南海仲裁案中菲律宾主张“单岛定性”问题探析
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- 英文论文题名：An Analysis on the Determination of the Nature of Some Islands Individually as Requested by the Philippines in the South China Sea Arbitration
- 论文作者：韩雨潇 ; XIE Hongyue
- 英文论文作者：HAN Yuxiao ; XIE Hongyue ; Wuhan University Institute of International Studies and Collaborative Innovation Center for Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights
- 年：2017
- 作者机构：武汉大学国际问题研究院、国家领土主权与海洋权益协同创新中心;
- 论文关键词：南海仲裁案 ; 领土争端 ; 远洋群岛 ; 《联合国海洋法公约》
- 英文论文关键词：South China Sea Arbitration ; Territorial disputes ; Mid-ocean archipelago ; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
- 会议召开时间：2017-06-01
- 会议录名称：中国海洋法学评论（2017年卷第1期 总第25期）
- 英文会议录名称：China Oceans Law Review(Volume 2017 Number 1)
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D993.5
- 学会代码：XMHY
- 学会名称：厦门大学海洋法与中国东南海疆研究中心
- 页数：50
- 文件大小：1667k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
在南海岛礁争端中,菲律宾是侵占中国南海岛礁较多的国家,其一直声称对中国南海的部分岛礁拥有主权,菲律宾为了谋求本国在南海的利益,一方面就南海部分岛礁单方面提起仲裁,主张中国的"断续线"违反《联合国海洋法公约》,要求就其海洋权利做出裁定,把中国南海诸岛的主权和海洋权利割裂开来;另一方面,菲律宾企图将中国南海的部分岛礁进行"单岛定性",尤其是对处于中国实际控制的岛礁进行定性,通过"矮化"中国相关岛屿的性质,以达到损害中国海洋权益的目的。针对菲律宾将中国南海诸岛进行碎片化处理的恶意企图,中国应尽快在南海地区构建远洋群岛制度,从而更好地维护中国的岛屿主权与海洋权益。
In the disputes over the islands and reefs in the South China Sea(SCS), the Philippines is a State having occupied many features in the SCS. It alleged that it had sovereignty over some features of China's SCS Islands. In order to seek its interests in the SCS, the Philippines, on the one hand, unilaterally initiated an arbitration against China with respect to some features, contending that the "dashed line" of China was contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and therefore requested the Arbitral Tribunal to adjudicate on its maritime entitlements. By doing so, it attempted to cut off the natural link between the sovereignty and maritime entitlements of China's SCS Islands. On the other hand, the Philippines attempted to define the nature of some islands in the SCS individually, especially those controlled actually by China. The Philippines, through degrading some of China's islands into rocks or low-tide elevations, aimed to undermine China's maritime entitlements in the SCS. With respect to the Philippines' malicious intent to fragmentize China's SCS Islands, China should, with the least possible delay, establish a mid-ocean archipelago regime in the SCS region, so as to better protect China's sovereignty over its islands and the pertinent maritime rights and interests.
In the disputes over the islands and reefs in the South China Sea(SCS), the Philippines is a State having occupied many features in the SCS. It alleged that it had sovereignty over some features of China's SCS Islands. In order to seek its interests in the SCS, the Philippines, on the one hand, unilaterally initiated an arbitration against China with respect to some features, contending that the "dashed line" of China was contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and therefore requested the Arbitral Tribunal to adjudicate on its maritime entitlements. By doing so, it attempted to cut off the natural link between the sovereignty and maritime entitlements of China's SCS Islands. On the other hand, the Philippines attempted to define the nature of some islands in the SCS individually, especially those controlled actually by China. The Philippines, through degrading some of China's islands into rocks or low-tide elevations, aimed to undermine China's maritime entitlements in the SCS. With respect to the Philippines' malicious intent to fragmentize China's SCS Islands, China should, with the least possible delay, establish a mid-ocean archipelago regime in the SCS region, so as to better protect China's sovereignty over its islands and the pertinent maritime rights and interests.
引文
1 Eleventh Press Release,The South China Sea Arbitration(The Republic of the Philippines v.The People’s Republic of China),p.10,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf,21 March 2017.
2 Eleventh Press Release,The South China Sea Arbitration(The Republic of the Philippines v.The People’s Republic of China),p.6,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf,21 March 2017.
3 郑海麟:《南海仲裁案的国际法分析》,载于《太平洋学报》2016年第8期,第4页。
4 Notification and Statement of Claim on West Philippine Sea,pp.17~19,at http://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/UNCLOS/Notification%20and%20Statement%20of%20Claim%20on%20West%20Philippine%20Sea.pdf,22 March 2017.
5 国家海洋局政策研究室编:《国际海域划界条约集》,北京:海洋出版社1989年,第79页。
6 杜蘅之:《国际法大纲(上册)》,台北:台湾商务印书馆1971年版,第216~217页。
7 《联合国海洋法公约》,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
8 海洋国际问题研究会编:《中国海洋邻国海洋法规和协定选编》,北京:海洋出版社1984年,第60页。
9 Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea,Archipelagic States–Legislative History of Part IV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,New York:U.N.Publications,1990,pp.7~9.
10 郭渊:《地缘政治与南海争端》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2011年,第273~281页。
11 The Republic of the Philippines v.The People’s Republic of China,Award,12 July 2016,para.154,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf,24 March 2017.
12 中国根据《联合国海洋法公约》第298条提交排除性声明,下载于http://wcm.fmprc.gov.cn/pub/chn/gxh/zlb/tyfg/t270754.htm,2017年3月24日。
13 The South China Sea Arbitration,p.5,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf,21 March 2017.
14 吴士存主编:《南海问题文献汇编》,海口:海南出版社2001年,第234页。
15 《联合国海洋法公约》,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
16 袁古洁:《国际海洋划界的理论与实践》,北京:法律出版社2001年,第224~225页。
17 郭渊:《地缘政治与南海争端》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2011年,第301~302页。
18 韩振华主编:《我国南海诸岛史料汇编》,上海:东方出版社1988年,第519页。
19 Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v.Norway),pp.127~130,at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/5/1809.pdf,28 March 2017.
20 C.F.Amerasinghe,The Problem of Archipelagoes in the International Law of the Sea,International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.23,Issue 3,1974,p.544.
21 Jeanette Green Field,China’s Practice in the Law of the Sea,Gloucestershire:Clarendon Press,1992,p.72.
22 贾兵兵:《国际公法:和平时期的解释与适用》,北京:清华大学出版社2015年,第32 ~33页。
23 洪农、李建伟、陈平平:《群岛国概念和南(中国)海——〈联合国海洋法公约〉、国家实践及其启示》,载于《中国海洋法学评论》2013年第1期,第193页。
24 M.Z.N.76.2010.LOS of 17 February 2010,at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATION ANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn76ef.pdf,29 April 2017.
25 赵理海:《关于南海诸岛的若干法律问题》,载于《法制与社会发展》1995年第4期,第56~57页。
26 卜凌嘉、黄靖文:《大陆国家在其远洋群岛适用直线基线问题》,载于《中山大学法律评论》2013年第2辑,第110页。
27 《联合国海洋法公约》第155条和第312~314条,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
28 郑雨晨:《大陆国家的洋中群岛制度的演变及其对我国南海诸岛的影响》(硕士论文),北京:外交学院2016年版,第34页。
29 《关于国家管辖范围内海域的工作文件》第1条第6款:“岛屿相互距离较近的群岛或列岛,可视为一个整体,划定领海范围。”
30 Duterte Favors Making Deal with China over Dispute,at http://globalnation.inquirer.net/138487/duterte-favors-making-deal-china-dispute,31 March 2017.
31 张洁:《南海博弈:美菲军事同盟与中菲关系的调整》,载于《太平洋学报》2016年第7 期,第33页。
32 2017年3月30日外交部发言人陆慷主持例行记者会,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1450196.shtml,2017年3月30日。
33 《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第40条:“双方就涉及南海的问题交换了看法。双方重申争议问题不是中菲双边关系的全部。双方就以适当方式处理南海争议的重要性交换了意见。双方重申维护及促进和平稳定、在南海的航行和飞越自由的重要性,根据包括《联合国宪章》和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》在内公认的国际法原则,不诉诸武力或以武力相威胁,由直接有关的主权国家通过友好磋商和谈判,以和平方式解决领土和管辖权争议。”
34《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第41条:“双方回顾了2002年《南海各方行为宣言》和2016年7月25日于老挝万象通过的中国-东盟外长关于全面有效落实《宣言》的声明。双方承诺全面、有效落实《宣言》,愿共同努力在协商一致基础上早日达成‘南海行为准则’。”
35 薛桂芳:《蓝色的较量——维护我国海洋权益的大博弈》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2015年版,第265页。
36 《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第42条:“双方同意继续商谈建立信心措施,提升互信和信心,并承诺在南海采取行动方面保持自我克制,以免使争议复杂化、扩大化和影响和平与稳定。鉴此,在作为其他机制的补充,不损及其他机制基础上,建立一个双边磋商机制是有益的,双方可就涉及南海的各自当前及其他关切进行定期磋商。双方同意探讨在其他领域开展合作。”
3 ZHENG Hailin,International Law Analysis of the South China Sea Arbitration Case,Pacific Journal,Vol.24,No.8,2016,p.4.(in Chinese)
5 Policy Research Office of State Oceanic Administration,Collection of International Maritime Delimitation Treaties,Beijing:China Ocean Press,1989,p.79.(in Chinese)
6 DU Hengzhi,An Outline of International Law(I),Taipei:The Commercial Press,Ltd.,1971,pp.216~217.(in Chinese)
7 UNCLOS,at http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,22 March 2017.
8 Institute of International Oceanic Studies,Selection of Marine Laws,Regulations and Agreements of China’s Marine Neighbors,Beijing:China Ocean Press,1984,p.60.(in Chinese)
10 GUO Yuan,Geopolitics and South China Sea Disputes,Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2011,pp.273~281.(in Chinese)
12 China Delivered a Declaration Excluding Compulsory Procedures under Article 298 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,at http://wcm.fmprc.gov.cn/pub/chn/gxh/zlb/tyfg/t270754.htm,24 March 2017.(in Chinese)
14 WU Shicun ed.,Compilation of Documents on South China Sea Issues,Haikou:Hainan Press,2001,p.234.(in Chinese)
15 UNCLOS,at http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,22 March 2017.
16 YUAN Gujie,The Theory and Practice of the International Maritime Delimitation,Beijing:Law Press China,2001,pp.224~225.(in Chinese)
17 GUO Yuan,Geopolitics and South China Sea Disputes,Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2011,pp.301~302.(in Chinese)
18 HAN Zhenhua ed.,Collection of the Historical Materials of the SCS Islands,Shanghai:Orient Publishing Center,1988,p.519.(in Chinese)
22 JIA Bingbing,Public International Law:Its Interpretation and Application in Time of Peace,Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2015,pp.32~33.(in Chinese)
23 HONG Nong,LI Jianwei and CHEN Pingping,The Concept of Archipelagic State and the South China Sea:UNLCOS,State Practice and Implication,China Oceans Law Review,No.1,2013,p.223.
25 ZHAO Lihai,On Some Legal Issues Relating to the SCS Islands,Law and Social Development,No.4,1995,pp.56~57.(in Chinese)
26 BU Lingjia and HUANG Jingwen,The Issue Concerning the Continental States’Application of Straight Baselines to Their Distant Archipelagoes,Sun Yat-sen University Law Review,No.2,2013,p.110.(in Chinese)
27 UNCLOS,Articles 155,312~314,at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm,22 March 2017.
28 ZHENG Yuchen,The Evolution of the Regime of Mid-Ocean Archipelago of Continental States and Its Implication for China’s South China Sea Islands(Master Dissertation),Beijing:China Foreign Affairs University,2016,p.34.(in Chinese)
29 Article 1(6)of the Working Paper on Sea Area within National Jurisdiction states:“a group or a fringe of islands that are relatively close to each other may be considered as a single entity when drawing territorial seas.”
31 ZHANG Jie,The South China Sea Game:U.S.–Philippines Military Alliance and SinoPhilippine Relations Adjustment,Pacific Journal,No.7,2016,p.33.(in Chinese)
32 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang’s Regular Press Conference on 30 March 2017,at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1450255.shtml,30 May 2017.
33 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 40,“Both sides exchange views on issues regarding the South China Sea.Both sides affirm that contentious issues are not the sum total of the China-Philippines bilateral relationship.Both sides exchange views on the importance of handling the disputes in the South China Sea in an appropriate manner.Both sides also reaffirm the importance of maintaining and promoting peace and stability,freedom of navigation in and overflight above the South China Sea,addressing their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means,without resorting to the threat or use of force,through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned,in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law,including the Charter of the United Nations and the 1982 UNCLOS.”
34 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 41,“Both sides recall the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea(DOC)and the Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Member States and China on the Full and Effective Implementation of the DOC adopted in Vientiane on 25 July 2016.Both sides commit to the full and effective implementation of DOC in its entirety,and work substantively toward the early conclusion of a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea(COC)based on consensus.”
35 XUE Guifang,Blue Game:A Great Game with Respect to the Protection of China’s Maritime Rights and Interests,Beijing:China University of Political Science and Law Press,2015,p.265.(in Chinese)
36 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 42,“Both sides agree to continue discussions on confidence-building measures to increase mutual trust and confidence and to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities in the South China Sea that would complicate or escalate disputes and affect peace and stability.In this regard,in addition to and without prejudice to other mechanisms,a bilateral consultation mechanism can be useful,which will meet regularly on current and other issues of concern to either side on the South China Sea.Both sides also agree to explore other areas of cooperation.”
2 Eleventh Press Release,The South China Sea Arbitration(The Republic of the Philippines v.The People’s Republic of China),p.6,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf,21 March 2017.
3 郑海麟:《南海仲裁案的国际法分析》,载于《太平洋学报》2016年第8期,第4页。
4 Notification and Statement of Claim on West Philippine Sea,pp.17~19,at http://www.dfa.gov.ph/images/UNCLOS/Notification%20and%20Statement%20of%20Claim%20on%20West%20Philippine%20Sea.pdf,22 March 2017.
5 国家海洋局政策研究室编:《国际海域划界条约集》,北京:海洋出版社1989年,第79页。
6 杜蘅之:《国际法大纲(上册)》,台北:台湾商务印书馆1971年版,第216~217页。
7 《联合国海洋法公约》,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
8 海洋国际问题研究会编:《中国海洋邻国海洋法规和协定选编》,北京:海洋出版社1984年,第60页。
9 Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea,Archipelagic States–Legislative History of Part IV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,New York:U.N.Publications,1990,pp.7~9.
10 郭渊:《地缘政治与南海争端》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2011年,第273~281页。
11 The Republic of the Philippines v.The People’s Republic of China,Award,12 July 2016,para.154,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf,24 March 2017.
12 中国根据《联合国海洋法公约》第298条提交排除性声明,下载于http://wcm.fmprc.gov.cn/pub/chn/gxh/zlb/tyfg/t270754.htm,2017年3月24日。
13 The South China Sea Arbitration,p.5,at https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf,21 March 2017.
14 吴士存主编:《南海问题文献汇编》,海口:海南出版社2001年,第234页。
15 《联合国海洋法公约》,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
16 袁古洁:《国际海洋划界的理论与实践》,北京:法律出版社2001年,第224~225页。
17 郭渊:《地缘政治与南海争端》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2011年,第301~302页。
18 韩振华主编:《我国南海诸岛史料汇编》,上海:东方出版社1988年,第519页。
19 Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v.Norway),pp.127~130,at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/5/1809.pdf,28 March 2017.
20 C.F.Amerasinghe,The Problem of Archipelagoes in the International Law of the Sea,International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.23,Issue 3,1974,p.544.
21 Jeanette Green Field,China’s Practice in the Law of the Sea,Gloucestershire:Clarendon Press,1992,p.72.
22 贾兵兵:《国际公法:和平时期的解释与适用》,北京:清华大学出版社2015年,第32 ~33页。
23 洪农、李建伟、陈平平:《群岛国概念和南(中国)海——〈联合国海洋法公约〉、国家实践及其启示》,载于《中国海洋法学评论》2013年第1期,第193页。
24 M.Z.N.76.2010.LOS of 17 February 2010,at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATION ANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn76ef.pdf,29 April 2017.
25 赵理海:《关于南海诸岛的若干法律问题》,载于《法制与社会发展》1995年第4期,第56~57页。
26 卜凌嘉、黄靖文:《大陆国家在其远洋群岛适用直线基线问题》,载于《中山大学法律评论》2013年第2辑,第110页。
27 《联合国海洋法公约》第155条和第312~314条,下载于http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,2017年3月22日。
28 郑雨晨:《大陆国家的洋中群岛制度的演变及其对我国南海诸岛的影响》(硕士论文),北京:外交学院2016年版,第34页。
29 《关于国家管辖范围内海域的工作文件》第1条第6款:“岛屿相互距离较近的群岛或列岛,可视为一个整体,划定领海范围。”
30 Duterte Favors Making Deal with China over Dispute,at http://globalnation.inquirer.net/138487/duterte-favors-making-deal-china-dispute,31 March 2017.
31 张洁:《南海博弈:美菲军事同盟与中菲关系的调整》,载于《太平洋学报》2016年第7 期,第33页。
32 2017年3月30日外交部发言人陆慷主持例行记者会,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1450196.shtml,2017年3月30日。
33 《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第40条:“双方就涉及南海的问题交换了看法。双方重申争议问题不是中菲双边关系的全部。双方就以适当方式处理南海争议的重要性交换了意见。双方重申维护及促进和平稳定、在南海的航行和飞越自由的重要性,根据包括《联合国宪章》和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》在内公认的国际法原则,不诉诸武力或以武力相威胁,由直接有关的主权国家通过友好磋商和谈判,以和平方式解决领土和管辖权争议。”
34《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第41条:“双方回顾了2002年《南海各方行为宣言》和2016年7月25日于老挝万象通过的中国-东盟外长关于全面有效落实《宣言》的声明。双方承诺全面、有效落实《宣言》,愿共同努力在协商一致基础上早日达成‘南海行为准则’。”
35 薛桂芳:《蓝色的较量——维护我国海洋权益的大博弈》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2015年版,第265页。
36 《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》第42条:“双方同意继续商谈建立信心措施,提升互信和信心,并承诺在南海采取行动方面保持自我克制,以免使争议复杂化、扩大化和影响和平与稳定。鉴此,在作为其他机制的补充,不损及其他机制基础上,建立一个双边磋商机制是有益的,双方可就涉及南海的各自当前及其他关切进行定期磋商。双方同意探讨在其他领域开展合作。”
3 ZHENG Hailin,International Law Analysis of the South China Sea Arbitration Case,Pacific Journal,Vol.24,No.8,2016,p.4.(in Chinese)
5 Policy Research Office of State Oceanic Administration,Collection of International Maritime Delimitation Treaties,Beijing:China Ocean Press,1989,p.79.(in Chinese)
6 DU Hengzhi,An Outline of International Law(I),Taipei:The Commercial Press,Ltd.,1971,pp.216~217.(in Chinese)
7 UNCLOS,at http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,22 March 2017.
8 Institute of International Oceanic Studies,Selection of Marine Laws,Regulations and Agreements of China’s Marine Neighbors,Beijing:China Ocean Press,1984,p.60.(in Chinese)
10 GUO Yuan,Geopolitics and South China Sea Disputes,Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2011,pp.273~281.(in Chinese)
12 China Delivered a Declaration Excluding Compulsory Procedures under Article 298 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,at http://wcm.fmprc.gov.cn/pub/chn/gxh/zlb/tyfg/t270754.htm,24 March 2017.(in Chinese)
14 WU Shicun ed.,Compilation of Documents on South China Sea Issues,Haikou:Hainan Press,2001,p.234.(in Chinese)
15 UNCLOS,at http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/index.shtml,22 March 2017.
16 YUAN Gujie,The Theory and Practice of the International Maritime Delimitation,Beijing:Law Press China,2001,pp.224~225.(in Chinese)
17 GUO Yuan,Geopolitics and South China Sea Disputes,Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2011,pp.301~302.(in Chinese)
18 HAN Zhenhua ed.,Collection of the Historical Materials of the SCS Islands,Shanghai:Orient Publishing Center,1988,p.519.(in Chinese)
22 JIA Bingbing,Public International Law:Its Interpretation and Application in Time of Peace,Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2015,pp.32~33.(in Chinese)
23 HONG Nong,LI Jianwei and CHEN Pingping,The Concept of Archipelagic State and the South China Sea:UNLCOS,State Practice and Implication,China Oceans Law Review,No.1,2013,p.223.
25 ZHAO Lihai,On Some Legal Issues Relating to the SCS Islands,Law and Social Development,No.4,1995,pp.56~57.(in Chinese)
26 BU Lingjia and HUANG Jingwen,The Issue Concerning the Continental States’Application of Straight Baselines to Their Distant Archipelagoes,Sun Yat-sen University Law Review,No.2,2013,p.110.(in Chinese)
27 UNCLOS,Articles 155,312~314,at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm,22 March 2017.
28 ZHENG Yuchen,The Evolution of the Regime of Mid-Ocean Archipelago of Continental States and Its Implication for China’s South China Sea Islands(Master Dissertation),Beijing:China Foreign Affairs University,2016,p.34.(in Chinese)
29 Article 1(6)of the Working Paper on Sea Area within National Jurisdiction states:“a group or a fringe of islands that are relatively close to each other may be considered as a single entity when drawing territorial seas.”
31 ZHANG Jie,The South China Sea Game:U.S.–Philippines Military Alliance and SinoPhilippine Relations Adjustment,Pacific Journal,No.7,2016,p.33.(in Chinese)
32 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang’s Regular Press Conference on 30 March 2017,at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1450255.shtml,30 May 2017.
33 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 40,“Both sides exchange views on issues regarding the South China Sea.Both sides affirm that contentious issues are not the sum total of the China-Philippines bilateral relationship.Both sides exchange views on the importance of handling the disputes in the South China Sea in an appropriate manner.Both sides also reaffirm the importance of maintaining and promoting peace and stability,freedom of navigation in and overflight above the South China Sea,addressing their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means,without resorting to the threat or use of force,through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned,in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law,including the Charter of the United Nations and the 1982 UNCLOS.”
34 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 41,“Both sides recall the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea(DOC)and the Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Member States and China on the Full and Effective Implementation of the DOC adopted in Vientiane on 25 July 2016.Both sides commit to the full and effective implementation of DOC in its entirety,and work substantively toward the early conclusion of a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea(COC)based on consensus.”
35 XUE Guifang,Blue Game:A Great Game with Respect to the Protection of China’s Maritime Rights and Interests,Beijing:China University of Political Science and Law Press,2015,p.265.(in Chinese)
36 Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines,Article 42,“Both sides agree to continue discussions on confidence-building measures to increase mutual trust and confidence and to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities in the South China Sea that would complicate or escalate disputes and affect peace and stability.In this regard,in addition to and without prejudice to other mechanisms,a bilateral consultation mechanism can be useful,which will meet regularly on current and other issues of concern to either side on the South China Sea.Both sides also agree to explore other areas of cooperation.”
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