厚软岩山坡与排土场协同灾变诱发泥石流的研究
|
摘要
排土场安全问题不仅直接关系到矿山的安全生产,还涉及到周边环境的安全及附近居民的安危。然而对于那些场址工程地质条件不好的排土场而言,由于厚软岩基底的承载力低,如何合理安排排土顺序、确定排土参数等因素直接影响到矿山生产的安全、也影响到排土场的正常使用和周边环境的安全。为此本论文针对厚软基底排土场边坡的安全评价、排土场与厚软基底山体的协同破坏机制及其可能诱发滑坡和泥石流等问题进行了研究,并对相关的安全防护措施以及后续排土场的优化设计等问题进行了分析,主要完成的研究内容如下:
1)从理论和数值分析两个方面系统地分析了松散废石土体形成泥石流的条件、转化机理和滑坡的流态化过程;而在土体液化过程中水的参与起了关键作用,因此,在数值模拟过程中,提出了用含水量作为变量来模拟降水过程中土体逐渐失稳的过程,揭示了厚软岩达到泥石流启动临界降雨点之前的力学状态。
2)借鉴山体泥石流危险度评价方法,结合排土场特点,提出了小区域厚软基底山坡体与排土场协同破坏诱发泥石流危险度判别方法,并进行了危险性区划分析,据此给出宜昌石灰石矿排土场危险区域的判别结果;
3)对宜昌石灰石矿排土场滑坡与泥石流防治体系进行了如下内容的研究与设计:
(1)应用极限平衡理论对排土场进行了稳定性分析与评价,给出合理的减载和排土方案;以便减少废石土体集中堆积高度,避免产生集中荷载;
(2)在排土场上部开挖截洪沟,在滑动变形体上开挖疏导水路,以便减少汇水区的面积和雨水汇集量,减小雨水对滑体的入渗量;
(3)在下部水沟里设计了排水暗渠,防止局部陡峭山体滑坡堵塞自然水沟并形成堰塞湖;
(4)综合应用被动土压力和力学原理的集成技术,提出并设计了坝体抗倾覆“称”状基础形式,工程实际应用效果良好;
通过上述研究,建立了一套完整的厚软基底山坡条件下的排土方案与边坡安全及泥石流灾害的防治体系,经过一年运行与实际监测数据分析,边坡同期变形对比减小了66%,收到了良好的效果。同时该研究成果还推广应用到云南红田煤矿排土场,同样收到良好的经济与社会效益。
The safety of the dump involves not only the safe production,but also the safety of surrounding environment and the local residents.Because the bearing capacity of thick soft rock is low,for the waste dump without good engineering geological condition,it is important how to arrange reasonably the order of dumping waste and to determine the dump parameters,which directly affect the safety and normal usage of the mine production,and the safety of surrounding environment.According to the safety evaluation of the thick soft rock foundation,the collaborative failure of the dump and thick soft rock foundation and the optimum design of subsequent dump, this paper doing some related research,mainly content completed are as follows:
1)Systematical analysis the conditions in which the loose earth-rock forms debris flow,and transformation mechanism in theory and numerical simulation,as well as the fluidization of landslide;during the soil liquefying,water is a key role,therefore, during the numerical simulation,propose that use the water content as variable to simulate the gradually instability process of the soil,reveal the mechanics condition of thick soft rock before reaching critical rainfall point of the debris flow initiation.
2)Using hill debris risk assessment method for reference,combined with the characteristics of the dump,propose the debris risk assessment method by which evaluate debris risk when the thick soft rock coorperate with the dump,and divide its risk,hereby this paper gives the discriminant result of the dump dangerous area.
3)According to YiChang limestone dump landslide and debris prevention system, doing the reseach in this paper is as follows:
(1)Using limit equilibrium theory,analysis and evaluate the risk of the dump,and give reasonable load reduction and soil heap scheme;reducing the accumulation height of the soil not to produce concentrated load;
(2)At the upper part of the dump digging a flood-cutting channel and on the deformable body digging guide-water way to reduce the collection area and the water-collecting amount,reducing the infiltration capacity of the rain;
(3)In the lower water ditch setting a drainage covered conduit prevent the landslide of part steep hill to block nature channel and form barrier lake;
(4)With comprehensive application of the integration technology of passive earth pressure and soil mechanics,propose and design "scale" shape foundation,with good effect in engineering;
By above reseaches,construct a complete set of dumping form and debris disaster prevention system,and by the operation and practical monitor date,synchronization deformation of the slope has decreased 66%as a good effect.At the same time,this reseach result was also promoted and applied to the dump of HongTian coal mine in YunNan,receiving a good economic and social benefits.
1)从理论和数值分析两个方面系统地分析了松散废石土体形成泥石流的条件、转化机理和滑坡的流态化过程;而在土体液化过程中水的参与起了关键作用,因此,在数值模拟过程中,提出了用含水量作为变量来模拟降水过程中土体逐渐失稳的过程,揭示了厚软岩达到泥石流启动临界降雨点之前的力学状态。
2)借鉴山体泥石流危险度评价方法,结合排土场特点,提出了小区域厚软基底山坡体与排土场协同破坏诱发泥石流危险度判别方法,并进行了危险性区划分析,据此给出宜昌石灰石矿排土场危险区域的判别结果;
3)对宜昌石灰石矿排土场滑坡与泥石流防治体系进行了如下内容的研究与设计:
(1)应用极限平衡理论对排土场进行了稳定性分析与评价,给出合理的减载和排土方案;以便减少废石土体集中堆积高度,避免产生集中荷载;
(2)在排土场上部开挖截洪沟,在滑动变形体上开挖疏导水路,以便减少汇水区的面积和雨水汇集量,减小雨水对滑体的入渗量;
(3)在下部水沟里设计了排水暗渠,防止局部陡峭山体滑坡堵塞自然水沟并形成堰塞湖;
(4)综合应用被动土压力和力学原理的集成技术,提出并设计了坝体抗倾覆“称”状基础形式,工程实际应用效果良好;
通过上述研究,建立了一套完整的厚软基底山坡条件下的排土方案与边坡安全及泥石流灾害的防治体系,经过一年运行与实际监测数据分析,边坡同期变形对比减小了66%,收到了良好的效果。同时该研究成果还推广应用到云南红田煤矿排土场,同样收到良好的经济与社会效益。
The safety of the dump involves not only the safe production,but also the safety of surrounding environment and the local residents.Because the bearing capacity of thick soft rock is low,for the waste dump without good engineering geological condition,it is important how to arrange reasonably the order of dumping waste and to determine the dump parameters,which directly affect the safety and normal usage of the mine production,and the safety of surrounding environment.According to the safety evaluation of the thick soft rock foundation,the collaborative failure of the dump and thick soft rock foundation and the optimum design of subsequent dump, this paper doing some related research,mainly content completed are as follows:
1)Systematical analysis the conditions in which the loose earth-rock forms debris flow,and transformation mechanism in theory and numerical simulation,as well as the fluidization of landslide;during the soil liquefying,water is a key role,therefore, during the numerical simulation,propose that use the water content as variable to simulate the gradually instability process of the soil,reveal the mechanics condition of thick soft rock before reaching critical rainfall point of the debris flow initiation.
2)Using hill debris risk assessment method for reference,combined with the characteristics of the dump,propose the debris risk assessment method by which evaluate debris risk when the thick soft rock coorperate with the dump,and divide its risk,hereby this paper gives the discriminant result of the dump dangerous area.
3)According to YiChang limestone dump landslide and debris prevention system, doing the reseach in this paper is as follows:
(1)Using limit equilibrium theory,analysis and evaluate the risk of the dump,and give reasonable load reduction and soil heap scheme;reducing the accumulation height of the soil not to produce concentrated load;
(2)At the upper part of the dump digging a flood-cutting channel and on the deformable body digging guide-water way to reduce the collection area and the water-collecting amount,reducing the infiltration capacity of the rain;
(3)In the lower water ditch setting a drainage covered conduit prevent the landslide of part steep hill to block nature channel and form barrier lake;
(4)With comprehensive application of the integration technology of passive earth pressure and soil mechanics,propose and design "scale" shape foundation,with good effect in engineering;
By above reseaches,construct a complete set of dumping form and debris disaster prevention system,and by the operation and practical monitor date,synchronization deformation of the slope has decreased 66%as a good effect.At the same time,this reseach result was also promoted and applied to the dump of HongTian coal mine in YunNan,receiving a good economic and social benefits.
引文
[1]侯兰功.泥石流灾情评估研究综述[A].地质灾害与环境保护,2006,17(1):45-50.
[2]Johnson A M.Debris flow[A].Brunsden D,PriorD B.Slope Instability[M].A Wiley-Interscience Publication,1984.257-361.
[3]冯自立,崔鹏,何思明滑坡转化为泥石流机理研究综述.自然灾害学报,2005,14(3):8-15.
[4]Iverson R M,ReidM,LaHusen R G.Debris-flow mobilization from landslides [J].Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences,1997,25:85-138.
[5]孟河清,泥石流的发生与降雨[A].中国科学院、水利部成都地理研究所.第二届全国泥石流学术会议论文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1991,143-1481
[6]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治.[M].清华大学出版社,2004.81-82.
[7]方茜娟,任军旗,郭书科.矿山泥石流形成条件综述.岩土工程界,2008,11(5):66-77.
[8]杨文东.降雨型滑坡特征及其稳定分析研究.武汉理工大学博士论文,2006,6:23-24.
[9]谭万沛,王成华,姚令侃等著.暴雨泥石流滑坡的区域预测与预报[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1994.1-279.
[10]陈景武.云南东川蒋家沟泥石流暴发与降雨关系的初步分析[A].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊[C].北京:科学出版社,1985.88-96.
[11]谭万沛,泥石流的临界雨量线分布特征[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(6):21-26.
[12]谭万沛,韩宝庆.四川省泥石流预报的区域临界量指标研究[J].灾害学,1992,7(2):37-42.
[13]崔鹏,杨坤,陈杰.前期降雨对泥石流形成的贡献-以蒋家沟泥石流形成为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):11-15.
[14]姚令侃.用泥石流发生频率及暴雨频率推求降雨量的探讨[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(4):72-77.
[15]杜培柳,康志成等.云南小江泥石流综合考察与防治规划研究.重庆:科学技术文献出版社,1987,139-141.
[16]蔡金水,赵席文,李文森.东川因民矿黑山沟“5.27”泥石流的形成特征和防治措施.铁道工程学报,1986(4):182-184.
[17]吴积善,田连泉,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理.北京:科学出版社,1993,231-280.
[18]章书成,袁建模.泥石流冲击力及其测试.见:中国科学院兰州冻川冻土研究所.中国泥石流专辑.北京:科学出版社,1985,201-274.
[19]Chen C L.Bingham plastic or Bagnold's dilatant fluid as a rheological model of debris flow,third Intl.Symp,on River Sedimentim,the Unit.Of Mississippi,1986,1624-1636.
[20]Mc Tigue D F.A nonlinesr constitutive model for granular materials:application to gravity flow.J of Applied Mechanics,ASME,1982,49(2):291-296.
[21]Johson P C,R Jackson.Frictional-collisional constitutive relation for grunular materials,with application to plane shearing.J Fluid Mech,1987,67-176.
[22]蔡文.物元模型及其应用[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,1994.
[23]匡乐红,徐林荣,刘宝琛.基于可拓方法的泥石流危险性评价.中国铁道科学,2006,27(5):1-6.
[24]党如童.应用灰色集合理论预测发生泥石流的危险系数.水土保持应用技术,2007,1:15-18.
[25]刘家龙,吕希奎,刘贵应.模糊综合评判法在泥石流灾度评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2001,20:87-88.
[26]艾南山.侵蚀流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1987,1(2):1-7.
[27]艾南山.再论流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(4):1-7.
[28]王晓朋,潘懋,任群智.基于流域系统地貌信息熵的泥石流危险性定量评价.北京大学学报(自然科学版)网络版(预印本),2006,1(3):1-5.
[29]黄双 李广杰 陈伟韦,基于人工神经网络的泥石流灾害危险性评价.山西建筑,2007,33(3):1-2.
[30]赵源,刘希林.人工神经网络在泥石流风险评价中的应用[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2005(6):35-36.
[31]胡凯衡,韦方强.基于数值模拟的泥石流危险性分区方法.自然灾害学报,2005,14(1):10-15
[32]耿学勇,程尊兰,李泳,党 超,曾榕彬,刘晶晶.正反负矩阵权重分析法在西藏泥石流危险性分区中的应用.山地学报,2006,24(6):769-775.
[33]铁永波,唐川,层次分析法在单沟泥石流危险度评价中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(4):79-85.
[34]倪长健,崔鹏.区域泥石流危险度评价的投影寻踪动态聚类方法.山地学报,2006,24(4):442-446.
[35]李德基.透水型拦挡坝在泥石流防治中的应用[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997,8(4):60-66.
[36]中国科学院-水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.中国泥石流[M].北京:商务 印书馆,2000:263-272.
[37]吴积善,田连权,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:298-300.
[38]鲁小兵,李德基.狭窄河谷中泥石流重力坝空间效应分析[J].长江科学院院报,1996,13(1):34-39.
[39]周必凡,李德基等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[40]阳友奎,等.坡面地质灾害柔性防护的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[41]De NataleJ S,et al.Response of the Geobrugg cable net system to debris flow loading[R].Report by California Polytechnic State University,1996.
[42]Rickenmann D.Empirical relationships for debris flows[J].Natural Hazards,1999,19(1):47-77.
[43]徐永年,舒安平,匡尚富等.锚杆在泥石流防治工程中的应用前景[J].地质灾害与环境护,2000,11(2):168-170.
[44]彭振斌.锚固工程设计计算与施工[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社,1999.
[45]凌忠,蒯行成,等.圆管涵承载能力的研究[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(1):50-53.
[46]蒯行成,潘成筋,罗业凤,凌忠.高填方路段圆管涵管节设计与试验[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(3):103-106.
[2]Johnson A M.Debris flow[A].Brunsden D,PriorD B.Slope Instability[M].A Wiley-Interscience Publication,1984.257-361.
[3]冯自立,崔鹏,何思明滑坡转化为泥石流机理研究综述.自然灾害学报,2005,14(3):8-15.
[4]Iverson R M,ReidM,LaHusen R G.Debris-flow mobilization from landslides [J].Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences,1997,25:85-138.
[5]孟河清,泥石流的发生与降雨[A].中国科学院、水利部成都地理研究所.第二届全国泥石流学术会议论文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1991,143-1481
[6]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治.[M].清华大学出版社,2004.81-82.
[7]方茜娟,任军旗,郭书科.矿山泥石流形成条件综述.岩土工程界,2008,11(5):66-77.
[8]杨文东.降雨型滑坡特征及其稳定分析研究.武汉理工大学博士论文,2006,6:23-24.
[9]谭万沛,王成华,姚令侃等著.暴雨泥石流滑坡的区域预测与预报[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1994.1-279.
[10]陈景武.云南东川蒋家沟泥石流暴发与降雨关系的初步分析[A].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊[C].北京:科学出版社,1985.88-96.
[11]谭万沛,泥石流的临界雨量线分布特征[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(6):21-26.
[12]谭万沛,韩宝庆.四川省泥石流预报的区域临界量指标研究[J].灾害学,1992,7(2):37-42.
[13]崔鹏,杨坤,陈杰.前期降雨对泥石流形成的贡献-以蒋家沟泥石流形成为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):11-15.
[14]姚令侃.用泥石流发生频率及暴雨频率推求降雨量的探讨[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(4):72-77.
[15]杜培柳,康志成等.云南小江泥石流综合考察与防治规划研究.重庆:科学技术文献出版社,1987,139-141.
[16]蔡金水,赵席文,李文森.东川因民矿黑山沟“5.27”泥石流的形成特征和防治措施.铁道工程学报,1986(4):182-184.
[17]吴积善,田连泉,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理.北京:科学出版社,1993,231-280.
[18]章书成,袁建模.泥石流冲击力及其测试.见:中国科学院兰州冻川冻土研究所.中国泥石流专辑.北京:科学出版社,1985,201-274.
[19]Chen C L.Bingham plastic or Bagnold's dilatant fluid as a rheological model of debris flow,third Intl.Symp,on River Sedimentim,the Unit.Of Mississippi,1986,1624-1636.
[20]Mc Tigue D F.A nonlinesr constitutive model for granular materials:application to gravity flow.J of Applied Mechanics,ASME,1982,49(2):291-296.
[21]Johson P C,R Jackson.Frictional-collisional constitutive relation for grunular materials,with application to plane shearing.J Fluid Mech,1987,67-176.
[22]蔡文.物元模型及其应用[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,1994.
[23]匡乐红,徐林荣,刘宝琛.基于可拓方法的泥石流危险性评价.中国铁道科学,2006,27(5):1-6.
[24]党如童.应用灰色集合理论预测发生泥石流的危险系数.水土保持应用技术,2007,1:15-18.
[25]刘家龙,吕希奎,刘贵应.模糊综合评判法在泥石流灾度评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2001,20:87-88.
[26]艾南山.侵蚀流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1987,1(2):1-7.
[27]艾南山.再论流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(4):1-7.
[28]王晓朋,潘懋,任群智.基于流域系统地貌信息熵的泥石流危险性定量评价.北京大学学报(自然科学版)网络版(预印本),2006,1(3):1-5.
[29]黄双 李广杰 陈伟韦,基于人工神经网络的泥石流灾害危险性评价.山西建筑,2007,33(3):1-2.
[30]赵源,刘希林.人工神经网络在泥石流风险评价中的应用[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2005(6):35-36.
[31]胡凯衡,韦方强.基于数值模拟的泥石流危险性分区方法.自然灾害学报,2005,14(1):10-15
[32]耿学勇,程尊兰,李泳,党 超,曾榕彬,刘晶晶.正反负矩阵权重分析法在西藏泥石流危险性分区中的应用.山地学报,2006,24(6):769-775.
[33]铁永波,唐川,层次分析法在单沟泥石流危险度评价中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(4):79-85.
[34]倪长健,崔鹏.区域泥石流危险度评价的投影寻踪动态聚类方法.山地学报,2006,24(4):442-446.
[35]李德基.透水型拦挡坝在泥石流防治中的应用[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997,8(4):60-66.
[36]中国科学院-水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所.中国泥石流[M].北京:商务 印书馆,2000:263-272.
[37]吴积善,田连权,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:298-300.
[38]鲁小兵,李德基.狭窄河谷中泥石流重力坝空间效应分析[J].长江科学院院报,1996,13(1):34-39.
[39]周必凡,李德基等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[40]阳友奎,等.坡面地质灾害柔性防护的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[41]De NataleJ S,et al.Response of the Geobrugg cable net system to debris flow loading[R].Report by California Polytechnic State University,1996.
[42]Rickenmann D.Empirical relationships for debris flows[J].Natural Hazards,1999,19(1):47-77.
[43]徐永年,舒安平,匡尚富等.锚杆在泥石流防治工程中的应用前景[J].地质灾害与环境护,2000,11(2):168-170.
[44]彭振斌.锚固工程设计计算与施工[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社,1999.
[45]凌忠,蒯行成,等.圆管涵承载能力的研究[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(1):50-53.
[46]蒯行成,潘成筋,罗业凤,凌忠.高填方路段圆管涵管节设计与试验[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(3):103-106.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |