岩体结构信息化处理及工程应用
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摘要
谷德振教授提出的岩体结构理论是中国工程地质的重要理论，是岩体工程地质评价的基础，它已被广泛地采用并成功地解决了我国众多特大型工程的工程地质问题。众多学者在继承和发扬这一理论方面作了大量工作，取得了丰硕的成果，也遇到一些亟待解决的问题，其中之一就是结构面基本信息的获取和应用问题，特别是以数量巨大、随机分布为特征的小规模硬性结构面(Ⅳ、Ⅴ级结构面)的信息，只有在全面准确地掌握基础上，才能作好岩体结构分类及岩体工程地质评价，而且通过展示岩体经过构造及表生作用所发生的结构变化，可以研究岩体的风化，考察岩体质量的变化，从而在岩体结构的工程地质评价方面取得一些进展，使得工程岩体的结构信息处理也伴随人类进步的脚步进入信息时代。
由于工程地质领域的信息化应用相对起步较晚，作者在充分调研相关信息处理应用的理论、技术基础上，借鉴其它应用领域的成功应用经验，以当代计算机立体视觉学作为立论基础和技术支撑点，经比选确定被动成像人机交互法作为岩体结构面信息的采集方案。为了解决双像合成法必须配合测量来获得标定像片的难题，作者独创性提出从岩体结构面信息中剥离产状信息单独解译的思路，从而建立了严谨的，无需测量配合的，在小物距环境下真正具有工程实用价值的结构面信息解析解的解译方案，经过多角度地反复验证证明，使用较为经济的摄像设备可快速、高效、全面、较为准确地采集结构面信息，解译精度满足工程应用的要求。同时，由于结构面在洞壁出露的情况多种多样，为兼顾解译的准确性和适用的广泛性，开展了多种三维数据恢复算法的比较、验证研究，为结构面信息处理系统应用的推广提供了经验。为了实现人机交互解译的精度控制，本文确定了实用的立体视能力检测，摄像机标定方法及具体的拍摄方案。对于高陡边坡的长大结构面信息采集，本文成功的应用直接线性法，在有限设备情况下解译获得较为可靠的迹长等数据。通过结构面的数学建模，使采集所得结构面数据的处理实现了信息化，程序化，应用多功能数据库在计算机上人机交互划分岩体结构，初步实现岩体结构的信息化，并且通过结构面与相关实体的真三维实体模型的建立，既可清晰直观的展示结构面模型的空间形象，又可容易的切割模型并获取切图的数据，对不稳定块体的分析研究提供了强有力的辅助手段。
以拉西瓦水电站坝址工程岩体作为作者研究的岩体结构信息处理系统的应用对象，野外快速拍摄，室内准确高效的采集完成岩体结构工程要素。利用勘探平洞洞壁图片采集的结构面信息处理成坝肩岩体结构研究的基本量化指标及实体模型，进行拉西瓦水电站坝肩岩体结构类型划分，并借鉴国内岩体风化分带、岩体质量分级规范，以岩体结构量化指标作为风化分带和质量分级的主要指标，划分两岸坝肩岩体风化分带、岩体质量分级，划分结果与野外现场判定及地质师室内划分结果相符合；利用边坡图片解译结果完成了坝肩岩体抗滑稳定边界条件分析，及不稳定块体的量化值和三维展示图，为坝肩工程地质条件评价提供重要资料。
The theory of rock mass structure, put forward by Prof. Gu De-zhen, being the great one in engineering geology in China and basic one in engineering properties evaluation of rock mass, has been accepted and applied extensively to solve many problems in geological engineering successfully. Lots of studies associated with the theory have been done by many project, and great progress has been made, meanwhile, the workers encountered some difficulties during their studies, one of which is collection and processing of basic information on discontinuities, especially the large numbers of small-scale discontinuities characterized by their stochastic distribution, which is very important to rock mass structure classing and evaluate engingeering properties of rock mass. Basing this kind of discontinuities information reflecting essence, people can make some progresses in using the rock mass theory to classify weathering zone and to class rock mass quality.
Informatics used in engineering geoloical domain develop later than others, referred to literatures on information-processing-related theories and technologies, the author use stereo computer vision technique to analyze and collect discontinuities information by IIP(interactive information processing). Using this Promethean method put forward for the first time, people can get analytic data proved to be precision enough without calibrating image; in order to extensive application, other methods devised by comparing and analyzing precisions of each methods and provide references for other applications as well in this paper also. The goal for improving precision has been achieved by examining stereo vision, camera calibration and shooting method. Steeper slope's image has been processed by DLT(Direct Linear Transformation), getting analytic data achieved engineer's want. Basing on all discontinuities's digital model come information processing ture in computer,and using the datebase of discontinuities's inform
ation could classed rock mass structure by IIP. Cutting discontinuities's 3-D model could get cutaway view and date directly on AutoCAD plat, it will be good for research instability clastic mass.
The author select rock mass from damsite in Laxiwa hydroelectric station as object to which information processing system on rock mass structure is applied. The information collection involving field photogrammetry and efficient indoor job, including discontinuities information from both photos of adit-wall and rock slope. Using the information from exploratory adit can class rock mass structure ,drawing lessons from internal successful experiences in rock mass quality and weathering zone
classification, dam abutment rock mass is classed by choosing quantization indices of rock mass structure, the outcome same as investigation, accord with commonly geoloical rule. Using the information from slope image can finish stability analysis of lithologic slope, get 3-D cutaway view and date, it is important datum for research engineering geoloical condition of dam abutment rock mass.
由于工程地质领域的信息化应用相对起步较晚，作者在充分调研相关信息处理应用的理论、技术基础上，借鉴其它应用领域的成功应用经验，以当代计算机立体视觉学作为立论基础和技术支撑点，经比选确定被动成像人机交互法作为岩体结构面信息的采集方案。为了解决双像合成法必须配合测量来获得标定像片的难题，作者独创性提出从岩体结构面信息中剥离产状信息单独解译的思路，从而建立了严谨的，无需测量配合的，在小物距环境下真正具有工程实用价值的结构面信息解析解的解译方案，经过多角度地反复验证证明，使用较为经济的摄像设备可快速、高效、全面、较为准确地采集结构面信息，解译精度满足工程应用的要求。同时，由于结构面在洞壁出露的情况多种多样，为兼顾解译的准确性和适用的广泛性，开展了多种三维数据恢复算法的比较、验证研究，为结构面信息处理系统应用的推广提供了经验。为了实现人机交互解译的精度控制，本文确定了实用的立体视能力检测，摄像机标定方法及具体的拍摄方案。对于高陡边坡的长大结构面信息采集，本文成功的应用直接线性法，在有限设备情况下解译获得较为可靠的迹长等数据。通过结构面的数学建模，使采集所得结构面数据的处理实现了信息化，程序化，应用多功能数据库在计算机上人机交互划分岩体结构，初步实现岩体结构的信息化，并且通过结构面与相关实体的真三维实体模型的建立，既可清晰直观的展示结构面模型的空间形象，又可容易的切割模型并获取切图的数据，对不稳定块体的分析研究提供了强有力的辅助手段。
以拉西瓦水电站坝址工程岩体作为作者研究的岩体结构信息处理系统的应用对象，野外快速拍摄，室内准确高效的采集完成岩体结构工程要素。利用勘探平洞洞壁图片采集的结构面信息处理成坝肩岩体结构研究的基本量化指标及实体模型，进行拉西瓦水电站坝肩岩体结构类型划分，并借鉴国内岩体风化分带、岩体质量分级规范，以岩体结构量化指标作为风化分带和质量分级的主要指标，划分两岸坝肩岩体风化分带、岩体质量分级，划分结果与野外现场判定及地质师室内划分结果相符合；利用边坡图片解译结果完成了坝肩岩体抗滑稳定边界条件分析，及不稳定块体的量化值和三维展示图，为坝肩工程地质条件评价提供重要资料。
The theory of rock mass structure, put forward by Prof. Gu De-zhen, being the great one in engineering geology in China and basic one in engineering properties evaluation of rock mass, has been accepted and applied extensively to solve many problems in geological engineering successfully. Lots of studies associated with the theory have been done by many project, and great progress has been made, meanwhile, the workers encountered some difficulties during their studies, one of which is collection and processing of basic information on discontinuities, especially the large numbers of small-scale discontinuities characterized by their stochastic distribution, which is very important to rock mass structure classing and evaluate engingeering properties of rock mass. Basing this kind of discontinuities information reflecting essence, people can make some progresses in using the rock mass theory to classify weathering zone and to class rock mass quality.
Informatics used in engineering geoloical domain develop later than others, referred to literatures on information-processing-related theories and technologies, the author use stereo computer vision technique to analyze and collect discontinuities information by IIP(interactive information processing). Using this Promethean method put forward for the first time, people can get analytic data proved to be precision enough without calibrating image; in order to extensive application, other methods devised by comparing and analyzing precisions of each methods and provide references for other applications as well in this paper also. The goal for improving precision has been achieved by examining stereo vision, camera calibration and shooting method. Steeper slope's image has been processed by DLT(Direct Linear Transformation), getting analytic data achieved engineer's want. Basing on all discontinuities's digital model come information processing ture in computer,and using the datebase of discontinuities's inform
ation could classed rock mass structure by IIP. Cutting discontinuities's 3-D model could get cutaway view and date directly on AutoCAD plat, it will be good for research instability clastic mass.
The author select rock mass from damsite in Laxiwa hydroelectric station as object to which information processing system on rock mass structure is applied. The information collection involving field photogrammetry and efficient indoor job, including discontinuities information from both photos of adit-wall and rock slope. Using the information from exploratory adit can class rock mass structure ,drawing lessons from internal successful experiences in rock mass quality and weathering zone
classification, dam abutment rock mass is classed by choosing quantization indices of rock mass structure, the outcome same as investigation, accord with commonly geoloical rule. Using the information from slope image can finish stability analysis of lithologic slope, get 3-D cutaway view and date, it is important datum for research engineering geoloical condition of dam abutment rock mass.
引文
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