水泥工业物质代谢及生态化转型研究
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摘要
水泥工业是典型的能源、资源消耗型原材料产业,日益严峻的资源、能源枯竭形势,已经成为制约水泥工业可持续发展的瓶颈;同时为了满足国民经济建设的需要,水泥工业又不得不保持产量快速增长。在这种情况下,如果还按传统发展模式走下去,不但水泥工业发展将难以为继,同时也会威胁到人类的可持续发展,如何按照生态工业理念,实现水泥工业的的生态化转型,既是当前国民经济发展与环境保护的需要,也是我国水泥工业面临的最重要、最亟需解决的问题。
论文以“压力—状态—响应—绩效”为主线,首先分析了我国水泥工业的主要环境影响类型,然后探讨了主要环境影响因素的变化机理,在此基础上构建了我国水泥工业生态化发展模式,最后探讨了水泥工业生态化运行效果的测度方法。论文的具体内容及取得的研究成果如下:
(1)按照生命周期评价的方法框架,建立了水泥工业生命周期评价模型,分别对大型(>4000t/d)新型干法、中型(2000- 4000t/d)新型干法、小型(2000t/d以下)新型干法、传统立窑和JT立窑五种典型工艺水泥生产的资源、能源消耗及污染物排放数据进行分析比较。研究结果表明:不可再生资源消耗、不可再生能源消耗和温室效应是水泥生产的主要环境影响;五种工艺环境影响从优到劣依次是大型新型干法>JT立窑>中型新型干法>小型新型干法>立窑。
(2)根据脱钩的基本思想,建立了水泥工业发展与环境荷载绝对脱钩和相对脱钩的概念模型,借助该模型对水泥工业能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的变化趋势进行了研究,运用因素分解法研究了熟料配比、能耗强度、工艺结构、水泥产量等因素对水泥工业能源消耗总量和二氧化碳总量变化的贡献。研究结果表明:产量增长是促进水泥工业能源消耗和二氧化碳排放增长的主要因素,电耗强度和熟料配比的降低分别是抑制能源消耗增长和二氧化碳排放的主要因素。
(3)从减量化、再利用、资源化三个方面探讨了水泥工业生态化的途径,从目标层面、空间层面、措施层面、功能层面建立了水泥工业生态化的“五角四层”模型,按纵向延伸、横向耦合、形成网络三个步骤建立了水泥工业生态产业链,以上模型的建立有助于水泥企业充分发挥绿色产品制造、清洁能源转换和社会大宗废弃物资源化三大功能。
(4)运用投入产出方法,建立了生态水泥工业系统投入产出模型,基于此模型提出了代谢路径长度、企业关联度、节点循环效率的分析方法,这些指标可以对水泥企业生态化的运行效果进行定量测度,为水泥企业的日常管理和维护提供有效的工具。
Cement industry is a typical energy and resource consumption materials industry. The increasing depletion of the resource and energy has become the bottleneck which restricts the sustainable development of cement industry. In order to meet the needs of national economy,cement industry has to maintain rapid growth in products. In this situation, if following the traditional development way,the development of the cement industry will be difficult. There will also be a threat to sustainable human development. How to use the concept of eco-industrial to achieve the ecological transformation of cement industry is the need for the economic development and the environmental protection currently. It is also the problem which the cement industry of our country is facing and needs to be solved urgently.
The principal line of the paper is“pressure-status-response-performance”. Firstly,the main factors of the cement industry which will be affected by the environment are analyzed in the paper. Then the change mechanism of the main environment factors is discussed. An eco-industrial model is built based on these. Finally a measure method of the eco-industrial operation results is also provided. The main contents and achievements of research are shown as below:
(1)A life cycle assessment model for the cement industry was built according to the framework of the life cycle assessment method. Comparison and analysis were made which were about the data of the resources,energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the five typical cement production processes which were the large new dry process (> 4000t/d),medium new dry process (2000-4000t/d),small new dry process (2000t/d below),traditional and JT shaft kiln. The result showed that considered the environmental impact,the sequence of the five processes was: large new dry process> JT shaft kiln> medium new dry process > small new dry process > shaft. Non-renewable resource consumption,non-renewable energy consumption and greenhouse effect were the main environmental impacts in cement production.
(2)According to the basic idea of decoupling,the concept model of the absolute and relative decoupling between the cement industry development and environmental pressure were built. Adopting this model,the changing trends of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the cement industry was researched. And the contributions to the total energy consumption and carbon dioxide changes in cement industry which are done by the factors like the decomposition ratio of clinker,energy intensity,process structure,cement production and so on were researched. The results showed that:the product growth was the main cause of the energy consumption growth and the carbon dioxide emissions in cement industry. Power consumption ratio of strength and clinker were the main factors to control the energy consumption growth and carbon dioxide emissions.
(3)The path that how to realize eco-industrial was discussed, from the aspects of the reduction,reuse,recycle,the four-angle and five-dimensional model was built from the layers of the target,spatial,meassure,function and the eco-industiral chain was built from the steps of transvers coupling,vertical extension,formingnetwork. Above models would help the cement industry fulfill the“green manufacturing”. It would be useful in the conversion of clean energy and the resources of bulk waste. (4)Apply on input-output method,a model of eco-industrial input-output
system of cement was built. Based on this mode,the metabolic path length,business association and node cycle efficiency measure were put forward. These indexes could measure the operating results of the eco-industrial operation and provided effective tools for the management and maintenance of cement industry.
论文以“压力—状态—响应—绩效”为主线,首先分析了我国水泥工业的主要环境影响类型,然后探讨了主要环境影响因素的变化机理,在此基础上构建了我国水泥工业生态化发展模式,最后探讨了水泥工业生态化运行效果的测度方法。论文的具体内容及取得的研究成果如下:
(1)按照生命周期评价的方法框架,建立了水泥工业生命周期评价模型,分别对大型(>4000t/d)新型干法、中型(2000- 4000t/d)新型干法、小型(2000t/d以下)新型干法、传统立窑和JT立窑五种典型工艺水泥生产的资源、能源消耗及污染物排放数据进行分析比较。研究结果表明:不可再生资源消耗、不可再生能源消耗和温室效应是水泥生产的主要环境影响;五种工艺环境影响从优到劣依次是大型新型干法>JT立窑>中型新型干法>小型新型干法>立窑。
(2)根据脱钩的基本思想,建立了水泥工业发展与环境荷载绝对脱钩和相对脱钩的概念模型,借助该模型对水泥工业能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的变化趋势进行了研究,运用因素分解法研究了熟料配比、能耗强度、工艺结构、水泥产量等因素对水泥工业能源消耗总量和二氧化碳总量变化的贡献。研究结果表明:产量增长是促进水泥工业能源消耗和二氧化碳排放增长的主要因素,电耗强度和熟料配比的降低分别是抑制能源消耗增长和二氧化碳排放的主要因素。
(3)从减量化、再利用、资源化三个方面探讨了水泥工业生态化的途径,从目标层面、空间层面、措施层面、功能层面建立了水泥工业生态化的“五角四层”模型,按纵向延伸、横向耦合、形成网络三个步骤建立了水泥工业生态产业链,以上模型的建立有助于水泥企业充分发挥绿色产品制造、清洁能源转换和社会大宗废弃物资源化三大功能。
(4)运用投入产出方法,建立了生态水泥工业系统投入产出模型,基于此模型提出了代谢路径长度、企业关联度、节点循环效率的分析方法,这些指标可以对水泥企业生态化的运行效果进行定量测度,为水泥企业的日常管理和维护提供有效的工具。
Cement industry is a typical energy and resource consumption materials industry. The increasing depletion of the resource and energy has become the bottleneck which restricts the sustainable development of cement industry. In order to meet the needs of national economy,cement industry has to maintain rapid growth in products. In this situation, if following the traditional development way,the development of the cement industry will be difficult. There will also be a threat to sustainable human development. How to use the concept of eco-industrial to achieve the ecological transformation of cement industry is the need for the economic development and the environmental protection currently. It is also the problem which the cement industry of our country is facing and needs to be solved urgently.
The principal line of the paper is“pressure-status-response-performance”. Firstly,the main factors of the cement industry which will be affected by the environment are analyzed in the paper. Then the change mechanism of the main environment factors is discussed. An eco-industrial model is built based on these. Finally a measure method of the eco-industrial operation results is also provided. The main contents and achievements of research are shown as below:
(1)A life cycle assessment model for the cement industry was built according to the framework of the life cycle assessment method. Comparison and analysis were made which were about the data of the resources,energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the five typical cement production processes which were the large new dry process (> 4000t/d),medium new dry process (2000-4000t/d),small new dry process (2000t/d below),traditional and JT shaft kiln. The result showed that considered the environmental impact,the sequence of the five processes was: large new dry process> JT shaft kiln> medium new dry process > small new dry process > shaft. Non-renewable resource consumption,non-renewable energy consumption and greenhouse effect were the main environmental impacts in cement production.
(2)According to the basic idea of decoupling,the concept model of the absolute and relative decoupling between the cement industry development and environmental pressure were built. Adopting this model,the changing trends of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the cement industry was researched. And the contributions to the total energy consumption and carbon dioxide changes in cement industry which are done by the factors like the decomposition ratio of clinker,energy intensity,process structure,cement production and so on were researched. The results showed that:the product growth was the main cause of the energy consumption growth and the carbon dioxide emissions in cement industry. Power consumption ratio of strength and clinker were the main factors to control the energy consumption growth and carbon dioxide emissions.
(3)The path that how to realize eco-industrial was discussed, from the aspects of the reduction,reuse,recycle,the four-angle and five-dimensional model was built from the layers of the target,spatial,meassure,function and the eco-industiral chain was built from the steps of transvers coupling,vertical extension,formingnetwork. Above models would help the cement industry fulfill the“green manufacturing”. It would be useful in the conversion of clean energy and the resources of bulk waste. (4)Apply on input-output method,a model of eco-industrial input-output
system of cement was built. Based on this mode,the metabolic path length,business association and node cycle efficiency measure were put forward. These indexes could measure the operating results of the eco-industrial operation and provided effective tools for the management and maintenance of cement industry.
引文
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