗门之歌》中的布鲁斯美学》,载《贵州大学学报(社会科学版)》2008年第6期。
13.谭惠娟：《布鲁斯音乐与黑人文学的水乳交融—伦布鲁斯音乐与拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》,载《文艺研究》2007年第5期。
14.谭惠娟：《从<无形人>到<六月庆典>——论拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》载于《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第33卷第6期,2003年11月。
15.唐晓忠：《文化冲突中寻求真正的存在——拉尔夫·艾利森<看不见的人>创作简论》载于《南京师大学报》1999年第1期。
16.童苏刘健：《爵士乐——一种“反诉”的音乐文化现象》载于《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第27卷第4期,2001年12月。
17.王珉：《美国黑人福音音乐发展渊源和宗教世俗双重性》,载《武汉音乐学院学报》2006年第3期。
18.王绍平：《为“文化定型”再定型——美国黑人作家埃里森小说的文化意义》载于《蒲峪学刊(哲学社会科学版)》1997年第2期。
19.王晓路：《差异的表述——黑人美学与贝克的批评理论》载于《国外文学》2002年第2期,总第78期。
20.吴晓云：《爵士乐的历史沿革与精神内涵》,载《文化学刊》2009年第9期。
21.徐明基：《从白宫音乐历史看美国音乐的确立及其它》,载《沈阳音乐学院学报》1999年第4期。
22.习传进：《论贝克的布鲁斯本土理论》,载《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003年第3期。
23.杨新宇：《永远的布鲁斯——评兰斯顿·休斯的《萎靡的布鲁斯》》,载《读与写杂志》2007年第5期。
24.王英君：《美国黑人音乐对流行音乐发展的推动作用》,载《常州师范专科学校学报》2003年第3期。
25.张湘定：《爵士音乐对美国专业音乐的影响》,载《武汉音乐学院学报》1989年第4期
26.张涛,赵朴：《节奏布鲁斯(R&B)音乐探源》,载《商丘师范学院学报》2006年第6期。
27.张震：《伤感的音调—忧郁的布鲁斯》,载《宿州学院学报》2006年第6期
28.张乐心：《比包普—美国现代爵士乐的开端》,载《中央音乐学院学报》2005年第2期。
29.张学祥：《黑人音乐：一股神奇的力量—兼论拉尔夫·艾利森的音乐情结》,载《太原大学学报》2007年第4期。
30.周海燕：《论《看不见的人》的布鲁斯表征》,载《浙江万里学院学报》2006年第4期。
http://baike.baidu.com/view/695449.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music
http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%B8%E6%98 %93
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0826301.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_female_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Jefferson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549823/Mamie-Smith
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489922/Ma-Rainey
http://www.weamea.com/music/auditionnl.jsp?listenId=bd069b1d20159841012018201de205d2&t ype=undefined
Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues. Detroit:Lucent Books,2006. p.8.
③王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海音乐出版社,2005年版,第345页。
① Harrison, Daphne Duval. Black Pearls:Blues Queens of the'20s. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988. n.12.
① Francis Davis. The History of Blues, The Roots, The Music, The People, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,1995. pp.1-57.
② Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press.1997.
①Dick Weissman, Blues. The Basics. New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005. p.8.
① Mark Vinet, Evolution of Modern Popular Music. A History of Blues. Jazz. Country.R & B. Roack and Rap, Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac:Wadem Publishing,2004. p.53.
② LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, New York:Harper Collins,1999, pp.17-19.
①ISBN:3115277, Muir. Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America,1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon. Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp. 2-4.
② ISBN:9602342X, Garabedian, Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship. and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, pp.1.2.3,18.19.80下载时间：2011,4,9.
③ D. J. Hatch and D. R. Watson, Hearing the Blues:An Essay in the Sociology of Music Acta Sociologica, Sage Publications, Ltd., pp.162-178.,下载时间：2010,12.19。
① Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. American Music. University of Illinois Press, pp.194-197下载时间：2010,12,24。
②Sherley A. Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review, Inc., pp.542-543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
③ISBN:81109566888, Dempsey. Brian Davis. "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta". Middle Tennessee State University. Ph.D.2009.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, pp.11.13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
① ISBN:80549992271, Avanti. Peter, "Modernity legato:Black. White, and Blues", California Institute of Integral Studies, Ph.D.2008.数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations., pp.7,8,13.下载时间：2011,4,8
②Eileen Southern.Afro-American Musical Materials The Black Perspective in Music. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214121.pp.24.28.下载时间：2010,12,19
③ Frederic Ramsey, Jr.. "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama. Louisiana, and Mississippi.1860-1900". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology, pp.375.下载时间：2010,12,18。
①Peter Narvaez. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press,p.28.下载时间：2010,12,23。
William Tallmadge, Afro-American Music Music Educators Journa, MENC:The National Association for Music Education, p.37.下载时间：2010,12,]9。
③Jacques D. Lacava The Theatricality of the Blues,Black Music Research Journa Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.127.下载时间：2010,12,22。
④Sherley Anne Williams, Returning to the Blues:Esther Phillips and Contemporary Blues Culture, Callaloo, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.820-821.下载时间：2010,12,23。 ①Marybeth Hamilton, The Voice of the Blues, History Workshop Journal, Oxford University Press, pp.124-128.下载时间：2010,12,23。
② Mary Ellison, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-307.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, Popular Music and Society Bowling Green:Dec 2007. Vol.30,下载时间：2010,12,23。
② Olly Wilson, The Significance of the Relationship between Afro-American Music and West African Music, The Black Perspective in Music, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214144,p.3.2010.12,25。下载时间：2010,12,24
③ Marybeth Hamilton, The Blues, the Folk, and African-American History, Transactions of the Roval Historical Society Royal Historical Society, p.20.下载时间：2010,12,24日。
Horace Clarence Boyer, Gospel Music, Music Educators Journal, MENC:The National Association for Music Education, pp.36-40.下载时间：2010,12,23。
①何平：《走进美国音乐—一个美国音乐文化的历史透视》,华南理工大学出版社.2008年版.第83-88页。
②吴南：《古典之外—欧美流行音乐大观》,当代发展出版社,2008年版,2-10页。
①Robert V. Haynes, Blacks In White America Before 1865:Issues and Interpretations, New York: David Mckay Company, Inc,1972, p264.
②Ibid.
①雨来：《肯尼亚发现人类最早祖先遗体化石》,见：http://www.biosino.org/news/200012/00120611.htm.下载时间：2011,3,12.
①有关人类起源问题的讨论文章(无作者),见：http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q93061844.htm,下载时间：2011,3,12
②董小川：《世界文化史》,北京：高等教育出版社,2002年版,第124页。
①同上。
② Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-286.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America. New York:Harper Collins,1999. pp,25-26.28.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, New York:Penguin Books,1982. pp.27-29.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press.1995. pp. 18-19.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.17-19.
②Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, pp.63-64.
③Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, p.25.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, pp.31-33.
②Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues, pp.3-4.
③Jon Michael Spencer.,Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. pp.ⅹⅹⅳ-ⅹⅹⅴ.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.21-22.
②陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019,下载时间：2011,3,23.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.24-26.
③Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues. London:Da Capo Press,1997. p.29.
④Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal, Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press.p.214.下载时间：2010,12,23。
①何平：《走进美国音乐》.广州：华南理工大学出版社,2008年版,第68页。
②王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2004年版,242-243页。
③Frank w. Sweet. A History of the Minstrel Show,本文作者没有见到全书,部分内容见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show,下载时间：2011,3,4.
① Robert Palmer. Deep Blues, pp.39-41.
② David Evans. Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, Urbana:University of Illinois.2008. p.52.
Ira Berlin. Many Thousands Gone:The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge. MA: Belknap Press,1998. p.39
① Ibid. p.50-51.
② Peter Narvaez,. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.203.
③ Ibid.206-208.
① Peter Narvaez.. The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, pp.206-207.
② Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
Peter Narvaez., The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
②Peter Narvaez,, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.207.
①Ibid. p.216.
②Peter Narvaez,, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians, p.216.
①Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, Detroit:Lucent Books.2006. p.38.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. p.14.
②Hyatt, Harry Middleton,Hoodoo--Conjuration--Witchcraft--Rootwork.1970,Hannibal:Western,vol 1, p.19.
Jon Michael Spencer..Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press.1993. pp.16-17.
② LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America. New York:Harper Collins.1999. p.41.
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.34-35.
①Jon Michael Spencer.,Blues and Evil, pp.1-2.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil, pp.2-3.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People. Negro Music in White America, p.33.
①LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, p.34.
②Ibid. pp.35-36.
①Robert Palmer. Deep Blues. p.26
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues. Detroit:Lucent Books.2006. pp.15-16.
③刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第1卷,李剑鸣著：《美国的奠基时代.1585-1776》,北京：人民出版社.2002年版,第207-212页。
④李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776》,第218页。
①Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999, pp.63-64.
①陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》,见：http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019.下载时间：2011,3,23.
②李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776》,第214-217页。
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.18-19.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.18-19.
①David Evans. Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, pp.49-51.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.50-53.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music. Blues, Chicago:Heinemann Library,2007. pp.6-7.
②Robert Springer. Authentic Blues. Its Histon-and Its Themes, p.14.
Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.12-13.
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.293.
②陈其：《美国史学界黑人奴隶制研究综述》,见：http://www.cbe21.com/subject/history/printer.php?article_id=2019,下载时间：2011,3,23.
①Howard Zinn. A People's History of The United States,1492-Present, pp.192,193.202. http://www.docin.com/p-73114547.html.下载时间：2011,3,29.
② Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, pp.20-23.
①Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.289.
②Jon Michael Spencer,.Blues and Evil. pp.37-39.
①Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.72.
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.26-27.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music, Blues, pp.8-9.
①Ibid. p.13.
(?)刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第3卷,丁则民主编：《美国内战与镀金时代(1861-19世纪末)》,北京：人民出版社,2002年版,第1-20页。
①Mary Ellison, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.307.
②Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, American Music. University of Illinois Press, pp.195-19、67.下载时间：2010,12,24。
Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. pp.196-197.
Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. Chicago:University Illinois Press.1986. pp.22-23.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America. p.,95.
②The New Columbia Encyclopedia. New York:Columbia University Press,1975, p.1416.
③何平：《走进美国音乐》,第68页。
④王珉：《美国音乐史》.第242-243页。
①同上
②刘绪贻、李世洞：《美国研究词典》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第726页。
①C. V. Woodward. The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1966).http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0826301.html,下载时间：2010,12,24
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.2.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil, Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press,1993. pp.89-90.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.60-65.
Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans, p.307.
① Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, p.,35.
② Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, p.199.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.59-60.
①Creole一词在拉丁美洲历史上是指生活在西班牙美洲殖民地上的土生白人,一般翻译为克列奥尔人。但是,在美国历史上,克列奥尔人却具有美国人自己的解释。在美国历史研究当中,克列奥尔人(Creole)是指生活在原来法国殖民地路易斯安那的所有人,包括土生白人和混血人。因此,这里所用的Creole of color应该是指新奥尔良当地的混血人。
②Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. Louisiana Historical Association, p.317.下载时间：2010,12,19。
③Mary Ellison. African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, p.318.下载时间：2010,12,19。
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press,1997. p.31.
①Christopher Handyside, A History of American Music, Blues, p.15.
William Christopher Handy. Father of the Blues, New York:Macmillan,1941. pp.140-148.
①有关格哈特·库比克的情况详见前言注释。
②Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.12.
③ Broce Bastin. Red River Blues, The Blues Tradition in the Southeast, p.8.
Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.16.
Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. pp.18-19.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.53-54.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.54-55.
Allan Moore, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003. p.25.
① Samuel Charters. The Bluesmen. The Story and the Music of the Men Who Made the Blues, New York:Oak Publications.1967, p.38.
② Robert Palmer. Deep Blues. A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, p.48.
③Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural Histon; from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, pp.49-51.
①Stefan Grossman.,Delta Blues.Oak Anthology of Blues Guitar. New York:Oak Publications,1988. p.22
① Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.53-54.55.
② Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.74.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World, p.85.
①Nick Bromell. "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock. pp.197.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues. A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago s South Side to the World, pp.33-35.
①David Evans. Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.22-23.
① Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.24.
② Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, pp.14-16.
③Ibid. p.16.
①David Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, p.25.
②Ibid. pp.17-18.
①Dick Weissman. Blues, The Basics, New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005. pp.8-9.
② Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics. p.9.
①Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, p.31.
② Gerhard Kubik. Africa and the Blues, pp.82-83.
Robert Palmer, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World,p.41.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, pp.69-70.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.83.
②Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.83.
① Ibid. pp.84-85.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.40.
① Francis Davis. The History of Blues.The Roots. The Music. The People, p.94.
② Ibid. pp.94-95.
③Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, pp.29-30.
Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.32.
②Andy Koopmans.The History of the Blues, p.33.
Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its Histon and Its Themes, p.88.
Jon Michael Spencer. Blues and Evil, pp.120-121.
Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, p.143.
①Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, pp.144-145.
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.174-175.
Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.54-55.
①David Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues. pp.47-50.
①Andy Koopmans,The History of the Blues, p.41.
② Jon Michael Spencer. Blues and Evil, p.ⅹⅹⅹⅲ.
①Harrison. Daphne Duval. Black Pearls:Blues Queens of the'20s. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press. 1988. p.12.
② Jon Michael Spencer, Blues and Evil. p. ⅹⅹⅸ.
①LeRoi Jones.Blues People,Negro Music in White America.pp.86-88.
① Dick Weissman, Blues. The Basics, p.38.
②LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.103-105.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.103-105.
①Francis Davis. The History of Blues ,The Roots, The Music. The People. Cambridge:Da Capo Press.1995. pp. 57-58.
② Ibid, pp.59-61.
③Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.84-85.
④Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.17.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.21.
Tracy, Steven C, Going to Cincinnati:A History of the Blues in the Queen City. University of Illinois Press. 1998, p.5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie_Smith,下载时间：2011,2,27.
② Giles Oakley. The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.83-84.
③ Elijah Wald. Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.21.
①http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith.下载时间：2011,10,19.
②http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith,下载时间：2011,10,19.
①Giles Oakley, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, pp.98-99.
①Allan Moore. The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2003. p.21.
② Allan Moore. The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music,2003. p.2.
①Robert Springer. Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes,1-2..
②Ibid. p.8.
③Dick Weissman, Blues, The Basics, p.38.
① Stephen Calt and Gayle Dean Wardlow. King of the Delta Blues:The Life and Music of Charley Paton. Newton N. J. Rock Chapel Press,1988, p.18.
①David, Evans, Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, p.29.
① LeRoi Jones, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, p.28.
②John A. Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, New York:Pantheon,1993, pp. ix-x
①David Evans. Big Road Blues, Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.40-41.
① Sherley A Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review. Inc., p.543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
② Francis Davis, The History of Blues,The Roots, The Music, The People, p.123.
① David, Evans. Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, pp.6-18.
②Sherley A Williams, The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry p.544.。
①David Evans. Ramblin on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, p.70.
② ISBN:9602342X, Garabedian. Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship, and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp.1,2,3,18,19,80.下载时间：2011,4,9.
①王珉：《美国音乐史》,第4页。
②尤静波：《流行音乐,历史与风格》.长沙：湖南文艺出版社,2007年版,第2-168页
③Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics, pp.44.45
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People. Negro Music in White America, pp.17-18.
LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp.62-63.
①Broce Bastin. Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast, pp.3-4.
①Dick Weissman. Blues, The Basics, pp.20-21.
②Robert Springer, Authentic Blues, Its History and Its Themes, p.3.
①LeRoi Jones. Blues People, Negro Music in White America, pp,17,93.
② ISBN:80549992271, Avanti. Peter. "Modernity legato:Black. White, and Blues", California Institute of Integral Studies. Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations., pp.7.8,13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
①Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.17.
② Allan Moore, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, p.9.
③ ISBN:81109566888, Dempsey, Brian Davis, "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta", Middle Tennessee State University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp.11,13.下载时间：2011,4,8.
①Jon Michael Spencer,,Blues and Evil. pp. xxvi-xxvii.
② Dick Weissman. Blues. The Basics. p.38.
①Gerhard Kubik, Africa and the Blues, p.26.
② ISBN:3115277. Muir, Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America.1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon, Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations. pp. 2-4.
① Robert Springer, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, p.129.
② Elijah Wald, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, p.19.
③ Ibid. p.30.
①David Evans, Ramblin'on My Mind. New Perspectives on the Blues, pp.50-51.
Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began. p.71.
② Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.73-74.
①Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, p.79.
Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began. p.158.
①Allan Lomax, The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.182-183.
Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, p.189.
①Allan Lomax. The Land Where the Blues Began, pp.194-195.
1、Abbott, Lynn, Doug Seroff,Out of Sight:The Rise of African American Popular Music, 1889-1895, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,2003.
2、Albertson, Chris, Bessie. New York:Stein and Day,1972.
3、Allen, William Francis, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, New York:Dover Publications,1995.
4、Bane, Michael, White Boy Singin'the Blues:The Black Roots of White Rock, New York: Penguin,1982.
5、Banfield, William C., Black Notes. Essays of a Musician Writing in a Post-Album Age. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,2004.
6、Berendt, Joachim-Ernst, Jazz:A Photo History, New York:Schirmer Books,1978.
7、Bastin, Broce, Red River Blues. The Blues Tradition in the Southeast. Chicago:University Illinois Press,1986.
8、Bindas, Kenneth J., America's Musical Pulse, Popular Music in Twentieth-Century Society. Westport:Greenwood Press,1992.
9、Bradford, Perry, Born with the Blues, New York:Oak Publications,1965.
10、Burkholder, Peter J., Donald J. Grout, Claude V. Palisca, A Histon-of Western Music, New York:W-W-Norton & Co Ltd..2006.
11、Calt, Stephen and Gayle Dean Wardlow. King of the Delta Blues:The Life and Music of Charley Paton, Newton N. J. Rock Chapel Press,1988.
12、Cook, Richard, Blues Note Records,the Biography,Boston:Justin, Charles & Co.,2001.
13、Davis, Francis, The History of Blues, The Roots, The Music, The People, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,1995.
14、Dixon, Robert. John Godrich, and Howard Rye. Blues and Gospel Records 1902-1943, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1997.
15、Evans, David, Big Road Blues. Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues, Berkeley: University of California,1982.
16、Evans, David, Ramblin'on My Mind, New Perspectives on the Blues, Urbana:University of Illinois,2008.
17、Gloves, Tony, Scott Dirks, and Ward Gaines, Blues with a Feeling:The Little Walter Ston, New York:Routledge,2002.
18、Grossman, Stefan, Delta Blues, Oak Anthology of Blues Guitar, New York:Oak Publications, 1988.
19、Handyside, Christopher, A History of American Music, Blues, Chicago:Heinemann Library, 2007.
20、Harris, Michael W., The Rise of Gospel Blues, New York:Oxford University Press,1992.
21、Jones, LeRoi, Blues People, Negro Music in White America, New York:Harper Collins,1999.
22、Jones, LeRoi, A brief history of Rhythm'n'Blues http://www.scaruffi.com/history/rb.html.2009年12月26日下载。
23、Kahn,Ashley, Kind of Blues, The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece, Cambridge:Da Capo Press,2007.
24、Kell, Charles, Urban Blues. Chicago:The University of Chcago Press,1991.
25、King, B. B., David Ritz, Blues All Around Me. New York:Avon Books,1996.
26、Koopmans, Andy, The History of the Blues, Detroit:Lucent Books,2006.
27、Kubik, Gerhard, Africa and the Blues, Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1999.
28、Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax, American Ballads and Folk Songs, New York:Dover Publshcations, INC.1994.
29、Lomax, Allan, The Land Where the Blues Began, New York:Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
30、Moore, Allan, The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2003.
31、Nisenson, Eric, Blue:The Murder Of Jazz. London:Da Capo Press,1997.
32、Oakley, Giles, The Devil's Music:A History Of The Blues, London:Da Capo Press,1997.
33、Palmer, Robert, Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History, from the Mississippi Delta to Chicago's South Side to the World. London:Penguin Books,1982.
34、Reich, Howard, Let Freedom Swing. Collected Writings on Jazz, Blues, and Gospel. Evenston: Northwestern University Press,2010.
35、Rubin, Rachel and Jeffrey Melnick, American Popular Music. Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press.2001.
36、Spencer, Jon Michael, Blues and Evil. Knoxville:The University Tennessee Press,1993.
37、Starr, Larry, Christopher Waterman, American Popular Music. From Minstrelsy to MTV, New York:Pxford University Press,2003.
38、Scaruffi, Piero, A brief history of Blues Music. http://www.scaruffi.com/history/blues.html, http://www.scaruffi.com/history/rb.html,2009年12月26日下载。
39、Springer, Robert, Authentic Blues. Its History and Its Themes, Lewiston:The Edwin Mellen Press,1995.
40、Vinet, Mark, Evolution of Modern Popular Music, A History of Blues, Jazz, Country.R & B, Roack and Rap, Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac:Wadem Publishing,2004.
41、Wald, Elijah, Escaping the Delta. Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.,2004.
42、Weissman, Dick, Blues, The Basics, New York:Taylor & Francis Group,2005.
43、Zwigoff, Terry, R. Crumb's Heroes of Blues. Jazz & Country, New York:Abrams,2006.
1. Amidon, Tucker Bruce, ""Throwing voices" and "hearing things":Auditory power in American literature", University of California, Riverside, Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:9780549848950.下载时间：2011,4,9.
2. Avanti, Peter, "Modernity legato:Black, white, and blues", California Institute of Integral Studies, Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549992271.下载时间：2011,4,9.
3. Baird, David Olen, "String Beans and Rice---Three dances for jazz quartet and string quartet", University of Missouri-Kansas City, M.M.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80549621645.下载时间：2011,4,9.
4. Barfield, David G, "Texas spatial ethnomusicology, Stephen F", Austin State University, M.I.S.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549469384.
5. Borshuk, Michael Thomas, "Swinging the vernacular:Jazz and African American modernist literature (Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, Michael S. Harper, Albert Murray)", University of Alberta (Canada), Ph.D.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:12685497.下载时间：2011,4,9.
6. Chor. Ives, "Cognitive frameworks for the production of musical rhythm", Northwestern Umversity.bMusic Theory, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109745191.下载时间：2011,4,9.
7. Chris Morris., Black Music Month:Singing the blues'praises, Billboard, New York:Jun 2, 2001. Vol.113, Iss.22; pg.44,1 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
8. Cummings, Alex," Music piracy and the value of sound,1909-1998", Columbia University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109346541.
9. Dempsey, Brian Davis, "Refuse to fold blues heritage tourism and the Mississippi Delta", Middle Tennessee State University, Ph.D.2209,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81]09566888.下载时间：2011,4,9.
10. Dolan, Mark K, "Cathartic uplift:A cultural history of blues and jazz in the Chicago "Defender",1920--1929 (Illinois)", University of South Carolina,Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3115106.下载时间：2011,4,9.
11. Donald Spivey, Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga:Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South, Southern Quarterly. Hattiesburg:Winter 2011. Vol.48, Iss.2; pg.134,5 pgs下载时间：2011,4.9.
12. Garabedian, Steven Patrick, "Reds, whites, and the blues:Blues music, white scholarship, and American cultural politics (Lawrence Gellert)", University of Minnesota, Ph.D,2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:9602342X.下载时间：2011,4,9.
13. Gillett, Rachel Anne, "Crossing the pond:Jazz, race and gender in interwar Paris", Northeastern University.bHistory, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124128382.下载时间：2011,4,9.
14. Greenberg, Jonathan Ross, "Singing up close:Voice, language, and race in American popular music,1925-1935", University of California, Los Angeles,Ph.D.2008,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80549485483.下载时间：2011,4,9.
15. Han, Jihee, "Democratic bards after Walt Whitman:Langston Hughes, Adrienne Rich, and Kyong-Nim Shin", The University of Tulsa, Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80496565832.下载时间：2011,4,9.
16. Hiram Nall, From down south to up south:An examination of geography in the blues, The Midwest Quarterly. Pittsburg:Spring 2001. Vol.42, Iss.3; pg.306,14 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
17. Jabbaar-Gyambrah, Tara Aminah (Ama Sika), "Hip-hop, hip-life:Global sistahs". State University of New York at Buffalo.bWomen's Studies,Ph.D.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3261958.下载时间：2011,4,9.
18. Jackson, James Reginald. "World music curricula in Florida general music classrooms: Identifying methods and materials for implementation", The Florida State University, Ph.D.2001,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations ISBN:80493412207.下载时间：2011,4,9.
19. Marshall, Ian H, "Rhetorics of whiteness:Race, class and the development of early American modernism", City University of New York, Ph.D.2006,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80542623752.下载时间：2011,4,9.
20. Messmer, David, "Aural fictions:Sound in African American literature", Rice University, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124258218.下载时间：2011,4,9.
21. Muir, Peter C," Before "Crazy Blues":Commercial blues in America,1850--1920 (Hughie Cannon, Mamie Smith)", City University of New York,Ph.D.2004,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3115277.下载时间：2011,4,9.
22. Nghana tamu Lewis, In a Different Chord:Interpreting the Relations Among Black Female Sexuality, Agency, and the Blues, African American Review. Saint Louis:Winter 2003. Vol.37, Iss.4;pg.599,11 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
23. Nick Bromell, "The blues and the veil":The cultural work of musical form in blues and '60s rock, American Music. Champaign:Summer 2000. Vol.18, Iss.2; pg.193,29 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
24. Noble, Jean, "Masculinities without men:Female masculinity in twentieth-century fictions", York University (Canada), Ph.D.2000,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:80612591509.下载时间：2011,4,9.
25. Pardo, Bryan A, "Probabilistic sequence alignment methods for on-line score following of music performances", University of Michigan, Ph.D.2005,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:96985027.下载时间：2011,4,9.
26. Patrick Joseph O'Connor, Roosevelt's Blues, Popular Music and Society. Bowling Green: Summer 2000. Vol.24, Iss.2; pg.159,2 pgs下载时间：2011,4,9.
27. Prichard, Forrest Ansel, "Fighting the blues with blues:How Indianola, Mississippi used Delta Blues tourism to develop a new identity", Mississippi State University.bHistory, M.A.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81124116501.下载时间：2011,4,9.
28. Ridgway, Benjamin B, "Imagined travel:Displacement, landscape, and literati identity in the song lyrics of Su Shi (1037-1101) (China)", University of Michigan, Ph.D.2005,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:42365766.下载时间：2011,4,9.
29. Roberts, Brian Henry, "Can you tell me how to get to the crossroads? A cultural analysis of community rituals in five major plays by August Wilson", Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:93850694.下载时间：2011,4,9.
30. Robinson, Christopher, ""Dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn":The influence of African American culture on the Beats", Liberty University.bSchool of Communications, M.A.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81109108989.下载时间：2011,4,9.
31. Robinson-Whitted, Qiana Joelle, "African-American literature and the crisis of faith (Walter White, Nella Larsen, Richard Wright, Alice Walker, Ernest Gaines)", Yale University, Ph.D.2003,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,出版号：3091763.下载时间：2011,4,9.
32. Silva. Walenia Marilia, "Urban music:A case study of communities of learning in a music school", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Ph.D.2007,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:80549096405.下载时间：2011,4,9.
33. Strait, Kevin Michael Angelo, ""A tone parallel"---Jazz music, leftist politics, and the counter-minstrel narrative,1930-1970", The George Washington University.bAmerican Studies, Ph.D.2010,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:81109691795.下载时间：2011,4.9.
34. Thompson, Charles Lee. Jr, "Musician style recognition:Training a computer system to recognize the signature patterns of pianists", University of South Alabama, M.S.2002,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations, ISBN:93543899.下载时间：2011,4,9.
35. Winters. Joseph Richard, "Remembering the dismembered:The work of mourning and hope in Adorno and Morrison", Princeton University, Ph.D.2009,数据库：ProQuest Digital Dissertations,ISBN:81109378948下载时间：2011,4,9.
1.Barrett, Samuel, and Robert Springer, Nobody Knows Where the Blues Come From: Lyrics and History., Popular Music and Society Bowling Green:Dec 2007. Vol.30,下载时间：2010,12,23。
2.Boyer, Horace Clarence, Gospel Music, Music Educators Journal. MENC:The National Association for Music Education, pp.36-40. 下载时间:2010,12,23。
3.Bromell. Nick, "The Blues and the Veil":The Cultural Work of Musical Form in Blues and'60s Rock, American Music, University of Illinois Press, pp.194-197.下载时间:2010,12,24。
4.Clarence, Horace. Gospel Music Music Educators Journal. MENC:The National Association for Music Education. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3395468,下载时间: 2010,12,22。
5.Ellison. Mary, African-American Music and Muskets in Civil War New Orleans Louisiana History:The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Louisiana Historical Association, pp.285-307.下载时间：2010,12,19。
6.Floyd, Samuel A. Jr., On Black Music Research, Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/779489,下载时间:2010,12,24。
7.Floyd, Samuel A. Jr., Black Music and Writing Black Music History:American Music and Narrative Strategies。 http://www.jstor.org/pss/25433796?searchUrl=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fhp%3D25%261 a%3D%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Doff%26gw%3Djtx%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26Query%3 Dhistory%2Bof%2Bafrican-american%2Bblues%2Bmusic%26sbq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bafrican-amencan%2Bblues%2Bmusic%26si%3D526%26jtxsi%3D526&Search=yes,下载时间：2010,12,24。
8.Hamilton, Marybeth, The Blues, the Folk, and African-American History,Transactions of the Roval Historical Society Royal Historical Society, p.20.下载时间：2010,12.24日。
9.Hamilton, Marybeth, The Voice of the Blues, History Workshop Journal, Oxford University Press, pp.124-128.下载时间：2010.12,23。
10.Hatch, D. J. and D. R. Watson, Hearing the Blues:An Essay in the Sociology of Music Acta Sociologica, Sage Publications. Ltd., pp.162-178.,下载时间：2010,12,19。
11.Lacava, Jacques D., The Theatricality of the Blues, Black Music Research Journa Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.127.下载时间：2010,12,22。
12.McGinty, Doris Evans, Black Scholars on Black Music:The Past, the Present, and the Future, Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/779403,下载时间：2010,12,24。
13.Moskowitz, D. V., Barrelhouse blues:location recording and the early traditions of the blues, Jan 2010:47.5; Academic Research Library,下载时间：2010,12,16。
14.Narvaez, Peter, The Influences of Hispanic Music Cultures on African-American Blues Musicians Black Music Research Journal, Center for Black Music Research-Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.28.下载时间：2010,12,23。
15.Nketia, J. H. Kwabena, The Study of African and Afro-American Music, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214119,下载时间：2010,12,19。
16.Palmer, Robert, Review:Afro-American Folk Music, The Journal of American Folklore, American Folklore Society, Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/539462,下载时间：2010,12,20
17.Ramsey, Frederic Jr., "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,1860-1900", Ethnomusicology, University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology, pp.375.下载时间：2010,12,18。
18.Ramsey, Frederic Jr., "A Study of the Afro-American Music of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,1860-1900", Ethnomusicology, University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/924765,下载时间：2010,12,20
19.Ruskey, John, The Blues, Footsteps. Peterborough:Sep/Oct 2005. Vol.7, Iss.4; pg.4, 2pgs,下载时间：2010,12,17。
20.Southern, Eileen, Afro-American Musical Materials The Black Perspective in Music. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214121.pp.24.28.下载时间：2010,12.19
21.Tallmadge, William, Afro-American Music. Music Educators Journa. MENC:The National Association for Music Education, p.37.下载时间：2010,12,19。
22.Williams, Sherley Anne, Returning to the Blues:Esther Phillips and Contemporary Blues Culture, Callaloo, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.820-821.下载时间：2010,12,23。
23.Wilson, Olly, The Significance of the Relationship between Afro-American Music and West African Music, The Black Perspective in Music, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1214144,p.3.2010,12,25。下载时间：2010,12,24。
24. Williams-Jones, Pearl, Afro-American Gospel Music:A Crystallization of the Black Aesthetic, Ethnomusicology,University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology,Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/850791,下载时间：2010,12,18。
25.Williams, Sherley A., The Blues Roots of Contemporary Afro-American Poetry The Massachusetts Review:The Massachusetts Review, Inc.,pp.542-543.下载时间：2010,12,19。
1.[英]安吉拉·默克罗比：《后现代主义与大众文化》,田晓非译,北京：中央编译出版社,2001年版。
2.[美]艾琳·索森：《美国黑人音乐史》,袁华清译,北京：人民音乐出版社,1983年版。
3.[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆：《非凡的小人物——反抗、造反及爵士乐》,北京：新华出版社,2001年版。
4.章珍芳：《美国大众音乐》,北京：中国文联出版公司,1968年版。
5.[美]伯纳德·W·贝尔：《非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统》,刘捷等译,成都：四川人民出版社,2000年版。第231-285页。
6.[英]伯尼斯·马丁：《当代社会与文化艺术》,李中泽译,成都：四川人民出版社,2000年版。
7.[德]卡尔·雅斯贝斯：《时代的精神状况》,王德峰译,上海：上海译文出版社,1997年版。
8.陈铭道：《黑皮肤的感觉——美国黑人音乐文化》,北京：世界知识出版社,1999年版。
9.程民生：《音乐美纵横谈》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2000年版。
10.蔡良玉：《西方音乐文化》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1999年版。
11.从峰等著译：《绝世爵士/未来社编著》,北京：现代出版社,2002年3月。
12.[美]丹尼尔·霍夫曼：《美国当代文学》,北京：中国文艺联合出版社,1984年版。
13.[美]丹尼尔·贝尔：《资本主义文化矛盾》赵一帆蒲隆等译,北京：三联书店,1992年版。
14.段琦：《美国宗教嬗变论》,北京：今日中国出版社,1994年版。
15.董小川：《美国文化概论》,北京：人民出版社,2006年版。
16.董小川：《世界文化史》,北京：高等教育出版社2002年版。
17.董衡巽、朱虹、施咸荣、郑士生：《美国文学简史》,北京：人民文学出版社,1978年版。
18.[美]弗兰克·蒂罗：《爵士音乐史》,麦玲译,北京：人民音乐出版社,1995年版。
19.[美]格雷厄姆·瓦里美：《爵士乐》,王秋海译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1992年版。
20.高春常：《文化的断裂——美国黑人问题与南方重建》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年版。
21.[美]古拉尔尼克 P.：《蓝调百年之旅》,李佳纯等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003年版。
22.何平：《走进美国音乐—一个美国音乐文化的历史透视》,武汉：华南理工大学出版社,2008年版。
23.姜飞：《跨文化传播的后殖民语境》,北京：中国人民出版社,2005年版。
24.[美]杰夫·托德·提顿：《世界音乐》,西安：陕西师范大学出版社,2003年版。
25.[美]詹姆斯·鲍德温：《另一个国家》,张和龙译,南京：译林出版社,2002年版。
26.洛秦：《爵士百年兴衰录》,合肥：安徽文艺出版社,2002年版。
27.洛秦：《街头音乐：美国社会和文化的一个缩影》,人民音乐出版社,2001年版。
28.罗德·霍顿、赫伯特·爱德华兹：《美国文学思想背景》,房炜、孟昭庆译,北京：人民文学出版社,1991年版。
29.[美]拉尔夫·艾利森：《无形人》,任绍曾张德中黄云鹤殷惟本译,南京：译林出版社,2003年版。
30.李昕：《黑人传统音乐中的鼓文化研究》载于《音乐艺术》1999年第4期。
31.刘保瑞等译《美国作家论文学》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1984年版。
32.刘文玲：《近代爵士乐的兴起与发展》载于http://140.112.114.126/guide/music/west002.htm.
33.[美]伦纳德·迈尔：《音乐的情感与意义》,何乾三译,北京：北大出版社,1991年版。
34.吕西安·马尔松克里斯谦·贝莱斯特：《爵士乐》,北京：商务印书馆,1998年版。
35.刘进田：《文化哲学导论》,北京：法律出版社,1998年版。
36.李公昭：《20世纪美国文学导论》,西安：西安交通大学出版社。2000年版。
37.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第1卷,李剑鸣著：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1776)),北京：人民出版社2002年版。
38.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第3卷,丁则民主编：《美国内战与镀金时代(1861-19世纪末)》,北京：人民出版社,2002年版。
39.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编《美国通史》第5卷,刘绪贻、李存训主编《富兰克林·D·罗斯福时代1929-1945》北京：人民出版社,2002年版。
40.刘绪贻、李世洞：《美国研究词典》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年版。
41.[美]马尔科姆·考利：《流放者的归来——二十年代的文学流浪生涯》,张承谟 译,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1986年版。
42.茅原：《未完成的音乐美学》,张道一主编,东南大学艺术学研究所编,上海：上海人民出版社,1997年版。
43.聂珍钊等主编：《20世纪西方文学》,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2001年版。
44.宁骚：《非洲黑人文化》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,1993年版。
45.[美]彼得·斯·汉森《二十世纪音乐概论》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1981年版。
46.[美]托妮·莫里森：《爵士乐》,潘岳雷格译,海口：南海出版公司,2006年版。
47.毛信德：《美国小说史纲》,北京：北京出版社,1988年版。
48.[美]詹姆斯·鲍德温：《向苍天呼吁》,霁虹、宏前译,包头：内蒙古人民出版社,1984年版。
49.王珉：《美国音乐史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2005年版。
50.王守仁、吴新云：《性别·种族·文化——托妮·莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学》,北京：北京大学出版社,1999年版。
51.吴南：《古典之外—欧美流行音乐大观》,北京：当代发展出版社,2008年版。
52.[美]肖恩·霍利：《美国20世纪流行文化词典》,李著螺、王建华译,北京：清华大学出 版社,1998年第1版。
53.谢卫群,洛秦：《美国摇滚历程五十年》,合肥：安徽文艺出版社,2002年第1版。
54.[美]西蒙·亚当斯：《爵士乐》,李彦译,香港：三联书店(香港)有限公司,2000年版。
55.解英兰：《美国黑人文化》,北京：中国妇女出版社,2003年版。
56.修海林、罗小平：《音乐美学通论》,上海：上海音乐出版社,1999年版。
57.袁华庸：《美国黑人音乐史》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1983年版。
58.杨自伍主编：《美国文化选本》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,1996年版。
59.尤静波：《流行音乐—历史与风格》,长沙：湖南文艺出版社,2007年版。
60.[美]伊哈布·哈桑：《当代美国文学》,陆凡译,济南：山东人民出版社,1980年版。
61.于润洋：《音乐史论问题研究》,福州：福建教育出版社,2002年版。
62.于润洋：《西方音乐通史》,上海：上海音乐出版社,2001年版。
63.朱世达：《当代美国文化》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001年版。
64.朱敬修：《西方音乐史》,开封：河南大学出版社,2004年版。
65.朱振武：《詹姆斯·鲍德温<另一个国家>的文化解读》,上海：上海大学,2005年版。
66.张福运：《美洲黑奴》,福州：福州人民出版社,2000年版。
67.钟子林：《摇滚乐的历史与风格》,北京：人民音乐出版社,1998年第1版。
1.迟莹： 《内战前美国黑人奴隶社会地位探析》,东北师范大学历史文化学院2006年硕士毕业论文
2.黄佳佳：《布鲁斯在《看不见的人》中的功能》,中南大学2007年硕士毕业论文。
3.龙跃：《奥古斯都·威尔逊三戏剧中的布鲁斯音乐对美国黑人武汉身份的建构》,湖南科技大.学2007年硕士毕业论文。
4.孟萍：《美国黑人的不朽赞歌—论莫里森小说《爵士乐》的蓝调特征》,华东师范大学2007年硕士毕业论文。
5.王恩铭：《美国反正统文化运动—嬉皮士文化研究》,上海外国语大学2008年博士毕业论文。
6.赵炀：《来自美国黑人灵魂深处的布鲁斯绝唱—从音乐视角解读拉尔夫·埃里森的小说《看不见的人》》,内蒙古大学2008年硕士毕业论文。
1.陈铭道：《撕心裂肺的歌：美国黑人布鲁斯》,载《云南艺术学院学报》,1999年第3期。王欣。
2.杜维平：《<爵士乐>叙事话语中的历史观照》载于《东北师大报(哲学社会科学版)》2000年第2期,总第184期。
3.杜蕙：《美国通俗音乐的发展浅谈》,载《河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005年第5期。
4.韩有毅：《美国黑人英语的语言特征》载于《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第24 卷第4期,1998年12月。
5.黄钟：《爵士长笛演奏初探》载于《武汉音乐学院学报》,2000年第4期。
6.郝俊杰：《布鲁斯：美国黑人忧伤音乐和文学诉说——布鲁斯及其在<看不见的人>和《所罗门之歌》中的运用》。
7.姜江：《黑人音乐与美国非裔族群的自我表达》,载《武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2006年第3期。
8.刘玉芳：《浅析爵士乐和声技法特点》载于《惠州学院学报(社会科学版)》第22卷第4期,2002年8月。
9.路文明秦婉丽：《浅谈音乐与语言的关系》载于《齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003年9月。
10.林岩：《<看不见的人>之叙事话语分析》载于《佳木斯大学社会科学学报》2002年8月。
11.罗良功：《论黑人音乐与兰斯顿·休斯的诗歌艺术创新》,载《外国文学研究》2002年第4期。
12.吕国秋：《论《所罗门之歌》中的布鲁斯美学》,载《贵州大学学报(社会科学版)》2008年第6期。
13.谭惠娟：《布鲁斯音乐与黑人文学的水乳交融—伦布鲁斯音乐与拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》,载《文艺研究》2007年第5期。
14.谭惠娟：《从<无形人>到<六月庆典>——论拉尔夫·埃利森的文学创作》载于《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第33卷第6期,2003年11月。
15.唐晓忠：《文化冲突中寻求真正的存在——拉尔夫·艾利森<看不见的人>创作简论》载于《南京师大学报》1999年第1期。
16.童苏刘健：《爵士乐——一种“反诉”的音乐文化现象》载于《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第27卷第4期,2001年12月。
17.王珉：《美国黑人福音音乐发展渊源和宗教世俗双重性》,载《武汉音乐学院学报》2006年第3期。
18.王绍平：《为“文化定型”再定型——美国黑人作家埃里森小说的文化意义》载于《蒲峪学刊(哲学社会科学版)》1997年第2期。
19.王晓路：《差异的表述——黑人美学与贝克的批评理论》载于《国外文学》2002年第2期,总第78期。
20.吴晓云：《爵士乐的历史沿革与精神内涵》,载《文化学刊》2009年第9期。
21.徐明基：《从白宫音乐历史看美国音乐的确立及其它》,载《沈阳音乐学院学报》1999年第4期。
22.习传进：《论贝克的布鲁斯本土理论》,载《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003年第3期。
23.杨新宇：《永远的布鲁斯——评兰斯顿·休斯的《萎靡的布鲁斯》》,载《读与写杂志》2007年第5期。
24.王英君：《美国黑人音乐对流行音乐发展的推动作用》,载《常州师范专科学校学报》2003年第3期。
25.张湘定：《爵士音乐对美国专业音乐的影响》,载《武汉音乐学院学报》1989年第4期
26.张涛,赵朴：《节奏布鲁斯(R&B)音乐探源》,载《商丘师范学院学报》2006年第6期。
27.张震：《伤感的音调—忧郁的布鲁斯》,载《宿州学院学报》2006年第6期
28.张乐心：《比包普—美国现代爵士乐的开端》,载《中央音乐学院学报》2005年第2期。
29.张学祥：《黑人音乐：一股神奇的力量—兼论拉尔夫·艾利森的音乐情结》,载《太原大学学报》2007年第4期。
30.周海燕：《论《看不见的人》的布鲁斯表征》,载《浙江万里学院学报》2006年第4期。
http://baike.baidu.com/view/695449.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music
http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%B8%E6%98 %93
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0826301.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_female_blues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_Jefferson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549688/Bessie-Smith
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549823/Mamie-Smith
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489922/Ma-Rainey
http://www.weamea.com/music/auditionnl.jsp?listenId=bd069b1d20159841012018201de205d2&t ype=undefined