区域创新体系中的大学行为研究
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摘要
知识经济时代,大学在区域创新体系中的中坚地位不断凸显,中国建设创新型国家赋予了大学参与区域创新体系新的历史使命,大学在区域经济发展中的作用备受关注,成为学者们乃至社会各界研究的主题。因为,大学作为唯一能生产出“能生产和转化知识的人”的组织,已成为区域创新体系中的主体,全力致力于知识创新、技术转移与转化。同时,大学自身的发展也需要与国家区域创新体系广泛互动。然而,今日的大学、企业、政府与区域经济之间的关系需要重新审视。一方面,大学行为在区域创新体系中的核心作用尚未充分显现；另一方面,大学、企业、政府参与区域创新体系的动力不足。究其根本,影响当前区域创新体系建设的核心问题是大学在政府、市场博弈关系中的行为选择问题。
大学在区域创新系统中的作用主要表现在三个方面：一是创新人才的培养；二是技术创新产品的提供；三是知识的生产。本研究将大学、企业和政府视作区域创新体系的三大主体。三大主体在不同的利益驱动下行动,每个主体的任何行为都是为自身的特定目标服务,这就从根本上决定了三者间会因为利益冲突而博弈,同时基于共同的目标和利益而产生联合行为。从大学行为与政府行为关系看,二者为利益分配而博弈,因科学技术而合作；从大学行为与企业行为关系看,科技成果既是合作的结点,也是争议的焦点；从大学行为与校际行为的关系看,二者为公共资源而竞争,因学科互补而合作。根据三重螺旋理论,大学与区域创新体系间的运行机制主要包括动力机制、互动机制、自反机制和适应机制。它要求区域创新体系中的大学、企业、政府必须寻求最佳合作路径,以实现多赢。
基于此,本研究在全面梳理“武汉·中国光谷”区域创新体系发展历史脉络的基础上,深入分析了大学在区域中与其它创新主体合作模式的选择和发展以及理想的大学、政府、企业互动模式形成的前提条件和互动机制。在中国光谷区域创新体系中,我们看到了大学在其中的最适作用便是知识创新与科技创业。继而,在华中科技大学之于光谷和斯坦福大学之于硅谷之间寻求差异,发现了知识创新的永恒价值与科技创业的边界条件。也即,之于大学,尤其是研究型大学,保持研究和教学方面的卓越,不断创新技术成果,培养出能够把最新的知识运用到实际中去的高素质学生乃是其核心使命。至于中国大学在技术转化中的特殊任务,即校办产业是发展的必然过渡形式。随着科技的发展和体制的健全,校办产业会逐渐走出校园,吸引社会风险投资而规模化发展。我们认同校办产业是中国大学的暂时性发展策略,也坚信,校办产业会逐步演变成衍生公司,走向社会。当然,这有赖于政府角色和作用的切换,担当起自身的最适作用：在知识产权、政策支持和研究资助等方面做出应有努力。
虽然竞争与合作并存,但对于大学自身而言,为实质融入区域创新体系建设中,采取开放的姿态并与区域内大学、政府和企业全面合作并形成大学联盟、与企业结成战略联盟关系致力于协同创新才是其最佳路径。在华中科技大学与斯坦福大学的创业史中,我们已经看到了一条光明大道,从研究型大学迈向创业型大学将是研究型大学主动适应并融入区域创新体系建设的明智之举,这也是研究型大学的发展趋势所在。因为创业型大学致力于“凭借自己的力量,积极地探索在如何干好自己的事业中创新；它寻求在组织特性上作出实质性的转变,以便为将来赢取更有前途的态势”。
The core status of universities is more and more obvious in the regional innovation system in the era of knowledge-based economy. Meanwhile, new historical mission of engagement in the building of regional innovation system is endowed to universities as a result of China's endeavor for building an innovative country. The role of university in the regional development is paid much attention to and become a hot topic of study by scholars as well as the community.
Universities as the only organization that can produce talents who are able to create and transform knowledge, have become the main body of the regional innovation system and been committed to knowledge innovation, technology transfer and transformation. At the same time, the development of university requires the extensive interaction between university and government in many aspects. However, today's relationship among university, corporation and government needs to be reconsidered. On the one hand, the core role of university in the regional innovation system is not fully delivered by behaviors of university. On the other hand, it's been lack of the impetus of engaging in regional innovation system from university, corporation and government. The key problem of forming a regional innovation system is that it is impacted by the behavior selection in the process of game playing among university, government and market.
The functions of university in regional innovation system are manifested in the following three aspects:1)training of innovative talents,2) providing of new products of innovative technology,3)creation of knowledge. Thus, university, corporation and government are viewed as three main bodies in regional innovation system. The three bodies whose behaviors are driven by their own benefits and serve for their specific objectives, will not only play game for the sake of conflict of interest but cooperate with each other on the basis of the same aim and benefit. From the view of the behavior relationship between government and university, they will play game for resources allocation as well as work jointly for science and technology. From the view of the behavior relationship of corporation and university, achievements of science and technology are connection points as well as focuses of dispute. From the view of the behaviors of interuniversity, universities compete for the public resources and collaborate with each other for the supplementation of research fields. According to triple helix model, the running mechanism of universities and regional innovation system comprises of impetus, interaction,self-feedback and adaptation mechanisms, which requires universities, government and corporations in the region to seek the optimal collaborative path for the purpose of multi-win.
Based on the knowledge, the study deeply analyzes the option and development of universities' model of cooperation with other main bodies in the region, and the preconditions and interactive mechanisms for the ideal interactive model among universities, government and corporations by summarizing the developing history of regional innovation system of "Optical Valley of China". The most appropriate roles of university in regional innovation system are found as knowledge innovation and technological venture from the practice of "Optical Vally of China"(OVC). The comparative research between Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST)-OVC and Stanford University-Silicon Valley finds out the boundary conditions for the eternal value of knowledge innovation and technological venture, which is that universities, especially research universities, have a core mission to accomplish the following three tasks:keep excel in teaching and research, develop innovative technology, train high-quality students who can apply new knowledge into the practical work. The special task of universities in the technology transfer, namely university-based enterprises, is inevitably the transitional form during the development process. As the establishment of system and development of technology, university-based enterprises will be gradually out of full control of universities and develop in large scale by attracting more and more venture investment. We agree that the university-based enterprises are the temporal developing strategy, and also believe that they will be transformed into big corporations. Of course, this depends on the switch of role and functions of government which should take on its optimal role:to make its due efforts in intellectual property rights, policy support and research assistance.
Although competition and cooperation coexist, for the university itself, to integrate into the instruction of regional innovation system, it is a best path to collaborate with other universities, enterprises and government in the region adopting an open attitude and be commitment to collaborative innovation through forming strategic alliances with other universities, enterprises and government. In the entrepreneurial history of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Stanford University, we have seen a bright road, to transform from research university to entrepreneurial university will be a wise action for the research university integrating into the regional innovation system, which is also the trend of research universities' development. Because the entrepreneurial university model is committed "on its own, and actively explore innovative in how to do a good cause; it seeks to make a substantive change in the organizational characteristics, in order to win more promising trend for the future."
大学在区域创新系统中的作用主要表现在三个方面：一是创新人才的培养；二是技术创新产品的提供；三是知识的生产。本研究将大学、企业和政府视作区域创新体系的三大主体。三大主体在不同的利益驱动下行动,每个主体的任何行为都是为自身的特定目标服务,这就从根本上决定了三者间会因为利益冲突而博弈,同时基于共同的目标和利益而产生联合行为。从大学行为与政府行为关系看,二者为利益分配而博弈,因科学技术而合作；从大学行为与企业行为关系看,科技成果既是合作的结点,也是争议的焦点；从大学行为与校际行为的关系看,二者为公共资源而竞争,因学科互补而合作。根据三重螺旋理论,大学与区域创新体系间的运行机制主要包括动力机制、互动机制、自反机制和适应机制。它要求区域创新体系中的大学、企业、政府必须寻求最佳合作路径,以实现多赢。
基于此,本研究在全面梳理“武汉·中国光谷”区域创新体系发展历史脉络的基础上,深入分析了大学在区域中与其它创新主体合作模式的选择和发展以及理想的大学、政府、企业互动模式形成的前提条件和互动机制。在中国光谷区域创新体系中,我们看到了大学在其中的最适作用便是知识创新与科技创业。继而,在华中科技大学之于光谷和斯坦福大学之于硅谷之间寻求差异,发现了知识创新的永恒价值与科技创业的边界条件。也即,之于大学,尤其是研究型大学,保持研究和教学方面的卓越,不断创新技术成果,培养出能够把最新的知识运用到实际中去的高素质学生乃是其核心使命。至于中国大学在技术转化中的特殊任务,即校办产业是发展的必然过渡形式。随着科技的发展和体制的健全,校办产业会逐渐走出校园,吸引社会风险投资而规模化发展。我们认同校办产业是中国大学的暂时性发展策略,也坚信,校办产业会逐步演变成衍生公司,走向社会。当然,这有赖于政府角色和作用的切换,担当起自身的最适作用：在知识产权、政策支持和研究资助等方面做出应有努力。
虽然竞争与合作并存,但对于大学自身而言,为实质融入区域创新体系建设中,采取开放的姿态并与区域内大学、政府和企业全面合作并形成大学联盟、与企业结成战略联盟关系致力于协同创新才是其最佳路径。在华中科技大学与斯坦福大学的创业史中,我们已经看到了一条光明大道,从研究型大学迈向创业型大学将是研究型大学主动适应并融入区域创新体系建设的明智之举,这也是研究型大学的发展趋势所在。因为创业型大学致力于“凭借自己的力量,积极地探索在如何干好自己的事业中创新；它寻求在组织特性上作出实质性的转变,以便为将来赢取更有前途的态势”。
The core status of universities is more and more obvious in the regional innovation system in the era of knowledge-based economy. Meanwhile, new historical mission of engagement in the building of regional innovation system is endowed to universities as a result of China's endeavor for building an innovative country. The role of university in the regional development is paid much attention to and become a hot topic of study by scholars as well as the community.
Universities as the only organization that can produce talents who are able to create and transform knowledge, have become the main body of the regional innovation system and been committed to knowledge innovation, technology transfer and transformation. At the same time, the development of university requires the extensive interaction between university and government in many aspects. However, today's relationship among university, corporation and government needs to be reconsidered. On the one hand, the core role of university in the regional innovation system is not fully delivered by behaviors of university. On the other hand, it's been lack of the impetus of engaging in regional innovation system from university, corporation and government. The key problem of forming a regional innovation system is that it is impacted by the behavior selection in the process of game playing among university, government and market.
The functions of university in regional innovation system are manifested in the following three aspects:1)training of innovative talents,2) providing of new products of innovative technology,3)creation of knowledge. Thus, university, corporation and government are viewed as three main bodies in regional innovation system. The three bodies whose behaviors are driven by their own benefits and serve for their specific objectives, will not only play game for the sake of conflict of interest but cooperate with each other on the basis of the same aim and benefit. From the view of the behavior relationship between government and university, they will play game for resources allocation as well as work jointly for science and technology. From the view of the behavior relationship of corporation and university, achievements of science and technology are connection points as well as focuses of dispute. From the view of the behaviors of interuniversity, universities compete for the public resources and collaborate with each other for the supplementation of research fields. According to triple helix model, the running mechanism of universities and regional innovation system comprises of impetus, interaction,self-feedback and adaptation mechanisms, which requires universities, government and corporations in the region to seek the optimal collaborative path for the purpose of multi-win.
Based on the knowledge, the study deeply analyzes the option and development of universities' model of cooperation with other main bodies in the region, and the preconditions and interactive mechanisms for the ideal interactive model among universities, government and corporations by summarizing the developing history of regional innovation system of "Optical Valley of China". The most appropriate roles of university in regional innovation system are found as knowledge innovation and technological venture from the practice of "Optical Vally of China"(OVC). The comparative research between Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST)-OVC and Stanford University-Silicon Valley finds out the boundary conditions for the eternal value of knowledge innovation and technological venture, which is that universities, especially research universities, have a core mission to accomplish the following three tasks:keep excel in teaching and research, develop innovative technology, train high-quality students who can apply new knowledge into the practical work. The special task of universities in the technology transfer, namely university-based enterprises, is inevitably the transitional form during the development process. As the establishment of system and development of technology, university-based enterprises will be gradually out of full control of universities and develop in large scale by attracting more and more venture investment. We agree that the university-based enterprises are the temporal developing strategy, and also believe that they will be transformed into big corporations. Of course, this depends on the switch of role and functions of government which should take on its optimal role:to make its due efforts in intellectual property rights, policy support and research assistance.
Although competition and cooperation coexist, for the university itself, to integrate into the instruction of regional innovation system, it is a best path to collaborate with other universities, enterprises and government in the region adopting an open attitude and be commitment to collaborative innovation through forming strategic alliances with other universities, enterprises and government. In the entrepreneurial history of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Stanford University, we have seen a bright road, to transform from research university to entrepreneurial university will be a wise action for the research university integrating into the regional innovation system, which is also the trend of research universities' development. Because the entrepreneurial university model is committed "on its own, and actively explore innovative in how to do a good cause; it seeks to make a substantive change in the organizational characteristics, in order to win more promising trend for the future."
引文
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