格尔达·勒纳女性主义史学思想研究
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摘要
格尔达·勒纳是美国女性主义史学的开创者之一。她搜集、整理、编辑了大量有价值的女性史研究资料,并在此基础上解构了女性及其他历史活动者的“他者”身份,批判了传统史学中历史分期标准的狭隘性,尝试将女性史研究引向“普遍史”的发展道路。
本论文从史学史、思想史角度出发,系统阐述勒纳的女性主义史学思想。在分析、解读勒纳主要学术成果的基础上,对其学术观点、研究视角、研究方法做一番梳理与归纳,并指出其史学贡献、局限性及局限性产生的根源。
本论文由绪论、正文和结论构成。绪论部分概述勒纳的经历,对本文的选题目的及意义、研究现状、研究思路与论文框架等进行阐述,并对美国女性史研究的发展阶段做出概述,阐明“女性主义史学”的概念。正文分为如下五章:
第一章分析家庭与社会对勒纳女性主义意识的形成产生的影响,并对勒纳女性史研究进行四阶段的概述以便阐明她的史学思想与观念的发展历程。
第二章从“女性权利的普遍失守”与“女性劣势地位存在的自身根源”两方面分析勒纳对女性沦为“他者”原因的观念。勒纳的研究成果表明:女性在经济上从属于男性,男神与女神、女祭司与男祭司的地位从平等转向不平等,法律将女性人为地置于劣势地位构成了“女性权利的普遍失守”;女性从属心理根深蒂固,对《圣经》的不彻底批判,难于争取教育平等,集体记忆的缺失形成了“女性劣势地位存在的自身根源”。
第三章从三方面阐述勒纳女性主义史学的研究视角与方法:强调女性的历史贡献并对女性的“他者”身份进行批判;从历史认识客观性、分期标准、女性资料缺乏等方面对传统史学思想进行批判;以女性的历史经验与解放为标准,对女性统一的从属经验与差异的经验进行历史解释。
第四章对勒纳的“普遍史”观念进行论述。勒纳首次提出女性史学分期理论;她要求在女性史研究获得充分发展的基础上,以两性的平等地位为标准,通过比较研究的方法,进行“普遍史”研究。
第五章对勒纳史学思想进行评价与反思。她主张拓展研究视角、延伸观念、完善方法来写作史学边缘群体的历史。但是,她没有关注提高女性地位的经济因素,没有深入思考女性成为历史研究对象的根本原因以及女性追求平等权利的真正目标。
结论部分是对以上论述的概括和总结,并就勒纳女性主义史学研究中存在的问题指出进一步的研究空间和研究方向。
Gerda Lerner is one of the founders of the fileds of American feminist history. Lerner has played a key role in the development of women’s history curricula, including collecting, organizing, and editing numerous valuable documents. She conducted deep analysis on female and other historian’s roles, criticized the periodicalization of the traditional definition of historical period division, managed to merge women’s history into the general history.
The purpose of the dissertation is trying to systematically elaborate Lerner’s historical thoughts on women’s history from the point of views of historiographical and intellectual histories. Through a thorough understanding of Lerner’s research and literature, the dissertation makes a systematical review and summarize of her academic and research viewpoints, methodologies. The paper will also discuss her contribution, limitation and its sources.
The dissertation consists three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion.The introduction summarizes Lerner’s backgrounds. It also overviews the purpose, the potential contribution, current research status, possible ways of analysis, and the structure of the paper.The main body of the dissertation contains five chapters:
The first chapter analyzes how Lerner’s feminist consciousness took shape, including impacts from her family and social backgrounds that stimulated her reflections on the inequality. There were four stages in the development of Lerner’s research on women’s history, which helps indentify the evolution of her historical viewpoints.
The second chapter addresses the historical causes of Lerner’s idea on women’s“otherness”from the angles of the“women’s rights generally fell”and the“inferior status of herself roots”. The former consists of three parts: the historical cause of women’s subordination to men in economy; the status of gods v.s. goddesses and priestesses v.s. priests shifted from equality to inequality; the law artificially placed women in an inferior position. The later falls into four parts: the deep-rooted of women’s subordinate psychology; the failure of criticism of the Bible by women; the failure of struggles for gender equality in education by women; the lack of collective memory in women.
The third chapter investigates historical perspectives and methodologies of Lerner’s feminism. She emphasized the women’s contributions in the history and criticized the formation of the status of women’s“otherness”; in Lerner’s research, there is a gender perspective. Since Lerner would provide an objective, well-established theoretical principle for“placing women in history”, she criticized men’s history’s criterion of understanding and the theory of historical periodicalization and considered the lack of women’s information in research; Lerner, using the method named gender interpretation, extended her investigation objects from elite to general women.
The fourth Chapter systematically discusses Lerner’s thought on“universal history”. There are two components in this chapter. One is to expound the development women’s history by stages, and the other is to explain the concept of Lerner’s“universal history”. The“Universal history”is a history of the dialectic and the tensions between the two cultures—male and female. Such a synthesis could be based on close comparative study of given periods in which the historical experience of men is compared with that of women.
The fifth chapter evaluates and rethinks Lerner’s thoughts of her contributions lie in: investigating more the disadvantaged; understanding the universality and particularity of women’s history more comprehensively; proposing concepts and methodologies of“universal history”. But she neglected the economic factors in promoting women’s historical and social status; she also ignored one of the reasons that woman should be under research by historians—women are part of the human beings; she neglected the final goal that women and all human beings are pursuing.
The conclusion summarizes the five chapters. This section also discusses the potential research areas that could be explored in future studies.
本论文从史学史、思想史角度出发,系统阐述勒纳的女性主义史学思想。在分析、解读勒纳主要学术成果的基础上,对其学术观点、研究视角、研究方法做一番梳理与归纳,并指出其史学贡献、局限性及局限性产生的根源。
本论文由绪论、正文和结论构成。绪论部分概述勒纳的经历,对本文的选题目的及意义、研究现状、研究思路与论文框架等进行阐述,并对美国女性史研究的发展阶段做出概述,阐明“女性主义史学”的概念。正文分为如下五章:
第一章分析家庭与社会对勒纳女性主义意识的形成产生的影响,并对勒纳女性史研究进行四阶段的概述以便阐明她的史学思想与观念的发展历程。
第二章从“女性权利的普遍失守”与“女性劣势地位存在的自身根源”两方面分析勒纳对女性沦为“他者”原因的观念。勒纳的研究成果表明:女性在经济上从属于男性,男神与女神、女祭司与男祭司的地位从平等转向不平等,法律将女性人为地置于劣势地位构成了“女性权利的普遍失守”;女性从属心理根深蒂固,对《圣经》的不彻底批判,难于争取教育平等,集体记忆的缺失形成了“女性劣势地位存在的自身根源”。
第三章从三方面阐述勒纳女性主义史学的研究视角与方法:强调女性的历史贡献并对女性的“他者”身份进行批判;从历史认识客观性、分期标准、女性资料缺乏等方面对传统史学思想进行批判;以女性的历史经验与解放为标准,对女性统一的从属经验与差异的经验进行历史解释。
第四章对勒纳的“普遍史”观念进行论述。勒纳首次提出女性史学分期理论;她要求在女性史研究获得充分发展的基础上,以两性的平等地位为标准,通过比较研究的方法,进行“普遍史”研究。
第五章对勒纳史学思想进行评价与反思。她主张拓展研究视角、延伸观念、完善方法来写作史学边缘群体的历史。但是,她没有关注提高女性地位的经济因素,没有深入思考女性成为历史研究对象的根本原因以及女性追求平等权利的真正目标。
结论部分是对以上论述的概括和总结,并就勒纳女性主义史学研究中存在的问题指出进一步的研究空间和研究方向。
Gerda Lerner is one of the founders of the fileds of American feminist history. Lerner has played a key role in the development of women’s history curricula, including collecting, organizing, and editing numerous valuable documents. She conducted deep analysis on female and other historian’s roles, criticized the periodicalization of the traditional definition of historical period division, managed to merge women’s history into the general history.
The purpose of the dissertation is trying to systematically elaborate Lerner’s historical thoughts on women’s history from the point of views of historiographical and intellectual histories. Through a thorough understanding of Lerner’s research and literature, the dissertation makes a systematical review and summarize of her academic and research viewpoints, methodologies. The paper will also discuss her contribution, limitation and its sources.
The dissertation consists three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion.The introduction summarizes Lerner’s backgrounds. It also overviews the purpose, the potential contribution, current research status, possible ways of analysis, and the structure of the paper.The main body of the dissertation contains five chapters:
The first chapter analyzes how Lerner’s feminist consciousness took shape, including impacts from her family and social backgrounds that stimulated her reflections on the inequality. There were four stages in the development of Lerner’s research on women’s history, which helps indentify the evolution of her historical viewpoints.
The second chapter addresses the historical causes of Lerner’s idea on women’s“otherness”from the angles of the“women’s rights generally fell”and the“inferior status of herself roots”. The former consists of three parts: the historical cause of women’s subordination to men in economy; the status of gods v.s. goddesses and priestesses v.s. priests shifted from equality to inequality; the law artificially placed women in an inferior position. The later falls into four parts: the deep-rooted of women’s subordinate psychology; the failure of criticism of the Bible by women; the failure of struggles for gender equality in education by women; the lack of collective memory in women.
The third chapter investigates historical perspectives and methodologies of Lerner’s feminism. She emphasized the women’s contributions in the history and criticized the formation of the status of women’s“otherness”; in Lerner’s research, there is a gender perspective. Since Lerner would provide an objective, well-established theoretical principle for“placing women in history”, she criticized men’s history’s criterion of understanding and the theory of historical periodicalization and considered the lack of women’s information in research; Lerner, using the method named gender interpretation, extended her investigation objects from elite to general women.
The fourth Chapter systematically discusses Lerner’s thought on“universal history”. There are two components in this chapter. One is to expound the development women’s history by stages, and the other is to explain the concept of Lerner’s“universal history”. The“Universal history”is a history of the dialectic and the tensions between the two cultures—male and female. Such a synthesis could be based on close comparative study of given periods in which the historical experience of men is compared with that of women.
The fifth chapter evaluates and rethinks Lerner’s thoughts of her contributions lie in: investigating more the disadvantaged; understanding the universality and particularity of women’s history more comprehensively; proposing concepts and methodologies of“universal history”. But she neglected the economic factors in promoting women’s historical and social status; she also ignored one of the reasons that woman should be under research by historians—women are part of the human beings; she neglected the final goal that women and all human beings are pursuing.
The conclusion summarizes the five chapters. This section also discusses the potential research areas that could be explored in future studies.
引文
①Mary S. Benson,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jun., 1972), p.120.
②Dale Spender, Women of Ideas and What Men Have Done to Them: From Aphra Behn to Adrienne Rich, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982.
③Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, Signs, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Autumn, 2000), pp.321–323.
④Nelson Lichtenstein, American Capitalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
⑤Cathy N. Davidson, No More Separate Spheres: A Next Wave American Studies Reader, Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 2002.
⑥Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000.
⑦Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2000.
①Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Aug., 1980); Benson, Mary S.,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, pp.454–455.
②Mary S. Benson,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, p.120.
③Kathleen Xidis,“Review of Gerda Lerner and Ross Evans Paulson, The Woman in American History, Women's Suffrage and Prohibition: A Comparative Study of Equality and Social Control”, The History Teacher, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Nov., 1974), pp.124–125.
④Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979(AAT 1419811), Sarah Lawrence College, 2004.
⑤Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 1980), pp.73–74.
⑥Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No. 3 (May, 1980), p.448.
①Michaela Jolanda Ruppert Smith, From Sacred to Suspect: Myth as Truth or Lie. A Methodological Inquiry(AAT 9238877), The Claremont Graduate University, 1992.
②Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
③Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, American Ethnologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Aug., 1988), p.596.
④Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, pp.321–323.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1987), pp.608–613.
⑥Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
⑦Ann Curthoys, Is History Fiction? Sydney: UNSW Press, 2006.
①Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory (AAT 3017487), Greensboro: University of North Carolina, 2001.
②Erik Olin Wright, Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis, Cambridge: New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
③Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, 2000.
④Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
①J. M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
②Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective. Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”.
③Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
④Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.73.
⑤Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, Signs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer, 1981), pp.751–753.
⑥Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp.1193–1195.
⑦Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Feb., 1998), p.5.
⑧[美]勒纳:《妇女史的挑战》,闵冬潮译,《世界史研究动态》1991年第4期,第39–43页、第64页。
⑨中国美国史研究会等编:《奴役与自由:美国的悖论——美国历史学家组织主席演说集》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1993年,第441–457页。
⑩李剑鸣:《历史研究中的求知与作用》,《历史教学》2006年第2期,第5–10页;张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,《妇女研究论丛》2006年第4期,第47–51页。
①侯建新:《西方妇女史研究述评》,《天津师大学报》1991年第5期,第53页。
①Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.76.
①邓元忠:《反省史学:兼论西洋后现代文化》,台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2001年,第65页。
②刘军:《美国妇女史学的若干理论问题》,《世界历史》1999年第1期,第87页。
③杜芳琴:《发现妇女的历史——中国妇女史论集》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,1996年,第3页。
④王云龙:《克里奥的萨迦——女性主义史学论域的维京妇女》,《古代文明》2009年第4期,第58页。
⑤张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,第51页。
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⑦商传:《传统史学、新史学与社会性别史》,《历史研究》2002年第6期,第150页。
⑧刘军:《美国妇女史学的若干理论问题》,第87–93页。
⑨叶汉明:《主体的追寻》,香港:香港教育图书公司出版,1999年,第17页。
⑩张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,第51页。
11裔昭印:《中西妇女史研究的回顾与展望》,第75页。
①刘静:《论女性主义史学对西方教师历史研究的影响》,《比较教育研究》2006年第9期,第63页。
②裔昭印等著:《西方妇女史》,北京:商务印书馆,2009年,第1页;刘宁元主编:《中国女性史类编》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999年。
③1986年,女性史学家琼·斯科特发表的《社会性别:一个有用的历史分析范畴》认为社会性别代表权力关系,它是“文化构建”的一种表示方式,它表明社会造就了男女不同的角色分工。(Joan W. Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, The American History Review, Vol. 91, No.5 (Dec., 1986), pp. 1053–1075.)然而,勒纳则指出社会性别是行为的一种文化概念,是一系列文化角色。它掩盖了既定的生理性别与文化形成的社会性别之间的差异。(Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p.238.)
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p.12.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.书中,勒纳认为7世纪就已经存在对优秀女性历史的记录。
⑥June Purvis, Women's History, Britain 1850-1945: An Introduction, New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, p.6.
⑦Gerda Lerner,“Reply to responses”, Journal of Women’s History, 2004, Vol.16, Iss.4, p.61.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979,p.117.
①王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,济南:山东大学出版社,2006年,第59页。
②Louise A. Tilly,“Women’s history and social history”, Social Science History, Vol. 13, No. 4(Winter, 1989), p.441.
③June Purvis, Women's History, Britain 1850-1945, 2006, p.6.
④Fiona Montgomery, The European Women's History Reader, London: New York: Routledge, 2001, p.17.
⑤Melinda S. Zook,“Integrating Men’s History into Women’s History: A Proposition”, The History Teacher, Vol. 35, No.3 (May, 2002), p.375.
⑥Jill Matthews,“Feminist History”, Labour History, No.50 (May, 1986), p.150.
⑦Peter G. Filene,“Integrating Women’s History and Regular History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No.4 (Aug., 1980), p.485.
①Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.10.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.8.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.18.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.4.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.4–5.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.69, p.70, p.72, p.156, p.158.
③Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.454.
④Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.246.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.152.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, pp.370–371.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, p.x.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.36, p.41.
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p.77.
④Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.36, p.42, p.32.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.61.
①Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.132.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, pp.221–223.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.253.
④Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, pp.82–83.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.236.
⑥Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.108.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.322.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.265.
②Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.268.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.257.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.35.
③[德]恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译:《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第54页。
①[美]盖尔·鲁宾:《女人交易——性的“政治经济”学初探》,艾晓明等译:《女权主义理论读本》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2007年,第39–42页。
②Sheridan Harvey, American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States, Washington: Library of Congress, 2001, p.xxii.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.238.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.36.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.3.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.3.
⑦Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.596.
⑧Cecil C. North,“Review of Gunnar Landtman, The origin of the Inequality of the Social Classes”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Apr., 1939), p.278.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.41.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.42.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.22.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.149.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.148.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.143.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.145, p.152.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 67.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.143.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.154–155.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.5.
⑥[德]恩格斯:《恩格斯论宗教》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第1页。
①封丽霞:《法典编撰论——一个比较法的视角》,北京:清华大学出版社,2002年,第27页。
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp. 103–104.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp. 105–106.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.106.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.106.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.115.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.116.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.117.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.136, p.139.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.119.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.119–120.
④Mary McLaughlin,“In Search of a Usable Past”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Oct., 1993), pp. 19–20.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.77.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.218.
①[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复等译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第Ⅴ页。
②[法]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译,北京:中国书籍出版社,1998年,第71页。
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.42.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.221, p.222, p.234.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.222.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.51.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.87.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.280.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.15.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Pub., 1977, p.72.
⑥[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第7页。
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.144.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, pp.161–162.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.139, p.152, p.163.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.123.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.128.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.249.
⑤勒纳研究中提出的女性教育劣势,并非指女性不受教育,而是受到不适合的、不公平的、不利于女性发展的教育。
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.23.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 8, p.193.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 94.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 209.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 192.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.196.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 209, p. 215.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.192.
③Ellen DuBois,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Mar., 1994).p. 1422.
④Londa L. Schiebinger,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Spring, 1995), p. 671.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 213, p. 219, p. 280.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.4.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.139.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.166.
③Michelle Perrot, Writing Women's History, p.12.
④Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory, p.101.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.272.两性之间教育的差异、女性的教育劣势也是贯穿勒纳女性主义史学研究的主线问题。
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.275.
⑦Michelle Perrot, Writing Women’s History, p.43.
⑨Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory, p.97.
⑩Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.52.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.59.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.xiii.非暴力抵抗的观念起源于何时何地,史学界存在争议,大体可以分为三种论调:1.智人时期;2.基督教徒对罗马人统治的反抗;3.美国的废奴运动。
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.52.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.24.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.227.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, pp.59–60.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.2.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. x.
③Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
④Mary McLaughlin,“In Search of a Usable Past”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Oct., 1993), p. 20.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.610.
⑥Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p.5.
①Bonnie G. Smith,“Seeing Mary Beard”, Feminist Studies, Vol.10, No.3 (Autumn, 1984), p.410.
②Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, P.xix.
③王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第59页。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.95.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.275.
①Bonnie G. Smith,“Seeing Mary Beard”, p.400.
②张广智:《超越时空的对话:一位东方学者关于西方史学的思考》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008年,第77页。
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.167.
④于沛主编:《20世纪的西方史学》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2009年,第211页。
⑤Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.164.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.4.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.4–5.
⑥Mary Beard, Lane Ann, Making Women’s History: the Essential Mary Ritter Beard, p.3.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.5, p.13,
⑧王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第59页。
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.39.
②Johann Bachofen, Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings of J. J. Bachofen, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967, p.79.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.15–52.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.50.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.43.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.30.
①Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxvi.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.11.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.27–28.
④胡澎:《背叛与胁从》,《读书》2005年第10期,第75页。
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, pp.277–279.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.212.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.181.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.16–17.
①Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.205.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.95.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.9.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.xx.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp.609–610.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.167.
②王恩铭:《20世纪美国妇女研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年,第1–2页。
③Mary Spongberg, Writing Women’s History Since the Renaissance, p.35.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.vii.
⑤Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United State, 1945-2000, p.99.
⑥刘涓:《“从边缘走向中心”:美、法女性主义文学批评与理论》,鲍晓兰编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,1995年,第95–140页。
⑦蔡新乐、李卫国:《众妙之门——女权主义的生命哲学批判》,开封:河南大学出版社,2004年,第211页。
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.3.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.209.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.209.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.134.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.135.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.7.
③Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxi.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.15.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.120.
①Suzanne Lebsock,“Reading Mary Beard”, in The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol.17, No.2. (Jun., 1989), pp.335–336.
②Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxi.
③田汝康、金重远主编:《现代西方史学流派文选》,上海:上海人民出版社,1982年,第259–260页。
④Margaret Smith Crocco,“Forceful yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History”, The History Teacher, Vol.31, No.1 (Nov., 1987), p.17.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.12.
①袁吉富:《历史认识的客观性问题研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年,第2页。
②Gerda Lerner,“How the Historical Profession Became A Male Preserve”, Journal of Women’s History, Vol.11, No.2 (Summer, 1999), pp.221–222.
③Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xix.
④Christie Farnham, The Impact of Feminist Research in the Academy, Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1987, p.55.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.13.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.133.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.3.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.134.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, Journal of Women’s History, 2004,16, 4, pp.10–29.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.103.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxxvii.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.133.
⑥王宏维:《发现妇女的历史》,《南方日报》2004年12月2日,第A07版。
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.53–55.
⑧Gerda Lerner,“Women and Equality”, Review in American History, Vol. 6, No. 3 ( Sep., 1978), pp.286–287.
⑨Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.3.
①Stephanie Cole,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Feminist Thought of Sarah Grimke”, The journal of Southern History, Vol.66, No.2 (May, 2000), p.401.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
③Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, p.3.
④王宏维:《发现妇女的历史》,第A07版。
①王政、杜芳琴主编:《社会性别研究选译》,第85页。
②Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, In Feminism and Renaissance Studies, Oxford: Oxford University press, 1999, p.21.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 122.
④Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 133.
⑥Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.109.
⑦Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 37.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 37.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 140.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
④赵轶峰:《学史丛录》,北京:中华书局,2005年,第105页。
⑤李小兵、田宪生主编:《1987-2007西方史学前沿研究评析》,上海:上海辞书出版社,2008年,第93页。
⑥Linda Kerber, Women’s America, p.636.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 136.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.136–138.
②Linda Kerber, Women’s America, p.636.
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.166.
④Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.102.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.6.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.7.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.138.
③Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448; Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
①Ann Curthoys, Is History Fiction? p.165.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.3.
③刘军:《论美国妇女史研究中的政治倾向》,第115页。
④李宏图:《历史研究的“语言转向”》,《学术月刊》2004年第4期,第18页。
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.232.
②刘军:《论美国妇女史研究中的政治倾向》,第115页。
③[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,刘北成等译,北京:中央编译出版社,1999年,第198页。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.140.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.232.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, pp. xxviii–xxix.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.233–234.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.234–235.
②J. M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, p.21.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 235.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 235.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 236.
⑥李宏图:《历史研究的“语言转向”》,第18页。
⑦Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, Houndmills: Macmillan Press LTD, 1991, p.66.
⑧乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,第197页。
⑨Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, p.68.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.150–151.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.151.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.17.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.191.
⑤Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, p.12.
①Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, P.323.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.2.
③Nancy A. Hewitt,“Beyond the search for sisterhood: american women's history in the 1980s”, Social History, Vol. 10, No. 3, North American Issue (Oct., 1985), p.299.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.117.
⑤Joan Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, p.1054.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.5.
①Kathleen M. Brown,“Brave new worlds: women's and gender history”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 50, No. 2, (Apr., 1993), p. 321.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.14.
③Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.596.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.16.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.143.
⑥Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
③Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.7.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.191–192.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.143.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.125.
②John Wallach Scott, Gender and the politics of history, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p.55.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.6.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.17.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.136.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.81.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. ix.
②Gerda Lerner,“Reply to responses”, pp.61–66.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.197.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.153.
⑤Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp.595–596.
⑥Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.74.
⑦Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.110. Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix.
⑧Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.610.
①Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, p.12.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
①Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, p.4.
②Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.76.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.117.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
⑦Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.121.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
④王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第60页。
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
②Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, pp. 454–455.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.115.此五年指的是1969–1974年。
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.149.
1830-1900,Utah: Deseret Book Co.,1982. p.397.
②Rodger Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History, Lexington: University Press of Kentuchy, 1994, p.156.
③Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p. 454.
①Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p. 454.
②于沛:《全球史:民族历史记忆中的全球史》,第20页。
③Pauline Yu,“A Life of Learning, Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2005”, American Council of Learned Societies. http://www.acls.org/Publications/OP/Haskins/2006_MartinEMarty.pdf, p.20.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. ix.
①Marnie Hughes-Warrington,“Coloring Universal History”, Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No.1 (March, 2009), p.99.
②[波]埃娃·多曼卡斯:《普遍史与后现代主义》,陈新主编:《当代西方历史哲学读本(1967-2002)》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2004年,第351页。
③埃娃·多曼卡斯:《普遍史与后现代主义》,第358页。
④刘家和:《论通史》,《史学史研究》2008年第4期,第4–5页。
①Davut Ates,“Civilization and Universal History in Conceptualizing Globalization”, ZKüSosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Say? 8, 2008, p.179.
②[意]B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,田时刚译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年,第39页。
③Marnie Hughes-Warrington,“Coloring Universal History”, p.103.
④梁启超:《中国历史研究法》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2008年,第40页。
⑤刘家和:《论通史》,第6页。
⑥B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,第39–40页。
①B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,第39页。
②陈新:《对历史与历史研究的思考——约恩·吕森教授访谈录》,《史学理论研究》2004年第3期,第78页。
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.170.
②Isabel Pérez Molina, Honour and Disgrace: Women and the Law in Early Modern Catalonia, Dissertation. com/library/1121296a. htm, 2001, p.7.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142, p. xxxi.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.143, p.126.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142, p. xxxi.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
①Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
②[法]卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,李常山译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第197页。
①Linda Kerber, Jane Hart, Women’s America, p.637.
②乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,第183页。
③勒纳的研究包括对黑人男性群体的研究,详见:Why History Matters: Life and Thought中的第三部分“重审历史”。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.127.
⑤Judith M.Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
⑥Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
⑦Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, p.752.
⑧Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”. Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”.
①Jocelynne A. Scutt, The Sexual Gerrymander: Women and the Economics of Power, p.16.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.202.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.14.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary《.女性的经验》记录的是曾留下书信、文章,法庭、宗教记录的有姓氏的、有确切信息可考证的女性的历史,勒纳以个别女性的经历演绎女性作为一个群体在历史发展中的普遍经验,笔者将此称为勒纳的“女性的普遍史”观念,与人类的“普遍史”观念、男性的“普遍史”观念相对应。
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.109.
①Linda K. Kerber, U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p.127.
②Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar, History as Women’s History, p.7.
③Mark Christopher Carnes, Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, LTD., London, 1990, p.1.
④Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.173.
⑤Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault,“Integrating Women’s History: The Case of United States History High School Textbooks”, The History Teacher, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb., 1986), p.212.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix.
②Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.105.
①Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.74.
②Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
③Peter G. Filene,“Integrating Women’s History and Regular History”, p.485.
④Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p.5.
⑤Davis D. Joyce, Oklahoma I Had Never Seen Before: Alternative Views of Oklahoma History, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994, p.316.
⑥Sheridan Harvey, American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States, p.xxiv.
①Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.31.
①Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History International Perspectives, p.66.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix
①Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, pp. 1194–1195.
②Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, pp. 73–74.
③Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p. 5.
④Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, p.752.
⑤Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1195
⑥Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp. 611–613.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.34.
⑧Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.263.
⑨Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.3.
⑩Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194. 11 Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar, U.S. History as Women's History, p.335.
①Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p. 611.
①[德]埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第93页。
②[法]伊·巴丹特尔:《男女论》,陈伏保等译,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1988年,第42页。
①[美]皮特·N.斯特恩斯特:《全球文明史》,赵轶峰等译,北京:中华书局,2006年,第33页。
①卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第124页。
②[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年,第10页。
③恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,第38页。
④卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第70页。
②[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第330页。
③卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第114页。
①Ludwig Wittgenstein, Notebooks, 1914-1916, Edited by G.H. von Wright and G. E. M. Anscombe, Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979, 81e.
②Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, A Selection from the Posthumous Remains, Edited by G.H. von Wright, Translated by Peter Winch, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 77e.
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3. Lerner, Gerda, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
4. Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
5. Lerner, Gerda, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
6. Lerner, Gerda, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
7. Lerner, Gerda, The GrimkéSisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Woman’s, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
8. Lerner, Gerda,“How the Historical Profession Became A Male Preserve”, Journal of Women’s History, Vol.11, No.2 (Summer, 1999).
9. Lerner, Gerda, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.
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11. Lerner, Gerda,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, Journal of Women’s History, 2004,16, 4.
12. Lerner, Gerda, Living with History/Making Social Change, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.以下按字母顺序排序
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3. Carnes, Mark Christopher, Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, LTD., 1990.
4. Curthoys, Ann, Is History Fiction? Sydney: UNSW Press, 2006.
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6. Farnham, Christie, The Impact of Feminist Research in the Academy, Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1987.
7. Godfrey, Kenneth W., Women's Voices: An Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1982.
8. Harvey, Sheridan, American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States, Washington: Library of Congress, 2001.
9. Joyce, Davis D., Oklahoma I Had Never Seen Before: Alternative Views of Oklahoma History, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.
10. Kerber, Linda K., Women’s America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
11. Kerber, Linda K., U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
12. Molina, Isabel Pérez, Honour and Disgrace: Women and the Law in Early Modern Catalonia, Dissertation. com/library/1121296a. htm, 2001.
13. Montgomery, Fiona, The European Women's History Reader, London: New York: Routledge, 2001.
14. Natalie, Rose, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979(AAT 1419811), Sarah Lawrence College, 2004.
15. Offen, Karen, Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, Houndmills: Macmillan Press LTD, 1991.
16. Purvis, June, Women's History, Britain 1850-1945: An Introduction, New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 2006.
17. Rutland, Robert Allen, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2000.
18. Ryan, Kathleen Jane, Rememoried Knowing: a Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory (AAT 3017487), Greensboro: University of North Carolina, 2001.
19. Scott, John Wallach, Gender and the Politics of History, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
20. Simonton, Deborah, The Routledge History of Women in Europe Since 1700, London: Routledge, 2006.
21. Smith, Bonnie, Women’s History in Global Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
22. Smith, Michaela Jolanda Ruppert, From Sacred to Suspect: Myth as Truth or Lie. A Methodological Inquiry(AAT 9238877), The Claremont Graduate University, 1992.
23. Spongberg, Mary, Writing Women’s History Since the Renaissance, New york: palgrave macmillan, 2003.
24. Stokes, Melvyn, The State of U.S. History, New York: Berg, 2002.
25. Streitmatter, Rodger, Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History, Lexington: University Press of Kentuchy, 1994.
26. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Culture and Value, A Selection from the Posthumous Remains, Edited by G.H. von Wright, Translated by Peter Winch, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
27. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Notebooks, 1914-1916, Edited by G.H. von Wright and G. E. M. Anscombe, Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
1. Alexander, Sally,“Feminist history”, History Workshop, No.1(Spring, 1976).
2. Ates, Davut,“Civilization and Universal History in Conceptualizing Globalization”, ZKüSosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Say? 8, 2008.
3. Basch, Franoise,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”,Signs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer, 1981).
4. Bennett, Judith M.,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1993).
5. Benson, Mary S.,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jun., 1972).
6. Brown, Kathleen M.,“Brave New Worlds: Women's and Gender History”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Apr., 1993).
7. Crocco, Margaret Smith,“Forceful yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History”, The History Teacher, Vol.31, No.1 (Nov., 1987).
8. DuBois, Ellen,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Mar., 1994).
9. Filene, Peter G.,“Integrating Women’s History and Regular History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No.4 (Aug., 1980).
10. Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1987).
11. Friedel, Janice Nahra,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No. 3 (May, 1980).
12. Gewertz, Deborah,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, American Ethnologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Aug., 1988).
13. Hewitt, Nancy A.,“Beyond the Search for Sisterhood: American Women's History in the 1980s”, Social History, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Oct., 1985).
14. Hughes-Warrington, Marnie,“Coloring Universal History”, Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No.1 (March, 2009).
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1. [波]埃娃·多曼卡斯:《普遍史与后现代主义》,陈新主编:《当代西方历史哲学读本(1967-2002)》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2004年。
2. [德]埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译,北京:东方出版社,1998年。
3. [德]恩格斯:《恩格斯论宗教》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编,北京:人民出版社,2001年。
4. [德]恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编,北京:人民出版社,1995年。
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9. [法]伊·巴丹特尔:《男女论》,陈伏保等译,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1988年。
10. [美]盖尔·鲁宾:《女人交易——性的“政治经济”学初探》,艾晓明等译:《女权主义理论读本》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2007年。
11. [美]皮特·N.斯特恩斯特:《全球文明史》,赵轶峰等译,北京:中华书局,2006年。
12.[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,刘北成等译,北京:中央编译出版社,1999年。
13. [美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年。
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16. [英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复等译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年。
17.蔡新乐等:《众妙之门——女权主义的生命哲学批判》,开封:河南大学出版社,2004年。
18.陈启能主编:《二战后欧美史学的新发展》,济南:山东大学出版社,2005年。
19.邓元忠:《反省史学:兼论西洋后现代文化》,台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2001年。
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24.刘涓:《“从边缘走向中心”:美、法女性主义文学批评与理论》,鲍晓兰编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,1995年。
25.梁启超:《中国历史研究法》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2008年。
26.刘宁元主编:《中国女性史类编》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999年。
27.田汝康等主编:《现代西方史学流派文选》,上海:上海人民出版社,1982年。
28.王恩铭:《20世纪美国妇女研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年。
29.王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,济南:山东大学出版社,2006年。
30.王政等主编:《社会性别研究选译》,北京:三联书店,1998年。
31.叶汉明:《主体的追寻》,香港:香港教育图书公司出版,1999年。
32.裔昭印等:《西方妇女史》,北京:商务印书馆,2009年。
33.于沛主编:《20世纪的西方史学》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2009年。
34.袁吉富:《历史认识的客观性问题研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年。
35.张广智主编:《西方史学史》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2001年。
36.张广智:《超越时空的对话:一位东方学者关于西方史学的思考》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008年。
37.赵轶峰:《学史丛录》,北京:中华书局,2005年。
38.中国美国史研究会等编:《奴役与自由:美国的悖论——美国历史学家组织主席演说集》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1993年。
1.[美]勒纳:《妇女史的挑战》,闵冬潮译,《世界史研究动态》1991年第4期。
2.陈新:《对历史与历史研究的思考——约恩·吕森教授访谈录》,《史学理论研究》2004年第3期。
3.杜芳琴:《妇女/社会性别史对史学的挑战与贡献》,《史学理论研究》2004年第3期。
4.方进莲:《从女权主义到社会性别理论》,复旦大学硕士论文,2008。
5.高世瑜:《关于妇女史研究的几点思考》,《历史研究》2002年第6期。
6.侯建新:《西方妇女史研究述评》,《天津师大学报》1991年第5期。
7.胡澎:《背叛与胁从》,《读书》2005年第10期。
8.黄虚峰:《再探20世纪初美国女权运动迅猛发展的原因》,《历史教学问题》2001年第2期。
9.李宏图:《历史研究的“语言转向”》,《学术月刊》2004年第4期。
10.李剑鸣:《历史研究中的求知与作用》,《历史教学》2006年第2期。
11.刘家和:《论通史》,《史学史研究》2008年第4期。
12.刘静:《论女性主义史学对西方教师历史研究的影响》,《比较教育研究》2006年第9期。
13.刘军:《论美国妇女史研究中的政治倾向》,《史学理论研究》1998年第1期。
14.刘军:《美国妇女史学的若干理论问题》,《世界历史》1999年第1期。
15.闵冬潮:《从妇女史到性别史的发展》,《世界历史》1994年第1期。
16.商传:《传统史学、新史学与社会性别史》,《历史研究》2002年第6期。
17.时晓红:《试论60年代美国女权运动》,《山东师大学报》1996年第1期。
18.王宏维:《发现妇女的历史》,《南方日报》2004年12月2日,第A07版。
19.王晴佳:《从历史思辩、历史认识到历史再现》,《山东社会科学》2008年第4期。
20.王晴佳:《卡尔·波普尔的批判历史哲学及其意义》,《史学理论研究》1993年第1期。
21.王云龙:《克里奥的萨迦——女性主义史学论域的维京妇女》,《古代文明》2009年第4期。
22.夏小娜:《在新社会史与新文化史之间:戴维斯妇女史研究探析》,中国社会科学院研究生院硕士论文,2008。
23.鄢可然、顾洁:《从他史-她史到两性史-美国西部妇女史研究述评》,《妇女研究论丛》2001年第5期。
24.杨丽红:《20世纪30年代的美国妇女研究述评》,《史学月刊》2005年第3期。
25.裔昭印:《中西妇女史研究的回顾与展望》,《山西师范大学学报》2000年第2期。
26.于沛:《全球史:民族历史记忆中的全球史》,《史学理论研究》2006年第1期。
27.张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,《妇女研究论丛》2006年第4期。
28.张文涛:《一种关于世界史观念的历史考察》,《北京师范大学学报》2010年第2期。
29.周莉萍:《西方女性主义思潮与美国妇女史研究》,《赣南师范学院学报》2004年第5期。
②Dale Spender, Women of Ideas and What Men Have Done to Them: From Aphra Behn to Adrienne Rich, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982.
③Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, Signs, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Autumn, 2000), pp.321–323.
④Nelson Lichtenstein, American Capitalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
⑤Cathy N. Davidson, No More Separate Spheres: A Next Wave American Studies Reader, Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 2002.
⑥Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000.
⑦Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2000.
①Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Aug., 1980); Benson, Mary S.,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, pp.454–455.
②Mary S. Benson,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Women in American History”, p.120.
③Kathleen Xidis,“Review of Gerda Lerner and Ross Evans Paulson, The Woman in American History, Women's Suffrage and Prohibition: A Comparative Study of Equality and Social Control”, The History Teacher, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Nov., 1974), pp.124–125.
④Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979(AAT 1419811), Sarah Lawrence College, 2004.
⑤Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 1980), pp.73–74.
⑥Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No. 3 (May, 1980), p.448.
①Michaela Jolanda Ruppert Smith, From Sacred to Suspect: Myth as Truth or Lie. A Methodological Inquiry(AAT 9238877), The Claremont Graduate University, 1992.
②Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
③Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, American Ethnologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Aug., 1988), p.596.
④Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, pp.321–323.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1987), pp.608–613.
⑥Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
⑦Ann Curthoys, Is History Fiction? Sydney: UNSW Press, 2006.
①Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory (AAT 3017487), Greensboro: University of North Carolina, 2001.
②Erik Olin Wright, Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis, Cambridge: New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
③Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, 2000.
④Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
①J. M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
②Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective. Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”.
③Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
④Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.73.
⑤Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, Signs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer, 1981), pp.751–753.
⑥Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp.1193–1195.
⑦Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Feb., 1998), p.5.
⑧[美]勒纳:《妇女史的挑战》,闵冬潮译,《世界史研究动态》1991年第4期,第39–43页、第64页。
⑨中国美国史研究会等编:《奴役与自由:美国的悖论——美国历史学家组织主席演说集》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1993年,第441–457页。
⑩李剑鸣:《历史研究中的求知与作用》,《历史教学》2006年第2期,第5–10页;张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,《妇女研究论丛》2006年第4期,第47–51页。
①侯建新:《西方妇女史研究述评》,《天津师大学报》1991年第5期,第53页。
①Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.76.
①邓元忠:《反省史学:兼论西洋后现代文化》,台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2001年,第65页。
②刘军:《美国妇女史学的若干理论问题》,《世界历史》1999年第1期,第87页。
③杜芳琴:《发现妇女的历史——中国妇女史论集》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,1996年,第3页。
④王云龙:《克里奥的萨迦——女性主义史学论域的维京妇女》,《古代文明》2009年第4期,第58页。
⑤张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,第51页。
⑥高世瑜:《关于妇女史研究的几点思考》,《历史研究》2002年第6期,第144页。
⑦商传:《传统史学、新史学与社会性别史》,《历史研究》2002年第6期,第150页。
⑧刘军:《美国妇女史学的若干理论问题》,第87–93页。
⑨叶汉明:《主体的追寻》,香港:香港教育图书公司出版,1999年,第17页。
⑩张宏:《女性主义史学中的几个理论问题》,第51页。
11裔昭印:《中西妇女史研究的回顾与展望》,第75页。
①刘静:《论女性主义史学对西方教师历史研究的影响》,《比较教育研究》2006年第9期,第63页。
②裔昭印等著:《西方妇女史》,北京:商务印书馆,2009年,第1页;刘宁元主编:《中国女性史类编》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999年。
③1986年,女性史学家琼·斯科特发表的《社会性别:一个有用的历史分析范畴》认为社会性别代表权力关系,它是“文化构建”的一种表示方式,它表明社会造就了男女不同的角色分工。(Joan W. Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, The American History Review, Vol. 91, No.5 (Dec., 1986), pp. 1053–1075.)然而,勒纳则指出社会性别是行为的一种文化概念,是一系列文化角色。它掩盖了既定的生理性别与文化形成的社会性别之间的差异。(Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p.238.)
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p.12.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.书中,勒纳认为7世纪就已经存在对优秀女性历史的记录。
⑥June Purvis, Women's History, Britain 1850-1945: An Introduction, New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, p.6.
⑦Gerda Lerner,“Reply to responses”, Journal of Women’s History, 2004, Vol.16, Iss.4, p.61.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979,p.117.
①王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,济南:山东大学出版社,2006年,第59页。
②Louise A. Tilly,“Women’s history and social history”, Social Science History, Vol. 13, No. 4(Winter, 1989), p.441.
③June Purvis, Women's History, Britain 1850-1945, 2006, p.6.
④Fiona Montgomery, The European Women's History Reader, London: New York: Routledge, 2001, p.17.
⑤Melinda S. Zook,“Integrating Men’s History into Women’s History: A Proposition”, The History Teacher, Vol. 35, No.3 (May, 2002), p.375.
⑥Jill Matthews,“Feminist History”, Labour History, No.50 (May, 1986), p.150.
⑦Peter G. Filene,“Integrating Women’s History and Regular History”, The History Teacher, Vol. 13, No.4 (Aug., 1980), p.485.
①Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.10.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.8.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.18.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.4.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.4–5.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.69, p.70, p.72, p.156, p.158.
③Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.454.
④Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.246.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.152.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, pp.370–371.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, p.x.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.36, p.41.
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p.77.
④Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.36, p.42, p.32.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.61.
①Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.132.
②Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, pp.221–223.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.253.
④Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, pp.82–83.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.236.
⑥Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.108.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.322.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.265.
②Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.268.
③Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.257.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.35.
③[德]恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译:《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第54页。
①[美]盖尔·鲁宾:《女人交易——性的“政治经济”学初探》,艾晓明等译:《女权主义理论读本》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2007年,第39–42页。
②Sheridan Harvey, American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States, Washington: Library of Congress, 2001, p.xxii.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.238.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.36.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.3.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.3.
⑦Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.596.
⑧Cecil C. North,“Review of Gunnar Landtman, The origin of the Inequality of the Social Classes”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Apr., 1939), p.278.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.41.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.42.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.22.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.149.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.148.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.143.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.145, p.152.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 67.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.143.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.154–155.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.5.
⑥[德]恩格斯:《恩格斯论宗教》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第1页。
①封丽霞:《法典编撰论——一个比较法的视角》,北京:清华大学出版社,2002年,第27页。
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp. 103–104.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp. 105–106.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.106.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.106.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.115.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.116.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.117.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.136, p.139.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.119.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.119–120.
④Mary McLaughlin,“In Search of a Usable Past”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Oct., 1993), pp. 19–20.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.77.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.218.
①[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复等译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第Ⅴ页。
②[法]西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译,北京:中国书籍出版社,1998年,第71页。
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.42.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.221, p.222, p.234.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.222.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.219.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.51.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.87.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.280.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.15.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Pub., 1977, p.72.
⑥[法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第7页。
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.144.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, pp.161–162.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.139, p.152, p.163.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.123.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.128.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.249.
⑤勒纳研究中提出的女性教育劣势,并非指女性不受教育,而是受到不适合的、不公平的、不利于女性发展的教育。
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.23.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 8, p.193.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 94.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 209.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 192.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.196.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 209, p. 215.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.192.
③Ellen DuBois,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Mar., 1994).p. 1422.
④Londa L. Schiebinger,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Spring, 1995), p. 671.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p. 213, p. 219, p. 280.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.4.
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.139.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.166.
③Michelle Perrot, Writing Women's History, p.12.
④Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory, p.101.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.272.两性之间教育的差异、女性的教育劣势也是贯穿勒纳女性主义史学研究的主线问题。
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.275.
⑦Michelle Perrot, Writing Women’s History, p.43.
⑨Kathleen Jane Ryan, Rememoried Knowing: A Feminist Interpretation of the Canon of Memory, p.97.
⑩Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.52.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.59.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.xiii.非暴力抵抗的观念起源于何时何地,史学界存在争议,大体可以分为三种论调:1.智人时期;2.基督教徒对罗马人统治的反抗;3.美国的废奴运动。
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.52.
④Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.24.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.227.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, pp.59–60.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.2.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. x.
③Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
④Mary McLaughlin,“In Search of a Usable Past”, The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Oct., 1993), p. 20.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.610.
⑥Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p.5.
①Bonnie G. Smith,“Seeing Mary Beard”, Feminist Studies, Vol.10, No.3 (Autumn, 1984), p.410.
②Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, P.xix.
③王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第59页。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.95.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.275.
①Bonnie G. Smith,“Seeing Mary Beard”, p.400.
②张广智:《超越时空的对话:一位东方学者关于西方史学的思考》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008年,第77页。
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.167.
④于沛主编:《20世纪的西方史学》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2009年,第211页。
⑤Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.164.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.4.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.4–5.
⑥Mary Beard, Lane Ann, Making Women’s History: the Essential Mary Ritter Beard, p.3.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.5, p.13,
⑧王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第59页。
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.39.
②Johann Bachofen, Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings of J. J. Bachofen, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967, p.79.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.15–52.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.50.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.43.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.30.
①Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxvi.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.11.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.27–28.
④胡澎:《背叛与胁从》,《读书》2005年第10期,第75页。
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, pp.277–279.
⑥Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.212.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.181.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.16–17.
①Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.205.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.95.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.9.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p.xx.
⑤Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp.609–610.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.167.
②王恩铭:《20世纪美国妇女研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年,第1–2页。
③Mary Spongberg, Writing Women’s History Since the Renaissance, p.35.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.vii.
⑤Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United State, 1945-2000, p.99.
⑥刘涓:《“从边缘走向中心”:美、法女性主义文学批评与理论》,鲍晓兰编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,1995年,第95–140页。
⑦蔡新乐、李卫国:《众妙之门——女权主义的生命哲学批判》,开封:河南大学出版社,2004年,第211页。
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.3.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.209.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.209.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.134.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.135.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.7.
③Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxi.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.15.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.120.
①Suzanne Lebsock,“Reading Mary Beard”, in The Johns Hopkins University Press, Vol.17, No.2. (Jun., 1989), pp.335–336.
②Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxi.
③田汝康、金重远主编:《现代西方史学流派文选》,上海:上海人民出版社,1982年,第259–260页。
④Margaret Smith Crocco,“Forceful yet Forgotten: Mary Ritter Beard and the Writing of History”, The History Teacher, Vol.31, No.1 (Nov., 1987), p.17.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.12.
①袁吉富:《历史认识的客观性问题研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年,第2页。
②Gerda Lerner,“How the Historical Profession Became A Male Preserve”, Journal of Women’s History, Vol.11, No.2 (Summer, 1999), pp.221–222.
③Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xix.
④Christie Farnham, The Impact of Feminist Research in the Academy, Bloomington: Indiana university Press, 1987, p.55.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.13.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.133.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.3.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.134.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, Journal of Women’s History, 2004,16, 4, pp.10–29.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.103.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, p. xxxvii.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.133.
⑥王宏维:《发现妇女的历史》,《南方日报》2004年12月2日,第A07版。
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.53–55.
⑧Gerda Lerner,“Women and Equality”, Review in American History, Vol. 6, No. 3 ( Sep., 1978), pp.286–287.
⑨Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.3.
①Stephanie Cole,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Feminist Thought of Sarah Grimke”, The journal of Southern History, Vol.66, No.2 (May, 2000), p.401.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
③Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, p.3.
④王宏维:《发现妇女的历史》,第A07版。
①王政、杜芳琴主编:《社会性别研究选译》,第85页。
②Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, In Feminism and Renaissance Studies, Oxford: Oxford University press, 1999, p.21.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 122.
④Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 133.
⑥Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.109.
⑦Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
⑧Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 37.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 37.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 140.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
④赵轶峰:《学史丛录》,北京:中华书局,2005年,第105页。
⑤李小兵、田宪生主编:《1987-2007西方史学前沿研究评析》,上海:上海辞书出版社,2008年,第93页。
⑥Linda Kerber, Women’s America, p.636.
⑦Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. 136.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, pp.136–138.
②Linda Kerber, Women’s America, p.636.
③Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.166.
④Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.102.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.6.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.7.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.138.
③Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448; Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
①Ann Curthoys, Is History Fiction? p.165.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.3.
③刘军:《论美国妇女史研究中的政治倾向》,第115页。
④李宏图:《历史研究的“语言转向”》,《学术月刊》2004年第4期,第18页。
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.232.
②刘军:《论美国妇女史研究中的政治倾向》,第115页。
③[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,刘北成等译,北京:中央编译出版社,1999年,第198页。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.140.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.232.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary, pp. xxviii–xxix.
②Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.233–234.
①Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, pp.234–235.
②J. M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, p.21.
③Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 235.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 235.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p. 236.
⑥李宏图:《历史研究的“语言转向”》,第18页。
⑦Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, Houndmills: Macmillan Press LTD, 1991, p.66.
⑧乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,第197页。
⑨Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, p.68.
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.150–151.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.151.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.17.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.191.
⑤Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, p.12.
①Leila J. Rupp,“Review of Linda K. Kerber and Gerda Lerner, Toward an Intellectual History of Women, Why History Matters: Life and Thought”, P.323.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.2.
③Nancy A. Hewitt,“Beyond the search for sisterhood: american women's history in the 1980s”, Social History, Vol. 10, No. 3, North American Issue (Oct., 1985), p.299.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.117.
⑤Joan Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, p.1054.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.5.
①Kathleen M. Brown,“Brave new worlds: women's and gender history”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 50, No. 2, (Apr., 1993), p. 321.
②Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.14.
③Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.596.
④Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.16.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.143.
⑥Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
③Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.7.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, pp.191–192.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.143.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.125.
②John Wallach Scott, Gender and the politics of history, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p.55.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.6.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.17.
⑤Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.136.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.81.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. ix.
②Gerda Lerner,“Reply to responses”, pp.61–66.
③Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.197.
④Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.153.
⑤Deborah Gewertz,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp.595–596.
⑥Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.74.
⑦Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.110. Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix.
⑧Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p.610.
①Bonnie Smith, Women’s History in Global Perspective, p.12.
②Gerda Lerner,“U. S. Women’s History: Past, Present, and Future”, pp.10–29.
①Linda K. Kerber, Women’s America, p.4.
②Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.76.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.117.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.116.
⑦Joan Kelly-Gadol,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?”, p.21.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
②Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.121.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
④王晴佳、古伟瀛:《后现代与历史学——中西比较》,第60页。
①Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.13.
②Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, pp. 454–455.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.115.此五年指的是1969–1974年。
①Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.149.
1830-1900,Utah: Deseret Book Co.,1982. p.397.
②Rodger Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History, Lexington: University Press of Kentuchy, 1994, p.156.
③Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p. 454.
①Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p. 454.
②于沛:《全球史:民族历史记忆中的全球史》,第20页。
③Pauline Yu,“A Life of Learning, Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2005”, American Council of Learned Societies. http://www.acls.org/Publications/OP/Haskins/2006_MartinEMarty.pdf, p.20.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p. ix.
①Marnie Hughes-Warrington,“Coloring Universal History”, Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No.1 (March, 2009), p.99.
②[波]埃娃·多曼卡斯:《普遍史与后现代主义》,陈新主编:《当代西方历史哲学读本(1967-2002)》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2004年,第351页。
③埃娃·多曼卡斯:《普遍史与后现代主义》,第358页。
④刘家和:《论通史》,《史学史研究》2008年第4期,第4–5页。
①Davut Ates,“Civilization and Universal History in Conceptualizing Globalization”, ZKüSosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Say? 8, 2008, p.179.
②[意]B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,田时刚译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年,第39页。
③Marnie Hughes-Warrington,“Coloring Universal History”, p.103.
④梁启超:《中国历史研究法》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2008年,第40页。
⑤刘家和:《论通史》,第6页。
⑥B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,第39–40页。
①B.克罗齐:《历史学的理论和历史》,第39页。
②陈新:《对历史与历史研究的思考——约恩·吕森教授访谈录》,《史学理论研究》2004年第3期,第78页。
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
①Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.170.
②Isabel Pérez Molina, Honour and Disgrace: Women and the Law in Early Modern Catalonia, Dissertation. com/library/1121296a. htm, 2001, p.7.
③Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142, p. xxxi.
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.143, p.126.
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.142, p. xxxi.
⑥Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.126.
①Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
②[法]卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,李常山译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第197页。
①Linda Kerber, Jane Hart, Women’s America, p.637.
②乔伊斯·阿普尔比等:《历史的真相》,第183页。
③勒纳的研究包括对黑人男性群体的研究,详见:Why History Matters: Life and Thought中的第三部分“重审历史”。
④Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.127.
⑤Judith M.Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
⑥Janice Nahra Friedel,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.448.
⑦Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, p.752.
⑧Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”. Nan Elizabeth Woodruff,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”.
①Jocelynne A. Scutt, The Sexual Gerrymander: Women and the Economics of Power, p.16.
②Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought, p.202.
③Gerda Lerner, Creation of Feminist Consciousness: from the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, p.14.
④Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience: An American Documentary《.女性的经验》记录的是曾留下书信、文章,法庭、宗教记录的有姓氏的、有确切信息可考证的女性的历史,勒纳以个别女性的经历演绎女性作为一个群体在历史发展中的普遍经验,笔者将此称为勒纳的“女性的普遍史”观念,与人类的“普遍史”观念、男性的“普遍史”观念相对应。
⑤Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.109.
①Linda K. Kerber, U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p.127.
②Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar, History as Women’s History, p.7.
③Mark Christopher Carnes, Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, LTD., London, 1990, p.1.
④Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.173.
⑤Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault,“Integrating Women’s History: The Case of United States History High School Textbooks”, The History Teacher, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb., 1986), p.212.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix.
②Robert Allen Rutland, Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000, p.105.
①Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, p.74.
②Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194.
③Peter G. Filene,“Integrating Women’s History and Regular History”, p.485.
④Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p.5.
⑤Davis D. Joyce, Oklahoma I Had Never Seen Before: Alternative Views of Oklahoma History, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994, p.316.
⑥Sheridan Harvey, American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States, p.xxiv.
①Rose Natalie, An Essential Indispensable Heritage: the Sarah Lawrence College Women’s History Program, 1972-1979, p.31.
①Karen Offen, Writing Women’s History International Perspectives, p.66.
①Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History, p.ix
①Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, pp. 1194–1195.
②Myra Rich,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History”, pp. 73–74.
③Margaret C. Jacob,“Casting a Cold Eye”, p. 5.
④Franoise Basch,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds Its past: Placing Women in History”, p.752.
⑤Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1195
⑥Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, pp. 611–613.
⑦Gerda Lerner, Living with History/Making Social Change, p.34.
⑧Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography, p.263.
⑨Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, p.3.
⑩Judith M. Bennett,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen- Seventy”, p.1194. 11 Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar, U.S. History as Women's History, p.335.
①Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,“Review of Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy”, p. 611.
①[德]埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第93页。
②[法]伊·巴丹特尔:《男女论》,陈伏保等译,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1988年,第42页。
①[美]皮特·N.斯特恩斯特:《全球文明史》,赵轶峰等译,北京:中华书局,2006年,第33页。
①卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第124页。
②[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年,第10页。
③恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,第38页。
④卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第70页。
②[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第330页。
③卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源与基础》,第114页。
①Ludwig Wittgenstein, Notebooks, 1914-1916, Edited by G.H. von Wright and G. E. M. Anscombe, Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979, 81e.
②Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, A Selection from the Posthumous Remains, Edited by G.H. von Wright, Translated by Peter Winch, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 77e.
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