单元组织研究
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摘要
在基于时间竞争环境下产生了一种先进的管理模式:零时间企业。零时间企业的实现,需要先进生产技术和业务流程的支撑,要求企业进行组织结构的不断变革和创新。组织结构变革的关键是能把不同质的资源和生产过程集成,以缩短产品/服务开发周期,提高企业反应速度和适应能力。资源和生产过程集成推动了以自治单元为基本单位的单元组织的产生。单元组织具有灵活性和敏捷性,在动荡复杂的环境中具有强大的适应力和生命力。因此,研究单元组织及其相关问题显得十分必要。
本文运用理论研究与实证研究相结合的方法,对单元组织进行了深入研究。主要内容如下:
(1)运用实证研究方法,检验了组织结构对企业市场响应能力的影响。本文提出了组织结构特征、企业规模、企业性质与企业市场响应能力的关系假设,运用实证方法进行研究,得出如下结论:组织层级数少、规范化程度低、围绕核心流程组建部门、降低决策点位置、放松内外部水平边界对企业市场响应能力将起到积极的促进作用;企业规模、企业性质对组织结构与市场响应能力关系的调节作用并不明显。目前还没有发现相关的文献对组织结构与市场响应能力关系进行研究,本文的实证研究结论可为我国企业在基于时间竞争环境下实施组织变革提供一定的指导。
(2)界定了单元组织的涵义,提出了单元组织的合拢特征及控制结构。在合拢系统理论研究的基础上,通过和传统组织的比较,界定了单元组织的涵义,并从资源集成、子单元自治、自我学习与更新、子单元相互合作及动态柔性调整五个方面提出了单元组织的合拢特征;从组织层次、组织过程及管理控制机制三个方面提出了单元组织的控制结构。现有文献大多从工作单元层面进行研究,本文从组织整体层提出了单元组织的涵义、特征和控制结构。
(3)构建了单元组织的STS评价模型。本文遵循社会—技术系统(STS)原则,以构建理想的工作单元为目标层,以降低成本、压缩时间、增强灵活性、改进质量为准则层,以员工参与、持续改进、高度适应、支持系统一致性、合理的评估体系为因素层,建立了单元组织的评价指标体系,并运用AHP分析方法建立了评价模型。与马玉敏等人建立的评价模型相比,本评价模型综合考虑技术性和社会性因素,可以更全面地评价单元的设计和实施。
(4)提出了单元组织协调问题的三个层次、相应的协调机制以及类生物协调模型。本文运用因子分析法提出了影响单元组织协调的三个共同因素,并分别就各层面协调因素提出了单元组织的协调机制。此后,从类神经调节、类体液调节及自我调节三个方面提出了单元组织的类生物协调模型。现有文献还没有发现从不同层面上对单元组织的协调问题与协调机制进行研究。
(5)构建了子单元知识共享的激励模型。本文运用经济契约理论分析了单元组织知识共享的激励问题,提出了经济激励机制,并指出了激励机制设计的步骤及设计中应该注意的问题。现有文献没有发现针对单元组织知识共享激励的研究,本模型可以为单元组织设置知识共享激励机制提供一定指导。
Zero-time enterprise is a kind of advanced business pattern which is developed from time-based competition environment. The implementation of zero-time operation needs corporations carry out in-depth innovation of organization structure and changeover of operational philosophy. The key of organization structure innovation is integrating all kinds of useful resources and different manufacturing processes. This kind of innovation leads to the appearance of Cellular organization, which is organized of the self-government work cells. Cellular organization has strong capability to adapt to complex and changing competitive environment. However, there is little research on Cellular organization, and we lack plentiful theories about this organization form. So, it is necessary to study the characteristics and management mechanisms on Cellular organization. This research which focuses on cellular organization uses some theoretical methods associated with empirical investigation to carry out the study. The main contents include:
(1) Examine the relationships between organizational structure and time-based performance.
We consider six dimensions of organization structure, such as, fewer layers, lower locus of decision-making, less formalization, organizing units around core processes, breaking internal boundary and infiltrating external boundary. A research framework is built to examine relationships among the six aspects of organization structure and time-based performance in the Chinese automobile industry, and a contingency approach is taken by examining the moderating effects of firm size and ownership. Regression results show that all dimensions of organization structure have significant influence on time-based performance. Subgroup analysis reveals that these main effects are not moderated by firm size and ownership. Little empirical studies have examined the relationships of organization structure and time-based performance.
(2)Propose the definition, holonic properties, and control structure of cellular organization.
Based on the holonic system theory, this research illustrates the definition of cellular organization, analyses the five main properties as resources quickly integrated, self- government work cell, self-study and updating, collaboration, and dynamic flexible structure. And then, it discusses the instant capability mechanisms of cellular organization. After that, it proposes the control structure of cellular organization from three aspects, that is, structure level, organizing process and control mechanisms. Then, it gives an example as Acer Group to illustrate the global customer management, new products developing and new businesses growing.
(3)Develop a socio-technical system evaluation model of cellular organization.
This research proposes the construct principal of cellular organization and develops a socio-technical system evaluation model of work cells from cost reducing, quality improvement, adaptability increasing and time reducing. After that, it constructs a STS evaluation model employing AHP. Finally, it gives an example to illustrate the application of the evaluation model. The existing literature about cellular organization evaluation focused on technical dimension, but little considers the social dimension.
(4) Propose the coordination problems and coordination mechanisms in cellular organization.
This paper uses factor analysis method to explore the coordinate problems in cellular organization, and proposes three coordination levels according to study results. According to the coordination levels, it analyzes the corresponding coordination mechanisms. Based on the basic theory of life science, it analyzes the like-biological coordination principal of cellular organization, and proposes coordination structure mode. Finally, it illustrates the coordination mechanisms with a case of GE.
(5) Propose Knowledge sharing incentive mechanism in cellular organization.
Little literature studies on incentive mechanism of knowledge sharing. Incentive mechanism performs an important coordination function in cellular organization. This research explores the value chain in cellular organization, and then discusses the factors influencing knowledge sharing and coordination ways. Secondly, it analyzes the incentive problems based on principal-agent theory, and proposes the incentive model. Finally, it illuminates the processes and some questions must be paid regard to for mechanism design.
本文运用理论研究与实证研究相结合的方法,对单元组织进行了深入研究。主要内容如下:
(1)运用实证研究方法,检验了组织结构对企业市场响应能力的影响。本文提出了组织结构特征、企业规模、企业性质与企业市场响应能力的关系假设,运用实证方法进行研究,得出如下结论:组织层级数少、规范化程度低、围绕核心流程组建部门、降低决策点位置、放松内外部水平边界对企业市场响应能力将起到积极的促进作用;企业规模、企业性质对组织结构与市场响应能力关系的调节作用并不明显。目前还没有发现相关的文献对组织结构与市场响应能力关系进行研究,本文的实证研究结论可为我国企业在基于时间竞争环境下实施组织变革提供一定的指导。
(2)界定了单元组织的涵义,提出了单元组织的合拢特征及控制结构。在合拢系统理论研究的基础上,通过和传统组织的比较,界定了单元组织的涵义,并从资源集成、子单元自治、自我学习与更新、子单元相互合作及动态柔性调整五个方面提出了单元组织的合拢特征;从组织层次、组织过程及管理控制机制三个方面提出了单元组织的控制结构。现有文献大多从工作单元层面进行研究,本文从组织整体层提出了单元组织的涵义、特征和控制结构。
(3)构建了单元组织的STS评价模型。本文遵循社会—技术系统(STS)原则,以构建理想的工作单元为目标层,以降低成本、压缩时间、增强灵活性、改进质量为准则层,以员工参与、持续改进、高度适应、支持系统一致性、合理的评估体系为因素层,建立了单元组织的评价指标体系,并运用AHP分析方法建立了评价模型。与马玉敏等人建立的评价模型相比,本评价模型综合考虑技术性和社会性因素,可以更全面地评价单元的设计和实施。
(4)提出了单元组织协调问题的三个层次、相应的协调机制以及类生物协调模型。本文运用因子分析法提出了影响单元组织协调的三个共同因素,并分别就各层面协调因素提出了单元组织的协调机制。此后,从类神经调节、类体液调节及自我调节三个方面提出了单元组织的类生物协调模型。现有文献还没有发现从不同层面上对单元组织的协调问题与协调机制进行研究。
(5)构建了子单元知识共享的激励模型。本文运用经济契约理论分析了单元组织知识共享的激励问题,提出了经济激励机制,并指出了激励机制设计的步骤及设计中应该注意的问题。现有文献没有发现针对单元组织知识共享激励的研究,本模型可以为单元组织设置知识共享激励机制提供一定指导。
Zero-time enterprise is a kind of advanced business pattern which is developed from time-based competition environment. The implementation of zero-time operation needs corporations carry out in-depth innovation of organization structure and changeover of operational philosophy. The key of organization structure innovation is integrating all kinds of useful resources and different manufacturing processes. This kind of innovation leads to the appearance of Cellular organization, which is organized of the self-government work cells. Cellular organization has strong capability to adapt to complex and changing competitive environment. However, there is little research on Cellular organization, and we lack plentiful theories about this organization form. So, it is necessary to study the characteristics and management mechanisms on Cellular organization. This research which focuses on cellular organization uses some theoretical methods associated with empirical investigation to carry out the study. The main contents include:
(1) Examine the relationships between organizational structure and time-based performance.
We consider six dimensions of organization structure, such as, fewer layers, lower locus of decision-making, less formalization, organizing units around core processes, breaking internal boundary and infiltrating external boundary. A research framework is built to examine relationships among the six aspects of organization structure and time-based performance in the Chinese automobile industry, and a contingency approach is taken by examining the moderating effects of firm size and ownership. Regression results show that all dimensions of organization structure have significant influence on time-based performance. Subgroup analysis reveals that these main effects are not moderated by firm size and ownership. Little empirical studies have examined the relationships of organization structure and time-based performance.
(2)Propose the definition, holonic properties, and control structure of cellular organization.
Based on the holonic system theory, this research illustrates the definition of cellular organization, analyses the five main properties as resources quickly integrated, self- government work cell, self-study and updating, collaboration, and dynamic flexible structure. And then, it discusses the instant capability mechanisms of cellular organization. After that, it proposes the control structure of cellular organization from three aspects, that is, structure level, organizing process and control mechanisms. Then, it gives an example as Acer Group to illustrate the global customer management, new products developing and new businesses growing.
(3)Develop a socio-technical system evaluation model of cellular organization.
This research proposes the construct principal of cellular organization and develops a socio-technical system evaluation model of work cells from cost reducing, quality improvement, adaptability increasing and time reducing. After that, it constructs a STS evaluation model employing AHP. Finally, it gives an example to illustrate the application of the evaluation model. The existing literature about cellular organization evaluation focused on technical dimension, but little considers the social dimension.
(4) Propose the coordination problems and coordination mechanisms in cellular organization.
This paper uses factor analysis method to explore the coordinate problems in cellular organization, and proposes three coordination levels according to study results. According to the coordination levels, it analyzes the corresponding coordination mechanisms. Based on the basic theory of life science, it analyzes the like-biological coordination principal of cellular organization, and proposes coordination structure mode. Finally, it illustrates the coordination mechanisms with a case of GE.
(5) Propose Knowledge sharing incentive mechanism in cellular organization.
Little literature studies on incentive mechanism of knowledge sharing. Incentive mechanism performs an important coordination function in cellular organization. This research explores the value chain in cellular organization, and then discusses the factors influencing knowledge sharing and coordination ways. Secondly, it analyzes the incentive problems based on principal-agent theory, and proposes the incentive model. Finally, it illuminates the processes and some questions must be paid regard to for mechanism design.
引文
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