中国:面对不平等的挑战与响应
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- 论文作者：王绍光
- 年：2012
- 作者机构：美国耶鲁大学政治学系;
- 会议召开时间：2012-10-01
- 会议录名称：国情报告（第一卷 1998年）
- 英文会议录名称：China Study
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D61
- 学会代码：QHGY
- 学会名称：清华大学国情研究中心
- 页数：17
- 文件大小：850k
- 原文格式：O
摘要
中国改革开放已经历了20年的历程。根据世界银行《2020年的中国》研究报告的最新研究,从国际比较看,中国有两个最显著的特征:一是世界上人均国内生产总值增长率最快的国家之一。可以认为几乎所有的人、部门和地区都是改革的受益者;二是世界上反映不平等性的基尼系数上升速度最快、上升幅度最大的国家之一。从90年代以来,则出现了改革的受损者,尽管他们占总人口的比例比较小,但是绝对数却相当大,诸如下岗职工、城乡绝对贫困人口、少数民族地区和贫困地区等。中国市场导向改革最突出的经济、社会、政治后果是各类收入不平等迅速扩大,已成为影响中国经济发展、社会稳定、民族团结、国家统一的最大挑战之一,引起国内外广泛的关注。此文集中讨论了改革以来中国地区差距变化及收入不平等性,是由美国耶鲁大学政治学系王绍光博士长期研究的主要结论。作者大量引用和总结了国际上最新的理论文献,也计算和分析了大量的中国数据和国际数据,明确地提出了自己对这一问题的独到看法。文中的许多观点,不仅从理论上向新古典主义提出了挑战,而且也向目前尚在流行的"极大极大值化"的观点提出了挑战。笔者认为,中国越来越严重的不平等会使市场导向的改革毁于一旦,并危及将来的经济增长,缩小地区差距的时机已经成熟,应成为今后发展任务的重中之重;不平等不是不可避免的,如果说自然条件差异是地区收入差异的自然力的话,那么收入不平等的变化程度,则反映了政府不同政策的不同后果,它既可以缩小也可以扩大不平等。而扩大不平等不是经济增长的必要条件,反而会妨碍经济增长;政府政策目标的选择应当是,在短期内控制不平等的扩大,在中期内缩小相对不平等,在长期内要缩小绝对不平等。作者提出了旨在缩小地区不平等的若干建议:取消向沿海地区倾斜的优惠政策;重建地区财政转移支付制度;消除绝对贫困人口;保证最低水平的基本公共服务;改善贫困地区的基础设施;促进各类生产要素向有利于贫困地区发展的方向流动。作者认为中央政府在消除地区不平等方面扮演极其重要的角色,负有义不容辞的重大责任,需要采取极其有力的制度建设和政策措施。
引文
①UNDP,Human Development Report 1995(New York;Oxford University Press,1995).
②世界银行发现中国的城乡差别非常大。其他国家城乡收入比一般在1.5以下,很少超过2.0。在中国,城市收入是农村收入的4倍。
③Azizur Rahman Khan and Carl Riskin,Income and Inequality in China;Composition,Distribution and Growth of Household Income,1988 to 1995,China Quarterly,No.154(June 1998):236-241.世界银行使用没有经过调整的数字得出结论,中国农村的基尼系数从1983年的0.242提高到1995年的0.333,城市的基尼系数从0.176提高到0.275。(World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.17)Khan and Riskin对中国国家统计局的数字做了调整,得出类似的结论。根据他们研究的成果,1988年到1995年城乡不平等急剧扩大。农村收入的基尼系数从0.338提高到0.416,在城市,该系数从0.23上升到0.33。
④World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.38-41.For other recent works on inequality in China,Keith Griffin and Zhao Renwei,eds.The Distribution of Income in China(New York:St.Martin's Press,1993);Terry Mckingley,The Distribution of Wealth in rural China(New York;M.E.Sharpe,1996).
⑤World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.7.;Khan and Riskin,Income and Inequality in China,pp.246-247.
⑥World Bank,China 2020:Development Challenges in the New Century(Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1997),p.8.
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.2.
②World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.1-2,pp.7-8.
③World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.7-8.
④World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.8.
①World Bank,World Development Report(Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1991);A.Alesina and D.Rodrik,Distribution,Political Conflict and Economic Growth,A.Cukierman,Z.Hercowitz and L.Leiderman,eds.Political Economy,Growth and Business Cycles(Cambridge:MIT Press,1992),pp.23-50;T.Pereson and G.Tabellini,Is Inequality Harmful for Growth,American Econmic Review,(Vol.84):600-621;Roberto Pertotti,Growth,Income Distribution,and Democracy:What the Data Say,Journal of Economic Growth,VoL 1(June 1996):149-187;United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,Income Distribution,Capital Accumulation,and Growth,Challenge,Vol.41,No.2(March/April 1998):61-80.
②Milica Zarkovic Bookman,The Political Economy of Discontinuous Development:Regional Disparities and Inter-Regional Conflict(New York:Praeger,1991):2 and 27-33.
③Yasheng Huang,Why China Will Not Collapse,Foreign Policy No.99(Summer,1995):54-68.
①在一项研究中发现地区问的趋同,与市场化和开放度的程度有很强的相关性,而中国正处在趋导过程之中。参见Tiannlun Jian,Jefirey D.Sachs and Andrew M.Warner,Trends in Regional Inequality in China,China Economic Review,Vol.7,No.1(1996).
②胡大源:《转轨经济中的地区差距——对“地区差距扩大论”的质疑》,《战略与管理》1998年第1期,第35-41页。
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.8.
②Claude,S.Fischer,Michael Hout,Martin Sanchez Jankowski,Samual R.Lucas,Ann Swidler,Kim Voss,Inequality by Design;Cracking the Bell Curve Myth(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1996),pp.129-157.
③Amartya Sen,Social Commitment and Democracy:The Demands of Equity and Financial Conservatism,in Paul Barker,ed.Living as Equals(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996),p.19.
④Victor Nee,Raymond V.Liedka,Markets and Inequality in the Transition from State Socialism,in Manus I.Midlarsky,ed.Inequality,Democracy,and Economic Development(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997),pp.202-224.
①Gary S.Field,Poverty,Inequality,and Development(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980);Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis,EfScient Redistribution:New Rules for Markets,States and Communities,Politics and Society,Vol..24,No.4(December 1996),pp.307-342;Joseph Stiglitze,Distribution,Efficiency and Voice:Designing the Second Generation of Reforms,manuscript,World Bank,1998.
②Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini,Is Inequality Harmful for Growth,American Economic Review,Vol..84(1994):600-621;Roberto Chang,Income Inequality and Economic Growth;Evidence and Recent Theories,Economic Review(Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta),Vol.79(July/August 1994),pp.1-10;Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik,Distributive Politics and Economic Growth,Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.109(1994):465-490;George R.,G.Clarke,More Evidence on Income Distribution and Growth,Journal of Development Economics,Vol..47(1995):403-427.
①Khan and Riskin,Income and Inequality in China,p.253.
②Margaret Levi,Rule and Revenue(Berkeley:University of California Press,1988).
③Shaoguang Wang,The Institutional Roots of Central-Local Rivalry:China,1980-1996,a paper presented at International Conference on"PRC Tomorrow",National Sun Yat-sen University,Kaohsung,Taiwan,June 8-9,1996.
①Douglas Rae,Equalities(Cambridge,Ma:Harvard University Press,1989),pp.110-112.
②Douglas Rae,Equalities(Cambridge,Ma:Harvard University Press,1989),pp.110-112.
①王绍光:《市场经济转型中国家的作用》,《战略与管理》1994年第2期。
①Gunnar Myrdal,Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions(London:Gerald Buckworth,1957).
②Alberto Hirschman,The Strategy of Economic Development(New Haven:Yale University Press,1958),pp.183-195.
③王绍光:《分权的底线》,中国计划出版社1997年版。
①胡鞍钢、王绍光、康晓光:《中国地区差距报告》,辽宁人民出版社1995年版;Mark Selden,China's Rural Welfare Systems;Crisis and Transformation,A paper presented at the International Conference on"PRC Political Economy;Prospects Under the Ninth Five-Year Plan",National Cheng Kung University,Taiwan June 7-10,1997;Loraine A.West and Christine P.W.Wong,Fiscal Decentralization and Growing Regional Disparities in Rural China;Some Evidence in the Provision of Social Services,Oxford Review of Eocnomic Policy,Vol..11.No.4(1995).
②王绍光,China's 1994 Fiscal Reform;An Initial Assessment,Asian Survey,(September,1997).
③王绍光,The Institutional Sources of Central-Local Rivalry:1980-1993,Manuscript,Yale University,1996.
①Nicholas R.Lardy,Regional Growth and Income Distribution in China in Robert F.Dernberger,eds.China's Development Experience in Comparative Perspective(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1980).
②UNDP,Human Development Report 1997(New York;Oxford University Press,1997),pp.15-23.
③UNDP,Human Development Report 1997(New York:Oxford University Press,1997),pp.6-7.
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.4.
②UNDP,Human Development Report 1997,p.23.
③中国有592个贫困县(以1992年人均收入水平)。这些贫困县是中央政府协调的扶贫计划的主要对象。
①Stuart Holland,Capital Versus the Region(London:Macmillan,1976);A.J.Brown and E.M.Burrows,Regional Economic Problems:Comparative Experiences of Some Market Economies(London:George Allen&Urwin,1997);R.L Matchews,ed.Regional Disparities and Economic Development,(Camberra:Center for Research on Federal Financial Relations,1981);Harvey Armstrong and Jim Taylor,Regional Economics and Policy(Oxford:Phikip Allan,1985);Douglas,E.Booth,Regional Long Waves,Uneven Growth,and the Cooperative Alternative(New York:Praeger,1987);Hal Hill,ed.Unity and Diversity;Regional Economic Development in Indonesia Since 1970(Singapore;Oxford Unversity Press,1989);David Smith,North and South:Britain's Economic,Social and Political Devide(London;Penguin Books,1989);Alex Bowen and Ken Mayhew,eds,Reducing Regional Inequalities(London:Kogran Page,1991);Huib Ernste And Verena Meier,eds,Regional Development and Contemporary Industiral Response;Extending Flexible Specialisation(London:Belhaven Press,1992);Donald J.Savoie,Regional Economic Development;Canada's Search for Solutions,2nd edition(Torontao:Unversity of toronto Press,1992).
②在美国,这种政策往往是以有目标的国防费用的形式。
②世界银行发现中国的城乡差别非常大。其他国家城乡收入比一般在1.5以下,很少超过2.0。在中国,城市收入是农村收入的4倍。
③Azizur Rahman Khan and Carl Riskin,Income and Inequality in China;Composition,Distribution and Growth of Household Income,1988 to 1995,China Quarterly,No.154(June 1998):236-241.世界银行使用没有经过调整的数字得出结论,中国农村的基尼系数从1983年的0.242提高到1995年的0.333,城市的基尼系数从0.176提高到0.275。(World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.17)Khan and Riskin对中国国家统计局的数字做了调整,得出类似的结论。根据他们研究的成果,1988年到1995年城乡不平等急剧扩大。农村收入的基尼系数从0.338提高到0.416,在城市,该系数从0.23上升到0.33。
④World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.38-41.For other recent works on inequality in China,Keith Griffin and Zhao Renwei,eds.The Distribution of Income in China(New York:St.Martin's Press,1993);Terry Mckingley,The Distribution of Wealth in rural China(New York;M.E.Sharpe,1996).
⑤World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.7.;Khan and Riskin,Income and Inequality in China,pp.246-247.
⑥World Bank,China 2020:Development Challenges in the New Century(Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1997),p.8.
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.2.
②World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.1-2,pp.7-8.
③World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,pp.7-8.
④World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.8.
①World Bank,World Development Report(Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1991);A.Alesina and D.Rodrik,Distribution,Political Conflict and Economic Growth,A.Cukierman,Z.Hercowitz and L.Leiderman,eds.Political Economy,Growth and Business Cycles(Cambridge:MIT Press,1992),pp.23-50;T.Pereson and G.Tabellini,Is Inequality Harmful for Growth,American Econmic Review,(Vol.84):600-621;Roberto Pertotti,Growth,Income Distribution,and Democracy:What the Data Say,Journal of Economic Growth,VoL 1(June 1996):149-187;United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,Income Distribution,Capital Accumulation,and Growth,Challenge,Vol.41,No.2(March/April 1998):61-80.
②Milica Zarkovic Bookman,The Political Economy of Discontinuous Development:Regional Disparities and Inter-Regional Conflict(New York:Praeger,1991):2 and 27-33.
③Yasheng Huang,Why China Will Not Collapse,Foreign Policy No.99(Summer,1995):54-68.
①在一项研究中发现地区问的趋同,与市场化和开放度的程度有很强的相关性,而中国正处在趋导过程之中。参见Tiannlun Jian,Jefirey D.Sachs and Andrew M.Warner,Trends in Regional Inequality in China,China Economic Review,Vol.7,No.1(1996).
②胡大源:《转轨经济中的地区差距——对“地区差距扩大论”的质疑》,《战略与管理》1998年第1期,第35-41页。
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.8.
②Claude,S.Fischer,Michael Hout,Martin Sanchez Jankowski,Samual R.Lucas,Ann Swidler,Kim Voss,Inequality by Design;Cracking the Bell Curve Myth(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1996),pp.129-157.
③Amartya Sen,Social Commitment and Democracy:The Demands of Equity and Financial Conservatism,in Paul Barker,ed.Living as Equals(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996),p.19.
④Victor Nee,Raymond V.Liedka,Markets and Inequality in the Transition from State Socialism,in Manus I.Midlarsky,ed.Inequality,Democracy,and Economic Development(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997),pp.202-224.
①Gary S.Field,Poverty,Inequality,and Development(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980);Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis,EfScient Redistribution:New Rules for Markets,States and Communities,Politics and Society,Vol..24,No.4(December 1996),pp.307-342;Joseph Stiglitze,Distribution,Efficiency and Voice:Designing the Second Generation of Reforms,manuscript,World Bank,1998.
②Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini,Is Inequality Harmful for Growth,American Economic Review,Vol..84(1994):600-621;Roberto Chang,Income Inequality and Economic Growth;Evidence and Recent Theories,Economic Review(Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta),Vol.79(July/August 1994),pp.1-10;Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik,Distributive Politics and Economic Growth,Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.109(1994):465-490;George R.,G.Clarke,More Evidence on Income Distribution and Growth,Journal of Development Economics,Vol..47(1995):403-427.
①Khan and Riskin,Income and Inequality in China,p.253.
②Margaret Levi,Rule and Revenue(Berkeley:University of California Press,1988).
③Shaoguang Wang,The Institutional Roots of Central-Local Rivalry:China,1980-1996,a paper presented at International Conference on"PRC Tomorrow",National Sun Yat-sen University,Kaohsung,Taiwan,June 8-9,1996.
①Douglas Rae,Equalities(Cambridge,Ma:Harvard University Press,1989),pp.110-112.
②Douglas Rae,Equalities(Cambridge,Ma:Harvard University Press,1989),pp.110-112.
①王绍光:《市场经济转型中国家的作用》,《战略与管理》1994年第2期。
①Gunnar Myrdal,Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions(London:Gerald Buckworth,1957).
②Alberto Hirschman,The Strategy of Economic Development(New Haven:Yale University Press,1958),pp.183-195.
③王绍光:《分权的底线》,中国计划出版社1997年版。
①胡鞍钢、王绍光、康晓光:《中国地区差距报告》,辽宁人民出版社1995年版;Mark Selden,China's Rural Welfare Systems;Crisis and Transformation,A paper presented at the International Conference on"PRC Political Economy;Prospects Under the Ninth Five-Year Plan",National Cheng Kung University,Taiwan June 7-10,1997;Loraine A.West and Christine P.W.Wong,Fiscal Decentralization and Growing Regional Disparities in Rural China;Some Evidence in the Provision of Social Services,Oxford Review of Eocnomic Policy,Vol..11.No.4(1995).
②王绍光,China's 1994 Fiscal Reform;An Initial Assessment,Asian Survey,(September,1997).
③王绍光,The Institutional Sources of Central-Local Rivalry:1980-1993,Manuscript,Yale University,1996.
①Nicholas R.Lardy,Regional Growth and Income Distribution in China in Robert F.Dernberger,eds.China's Development Experience in Comparative Perspective(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1980).
②UNDP,Human Development Report 1997(New York;Oxford University Press,1997),pp.15-23.
③UNDP,Human Development Report 1997(New York:Oxford University Press,1997),pp.6-7.
①World Bank,Sharing Rising Incomes,p.4.
②UNDP,Human Development Report 1997,p.23.
③中国有592个贫困县(以1992年人均收入水平)。这些贫困县是中央政府协调的扶贫计划的主要对象。
①Stuart Holland,Capital Versus the Region(London:Macmillan,1976);A.J.Brown and E.M.Burrows,Regional Economic Problems:Comparative Experiences of Some Market Economies(London:George Allen&Urwin,1997);R.L Matchews,ed.Regional Disparities and Economic Development,(Camberra:Center for Research on Federal Financial Relations,1981);Harvey Armstrong and Jim Taylor,Regional Economics and Policy(Oxford:Phikip Allan,1985);Douglas,E.Booth,Regional Long Waves,Uneven Growth,and the Cooperative Alternative(New York:Praeger,1987);Hal Hill,ed.Unity and Diversity;Regional Economic Development in Indonesia Since 1970(Singapore;Oxford Unversity Press,1989);David Smith,North and South:Britain's Economic,Social and Political Devide(London;Penguin Books,1989);Alex Bowen and Ken Mayhew,eds,Reducing Regional Inequalities(London:Kogran Page,1991);Huib Ernste And Verena Meier,eds,Regional Development and Contemporary Industiral Response;Extending Flexible Specialisation(London:Belhaven Press,1992);Donald J.Savoie,Regional Economic Development;Canada's Search for Solutions,2nd edition(Torontao:Unversity of toronto Press,1992).
②在美国,这种政策往往是以有目标的国防费用的形式。