基于产权制度安排的我国自然文化遗产开发保护研究
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摘要
自然文化遗产是大自然经过千百万年演进及人类文明经过数千年的发展所形成的自然与文明的积淀。这些积淀通过古迹、古建筑、地质地貌、生态景观等方式留存给当代人。因此,自然文化遗产是全人类的宝贵财富。我们理应保护好这些珍贵的资源。湘西拥有丰富的自然文化遗产资源,其中国家级自然文化遗产就多达21项。目前,我国经济的快速发展带来了旺盛的旅游需求,由于遗产强大的旅游吸引力,在发展经济目标的推动下,遗产的开发成为一种普遍现象。但湘西的遗产开发现状说明,实践中“低效开发”、“不当开发”、甚至“破坏开发”遗产的现象屡见不鲜。产生这些现象的主要原因是我国遗产现有的产权制度安排。通过对湘西世界遗产武陵源的产权制度变迁进行实证研究可以发现,我国遗产现有的产权制度安排具有产权界定模糊、产权制度实际缺位等特点。这样的产权安排直接导致了政府行政权替代遗产产权,政府行政管理制度替代遗产产权法律制度的结果。遗产是具有自然垄断性、公共性、外部性的特殊资源,根据排他性与竞争性的不同程度,遗产表现出纯公共产品、准公共产品的性质。收取门票实现有效排他的遗产其实质是一种准公共产品,对其的供给通过市场机制可以达到帕累托最优。遗产作为一种特殊资源,其开发不仅要追求效率标准,还要符合遗产保护可持续发展的目标。因此,“遗产产权中的所有权与经营权分离,政府作为国家所有权代表,行使遗产规制权；遗产经营权交由市场”的产权安排是现阶段我国遗产开发保护可持续发展的产权制度安排。这样的产权制度安排的实现机制包括两方面：一方面,遗产规制机制。应从遗产规制机构、遗产社会规制与遗产经济规制等方面进行制度建设。另一方面,遗产市场机制。这包括界定清晰的遗产产权制度、遗产经营权交易制度、遗产法律制度以及遗产伦理制度四方面的建设。湘西实践说明,只有对我国现有的遗产产权制度安排进行改革,构造前述遗产开发保护可持续发展的产权制度安排,才能从根本上扭转我国遗产低效开发、不当开发、破坏开发现象普遍存在的现状,使遗产开发保护真正走上可持续发展之路。
The natural cultural heritage is accumulation which nature has evolutes through billion years and the civilization which the human has formed through thousands of years. These accumulations always exist as historical site, historic architecture, geological landform, ecology landscape. Therefore, the natural cultural heritage is the universe precious wealth. We should protect these precious resources. Xiangxi has rich natural cultural heritage resources, including natural cultural heritage on the national level as many as 21. At present, the quickly development of our country's economy has brought the great demand of tourism. In order to attract more tourists, utilization of heritage has become an common phenomenon. But the status of utilization of Xiangxi heritage stats that the phenomenon of "low efficiency utilization", "improper utilization", even "destructive utilization" and so on is common in practice. This phenomenon primarily caused by the present property rights institution of heritage. Through the empirical research on transition of property rights institution of world heritage Wulingyun in Xiangxi can be found that the present property rights institution of heritage is fuzzy and actually absent. Such property rights institution has caused the government executive power substituted the property rights of heritage; the government administration system substituted the legal property rights institution directly. The heritage is a special resource which is monopoly, public goods normally and always has strong externality. According to the different exclusiveness and the competitiveness, heritage has two forms:pure public goods and sub-public goods. If getting the admission ticket, the heritage has transferred from the pure public goods to sub-public goods. The supply of these sub-public goods can take market mechanism, and may achieve Pareto superior. The heritage is an kind of special resources, the utilization not only pursue the efficiency standard, but also pursue the goal that the heritage protection should keep sustainable development. Therefore, "The ownership and management rights can separate from each other in the property rights of heritage, the government exercises the ownership on behalf of the country, and the regulation right on heritage, the rights of management of heritage allocated by the market" is the effective arrangement at present in our country. This kind of institution of property rights can realize through establishment of two mechanisms:On one hand, establishment of regulation mechanism, including the reform of present regulation organizations, the measures of social regulation and economic regulation. On the other hand, establishment market mechanism, including the clear definition of property rights of heritage, the transaction institution of heritage, the legal system of utilization and protection of heritage, as well as the ethics system of heritage. The practice of Xiangxi shows that only reforming the present property rights institution of heritage in our country, establishing the new property rights institution of heritage which can keep the utilization and protection of heritage for sustainable development, can radically change the circumstances of "low efficiency utilization", "improper utilization", "destructive utilization" of heritage and make the utilization and protection of heritage on a path of sustainable development.
The natural cultural heritage is accumulation which nature has evolutes through billion years and the civilization which the human has formed through thousands of years. These accumulations always exist as historical site, historic architecture, geological landform, ecology landscape. Therefore, the natural cultural heritage is the universe precious wealth. We should protect these precious resources. Xiangxi has rich natural cultural heritage resources, including natural cultural heritage on the national level as many as 21. At present, the quickly development of our country's economy has brought the great demand of tourism. In order to attract more tourists, utilization of heritage has become an common phenomenon. But the status of utilization of Xiangxi heritage stats that the phenomenon of "low efficiency utilization", "improper utilization", even "destructive utilization" and so on is common in practice. This phenomenon primarily caused by the present property rights institution of heritage. Through the empirical research on transition of property rights institution of world heritage Wulingyun in Xiangxi can be found that the present property rights institution of heritage is fuzzy and actually absent. Such property rights institution has caused the government executive power substituted the property rights of heritage; the government administration system substituted the legal property rights institution directly. The heritage is a special resource which is monopoly, public goods normally and always has strong externality. According to the different exclusiveness and the competitiveness, heritage has two forms:pure public goods and sub-public goods. If getting the admission ticket, the heritage has transferred from the pure public goods to sub-public goods. The supply of these sub-public goods can take market mechanism, and may achieve Pareto superior. The heritage is an kind of special resources, the utilization not only pursue the efficiency standard, but also pursue the goal that the heritage protection should keep sustainable development. Therefore, "The ownership and management rights can separate from each other in the property rights of heritage, the government exercises the ownership on behalf of the country, and the regulation right on heritage, the rights of management of heritage allocated by the market" is the effective arrangement at present in our country. This kind of institution of property rights can realize through establishment of two mechanisms:On one hand, establishment of regulation mechanism, including the reform of present regulation organizations, the measures of social regulation and economic regulation. On the other hand, establishment market mechanism, including the clear definition of property rights of heritage, the transaction institution of heritage, the legal system of utilization and protection of heritage, as well as the ethics system of heritage. The practice of Xiangxi shows that only reforming the present property rights institution of heritage in our country, establishing the new property rights institution of heritage which can keep the utilization and protection of heritage for sustainable development, can radically change the circumstances of "low efficiency utilization", "improper utilization", "destructive utilization" of heritage and make the utilization and protection of heritage on a path of sustainable development.
引文
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