无污染水下储油模式与漏油应急回收关键技术研究
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摘要
目前，我国已经探明的海洋油气主要分布在近海海域，其中很多边际小区块油田有待开发。对于这样的小区块边际油田，如果采用管道集输、固定储罐平台或者单井靠船的生产方式进行开发，则开发成本过高，出现入不敷出的窘况。因此出现了水下储油的生产方式，即将开采的原油直接储存在水下的储罐内，然后利用油轮集中输运。水下储油需要克服储罐所受的巨大浮力，主要有重力式平台水下储油和油水置换水下储油两种方式。重力式平台规模大、投资高，且储油量变化引起地基受力变化大，一般不适合边际油田采用。油水置换的储油方式虽然合适，但是容易造成海洋污染，限制了油水置换技术的应用。由此出现了隔离式无污染水下储罐。
本研究在无污染水下储油技术的基础上，首先提出了无污染水下储油模式。针对海上石油开采、储存过程中可能出现的石油泄漏问题，提出了新型的水下漏油应急回收和储存装置，进行了相关的原理试验以及海上中间试验。主要完成的研究工作包括：提出了三种新型的无污染水下储油模式，即浅海固定式平台＋油罐模式、浅海沉垫水下储油平台模式、深海水下储油＋浮动卸油码头模式；进行了无污染水下储油的物模验证试验，包括工艺试验和保温性能测试两部分。分别选用柴油、凡士林油、含水柴油作为介质，开展油水置换工艺试验，试验显示，油水隔离成功地防止了油水的接触污染，证明了油水隔离水下储油工艺的可行性；选用涂塑玻璃纤维布作为保温内胆的制作材料，通过基于神经网络的软测量方法计算得到原油温度，进行了保温性能的定性、定量研究，结果表明：高凝原油在一定时间内温度变化不大，仍具有良好的流动性，水下储油系统存储高凝原油是可行的。
海上石油的开采，一直与事故和风险相伴，由于管道破裂、平台损坏或者工作人员操作不慎等原因，在油气开采过程中可能会出现原油泄漏的事故，其对环境和生态的影响是巨大的。针对水下储油意外事故可能出现的原有泄漏问题，本文提出了一种新的水下漏油应急回收与暂存技术，并通过原理性的验证试验，模拟了水下漏油回收与暂存工作主要阶段和过程，分析了回收装置在原理实现方面可能遇到的问题和在波流作用下的锚系缆受力情况。试验结果证明，水下漏油收集和暂存技术在实际中是可行的。
本文建立了波浪与漏油收集囊相互作用的CIP数值计算模型，对不同模型形式和尺寸及位置的收集囊的受力和运动响应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，表面光滑的模型受波浪力较小，增大模型的高度会增加模型所受的力，把模型放置在水下可减少模型受波浪的影响。对上述模拟结果进行了频域分析，结果表明，同体积的漏油收集囊，软体囊的受力小于刚体囊。工程设计时，采用刚体囊进行计算，其结果是偏于安全的。另外，本文还对水下隔膜受波浪力的影响进行了模拟，结果表明水油隔膜受波浪力的影响较小。数值结果与试验结果的一致性表明，开发的数学模型对上述问题的研究具有较好的适用性。
最后，介绍了基于无污染水下储油技术以及水下漏油回收与暂存技术所进行的示例工程设计和海上中间试验。针对胜利海上油田油藏、地质、集输等条件主要进行了1200方浅海水下储油平台总体及结构设计。计算表明，储油平台符合强度与稳定性要求。通过对上述的储油平台储油工艺流程进行设计，比选了各流程的相关方案；通过海上中间试验，测试水下储油的整套工艺及相关流程，验证水下储油防污染及保温关键技术的工程可行性，发现和解决各过程中存在的问题。本试验对无污染水下储油技术以及水下漏油回收与暂存技术的应用和推广，具有非常显著的参考价值和借鉴意义。
Today in China most of the ascertained offshore oil and gas resources are locatedin coastal waters, among which many marginal oil fields are yet to be developed. Itwould cost a lot if equipments like gathering pipelines, fixed storage tank platforms orberthed ships are used to develop marginal oil fields. Therefore, a new productionmode of underwater oil storage was proposed, which means the extracted crude oilwould be directly stored in the underwater storage tanks, waiting to be transported byoil tankers. Gravity platform underwater oil storage and oil-water replacementunderwater oil storage are the two main ways of underwater oil storage. But the hugebuoyancy need to be overcome. The gravity platform is not quite suitable for marginaloil fields because it costs too much due to its large scale, and the load carried by thefoundation varies as the amount of oil changes. Though the oil and water replacementunderwater oil storage is a proper way for marine oil exploration, the marine pollutionrestricts the application of this technology. Then the oil-water separationpollution-free underwater tank is proposed.
The pollution-free underwater oil storage model is firstly put forward in thisresearch on the basis of pollution-free underwater oil storage technology. A newunderwater oil spill emergency recovery and storage equipment is then proposedaiming at oil leakage that may occur during the process of offshore oil drilling and oilstorage. Related theoretical experiments and sea tests are carried out. The main workof this paper is as follows. Three new types of pollution-free underwater oil storagemodes are presented including the mode of shallow water fixed platform with oil tank,the mode of shallow water mat underwater oil storage platform mode, and the modeof underwater oil storage with floating dock in deepwater. A series of physical modeltests are carried out, including the process test and heat preservation property test.Materials of diesel, liquid petrolatum, and diesel with water are successively used tocarry out the oil and water replacement process test which shows that the oil-waterseparation technology can avoid the oil-water pollution, demonstrating the feasibilityof the oil-water separation and replacement technology. Plastic-coated fiberglass clothis used as the material of heat preservation inner tank and soft sensing based on neural-network is used to measure and figure out the temperature of crude oil. Then aqualitative and quantitative research on heat preservation properties is conducted. Theresearch shows that high pour point crude oil still has good fluidity during a certainperiod of time because of small temperature change.
The exploitation of offshore oil has always been accompanied by accidents andrisks. Oil spill accidents may occur in the process of oil and gas production because ofpipeline breaking, platform damage and careless operation. The consequence will beserious in the environment and ecology. A new underwater oil spill emergencyrecovery and storage equipment is proposed to avild oil leakage that may occur duringthe process of offshore oil drilling and oil storage. And related theoretical experimentsare conducted to simulate the main processes of underwater oil spill recovery andstorage. The problems encountering in the experiment and the force on mooring linesunder wave-current condition are analyzed. Results show that the underwater oil spillemergency recovery and storage technology is feasible in practice.
The CIP numerical calculation model has been established for the interactionbetween waves and oil collecting bag. The force and response of collecting bags havebeen simulated for different model forms, sizes and their locations in the water depth.The simulated results show collecting bags with smooth surfaces, shorter share andsubmerged in the water will lead to smaller wave forces. Frequency-domain analysisis conducted on the simulated result, showing that the force of soft bags is smallerthan that of rigid ones with the same size. That is to say, it would be relatively safetaking rigid bags instead of soft bags during engineering design. In addition, howwave force affects the underwater diaphragm is simulated. Study results show that theinfluence of wave force on the diaphragm is small. The consistency of numericalsimulation results and experimental results proves that the developed mathematicmodel in this paper is applicative for these problems.
At last, the example project design and sea tests are introduced based on thepollution-free underwater oil storage technology, underwater oil recovery and storagetechnology. A1200m3shallow underwater oil storage platform is designedconsidering conditions of Shengli oil fields including oil deposit, geology andgathering and transportation. The calculation shows that both strength and stabilitymeet the requirements. Related schemes are compared and better ones are selected forevery single procedure through the above design. The sea tests validate the whole process and verify the feasibility of pollution-free underwater oil storage technologyand the key technology of heat preservation. Corresponding problems are found andsolved in the sea test. This experiment has a significant reference value for theapplication and promotion of pollution-free underwater oil storage technology,underwater oil recovery and storage technology.
本研究在无污染水下储油技术的基础上，首先提出了无污染水下储油模式。针对海上石油开采、储存过程中可能出现的石油泄漏问题，提出了新型的水下漏油应急回收和储存装置，进行了相关的原理试验以及海上中间试验。主要完成的研究工作包括：提出了三种新型的无污染水下储油模式，即浅海固定式平台＋油罐模式、浅海沉垫水下储油平台模式、深海水下储油＋浮动卸油码头模式；进行了无污染水下储油的物模验证试验，包括工艺试验和保温性能测试两部分。分别选用柴油、凡士林油、含水柴油作为介质，开展油水置换工艺试验，试验显示，油水隔离成功地防止了油水的接触污染，证明了油水隔离水下储油工艺的可行性；选用涂塑玻璃纤维布作为保温内胆的制作材料，通过基于神经网络的软测量方法计算得到原油温度，进行了保温性能的定性、定量研究，结果表明：高凝原油在一定时间内温度变化不大，仍具有良好的流动性，水下储油系统存储高凝原油是可行的。
海上石油的开采，一直与事故和风险相伴，由于管道破裂、平台损坏或者工作人员操作不慎等原因，在油气开采过程中可能会出现原油泄漏的事故，其对环境和生态的影响是巨大的。针对水下储油意外事故可能出现的原有泄漏问题，本文提出了一种新的水下漏油应急回收与暂存技术，并通过原理性的验证试验，模拟了水下漏油回收与暂存工作主要阶段和过程，分析了回收装置在原理实现方面可能遇到的问题和在波流作用下的锚系缆受力情况。试验结果证明，水下漏油收集和暂存技术在实际中是可行的。
本文建立了波浪与漏油收集囊相互作用的CIP数值计算模型，对不同模型形式和尺寸及位置的收集囊的受力和运动响应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，表面光滑的模型受波浪力较小，增大模型的高度会增加模型所受的力，把模型放置在水下可减少模型受波浪的影响。对上述模拟结果进行了频域分析，结果表明，同体积的漏油收集囊，软体囊的受力小于刚体囊。工程设计时，采用刚体囊进行计算，其结果是偏于安全的。另外，本文还对水下隔膜受波浪力的影响进行了模拟，结果表明水油隔膜受波浪力的影响较小。数值结果与试验结果的一致性表明，开发的数学模型对上述问题的研究具有较好的适用性。
最后，介绍了基于无污染水下储油技术以及水下漏油回收与暂存技术所进行的示例工程设计和海上中间试验。针对胜利海上油田油藏、地质、集输等条件主要进行了1200方浅海水下储油平台总体及结构设计。计算表明，储油平台符合强度与稳定性要求。通过对上述的储油平台储油工艺流程进行设计，比选了各流程的相关方案；通过海上中间试验，测试水下储油的整套工艺及相关流程，验证水下储油防污染及保温关键技术的工程可行性，发现和解决各过程中存在的问题。本试验对无污染水下储油技术以及水下漏油回收与暂存技术的应用和推广，具有非常显著的参考价值和借鉴意义。
Today in China most of the ascertained offshore oil and gas resources are locatedin coastal waters, among which many marginal oil fields are yet to be developed. Itwould cost a lot if equipments like gathering pipelines, fixed storage tank platforms orberthed ships are used to develop marginal oil fields. Therefore, a new productionmode of underwater oil storage was proposed, which means the extracted crude oilwould be directly stored in the underwater storage tanks, waiting to be transported byoil tankers. Gravity platform underwater oil storage and oil-water replacementunderwater oil storage are the two main ways of underwater oil storage. But the hugebuoyancy need to be overcome. The gravity platform is not quite suitable for marginaloil fields because it costs too much due to its large scale, and the load carried by thefoundation varies as the amount of oil changes. Though the oil and water replacementunderwater oil storage is a proper way for marine oil exploration, the marine pollutionrestricts the application of this technology. Then the oil-water separationpollution-free underwater tank is proposed.
The pollution-free underwater oil storage model is firstly put forward in thisresearch on the basis of pollution-free underwater oil storage technology. A newunderwater oil spill emergency recovery and storage equipment is then proposedaiming at oil leakage that may occur during the process of offshore oil drilling and oilstorage. Related theoretical experiments and sea tests are carried out. The main workof this paper is as follows. Three new types of pollution-free underwater oil storagemodes are presented including the mode of shallow water fixed platform with oil tank,the mode of shallow water mat underwater oil storage platform mode, and the modeof underwater oil storage with floating dock in deepwater. A series of physical modeltests are carried out, including the process test and heat preservation property test.Materials of diesel, liquid petrolatum, and diesel with water are successively used tocarry out the oil and water replacement process test which shows that the oil-waterseparation technology can avoid the oil-water pollution, demonstrating the feasibilityof the oil-water separation and replacement technology. Plastic-coated fiberglass clothis used as the material of heat preservation inner tank and soft sensing based on neural-network is used to measure and figure out the temperature of crude oil. Then aqualitative and quantitative research on heat preservation properties is conducted. Theresearch shows that high pour point crude oil still has good fluidity during a certainperiod of time because of small temperature change.
The exploitation of offshore oil has always been accompanied by accidents andrisks. Oil spill accidents may occur in the process of oil and gas production because ofpipeline breaking, platform damage and careless operation. The consequence will beserious in the environment and ecology. A new underwater oil spill emergencyrecovery and storage equipment is proposed to avild oil leakage that may occur duringthe process of offshore oil drilling and oil storage. And related theoretical experimentsare conducted to simulate the main processes of underwater oil spill recovery andstorage. The problems encountering in the experiment and the force on mooring linesunder wave-current condition are analyzed. Results show that the underwater oil spillemergency recovery and storage technology is feasible in practice.
The CIP numerical calculation model has been established for the interactionbetween waves and oil collecting bag. The force and response of collecting bags havebeen simulated for different model forms, sizes and their locations in the water depth.The simulated results show collecting bags with smooth surfaces, shorter share andsubmerged in the water will lead to smaller wave forces. Frequency-domain analysisis conducted on the simulated result, showing that the force of soft bags is smallerthan that of rigid ones with the same size. That is to say, it would be relatively safetaking rigid bags instead of soft bags during engineering design. In addition, howwave force affects the underwater diaphragm is simulated. Study results show that theinfluence of wave force on the diaphragm is small. The consistency of numericalsimulation results and experimental results proves that the developed mathematicmodel in this paper is applicative for these problems.
At last, the example project design and sea tests are introduced based on thepollution-free underwater oil storage technology, underwater oil recovery and storagetechnology. A1200m3shallow underwater oil storage platform is designedconsidering conditions of Shengli oil fields including oil deposit, geology andgathering and transportation. The calculation shows that both strength and stabilitymeet the requirements. Related schemes are compared and better ones are selected forevery single procedure through the above design. The sea tests validate the whole process and verify the feasibility of pollution-free underwater oil storage technologyand the key technology of heat preservation. Corresponding problems are found andsolved in the sea test. This experiment has a significant reference value for theapplication and promotion of pollution-free underwater oil storage technology,underwater oil recovery and storage technology.
引文
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