风景智慧的传承和发展——对中国国家公园规划建设的启示
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- 英文论文题名：Do the Planning and Management for National Parks of China——Learning from Chinese Scenic Wisdom(CSW)
- 论文作者：刘广宁 ; 吴承照
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：同济大学建筑与城市规划学院;
- 论文关键词：风景智慧 ; 风景资源 ; 功能空间 ; 使用需求 ; 风景
- 英文论文关键词：Chinese Scenic Wisdom(CSW) ; Scenic Resource ; Functional Space ; People's Needs ; Landscape
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-31
- 会议录名称：中国风景园林学会2015年会论文集
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：TU986.54
- 学会代码：ZGFV
- 会议名称：中国风景园林学会2015年会
- 会议地点：中国北京
- 主办单位：中国风景园林学会
- 学会名称：中国风景园林学会
- 页数：5
- 文件大小：377k
- 原文格式：O
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
中国的风景文化传统历史悠久,起源于早期人类对于自然的感知,经过神化、人化、感性和理性的认知最终形成完整风景体系。中文语境下的风景是人对自然环境的文化性、生态性、审美性改造和人地关系的营建,并以具象的空间形态表现出来。中国传统风景地中的风景资源的开发利用不乏人地关系和谐发展的经典案例,蕴藏着深厚的东方古典哲学智慧。这种基于人的需求的充分体现人地和谐的风景资源的开发利用智慧可以称之为中国传统的风景智慧。当今面对中国自然风景保护地的发展困境和保护地系统的混乱局面,以及国家公园体制建设所面临的各种争论和困惑,对中国传统的风景智慧的研究和发展变得更加紧迫。需要从中汲取精华,为未来中国的自然保护地和国家公园的管理和规划提供更切合中国保护地特点的指导。时代变迁,人的需求与古代相比发生变化,原始的功能和其相对应的空间形式对应当代人的需求如何延续、置换和重建是一个亟待解决的问题。以自然、文化双遗产泰山风景名胜区为例,通过古今人的需求、功能和空间形式的对比,对古代风景资源利用方式与人的需求满足的关系进行深入解读。从古人的智慧中吸取经验,为未来中国国家公园的规划建设提供理论技术支持。
The Chinese traditional culture of landscape origins from perception of the nature.It had become a holistic landscape system through the cognitive process of apotheosis,humanization,sensibility and rationality.The concepts of landscape are quite different between Chinese and western culture.As a kind of humanized nature,it reflects the harmonious relationship between human and nature,which was artistically transformed and constructed.The result of it is a spatial form characterized by culture,ecology and aesthetics.With the rational utilization of the nature resources by the wisdom of Chinese traditional philosophy,Chinese traditional scenic areas had been the places where human and nature are harmoniously integrated.We can call this wisdom as Chinese Scenic Wisdom(CSW).Nowadays,because of mess of the system of Chinese scenic and historic areas and protected areas,a proper national park system is badly needed.Nevertheless,how to make the CSW work out in the planning and management of Chinese protected areas and Chinese national parks need to be solved.As the changes of people's needs,how can we regard the functional spaces which meet the ancient people' s needs is still a question.In our present work,we took Tai Mountain as an example to compare the people's needs and functional spatial forms between ancient time and now,and find out a way to balance the relationship between the harmony utilization of scenic resources and the fulfillment of people' s needs.We also discuss the core meaning of CSW and learn some experiences from ancient people.We hope that the CSW could provide theoretical and practical support for the planning and management of Chinese National Park.
The Chinese traditional culture of landscape origins from perception of the nature.It had become a holistic landscape system through the cognitive process of apotheosis,humanization,sensibility and rationality.The concepts of landscape are quite different between Chinese and western culture.As a kind of humanized nature,it reflects the harmonious relationship between human and nature,which was artistically transformed and constructed.The result of it is a spatial form characterized by culture,ecology and aesthetics.With the rational utilization of the nature resources by the wisdom of Chinese traditional philosophy,Chinese traditional scenic areas had been the places where human and nature are harmoniously integrated.We can call this wisdom as Chinese Scenic Wisdom(CSW).Nowadays,because of mess of the system of Chinese scenic and historic areas and protected areas,a proper national park system is badly needed.Nevertheless,how to make the CSW work out in the planning and management of Chinese protected areas and Chinese national parks need to be solved.As the changes of people's needs,how can we regard the functional spaces which meet the ancient people' s needs is still a question.In our present work,we took Tai Mountain as an example to compare the people's needs and functional spatial forms between ancient time and now,and find out a way to balance the relationship between the harmony utilization of scenic resources and the fulfillment of people' s needs.We also discuss the core meaning of CSW and learn some experiences from ancient people.We hope that the CSW could provide theoretical and practical support for the planning and management of Chinese National Park.
引文
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[15]马立,刘巍.简述历代帝王与泰山旅游活动[J].兰台世界.2014(01):151-2.
[16]王彬汕,杨锐,郑光中.泰山景观资源的保护与利用[J].城市规划.2001(04):76-80.
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[18]周郢.泰山碧霞元君祭:从民间祭祀到国家祭祀——以清代“四月十八日遣祭”为中心[J].民俗研究.2012(05):41-50.
[19]叶涛.碧霞元君信仰与华北乡村社会——明清时期泰山香社考论[J].文史哲.2009(02):24-37.
[20]宋振春,陈方英,宋国惠.基于旅游者感知的世界文化遗产吸引力研究——以泰山为例[J].旅游科学.2006(06):28-34.
[21]Xiang WN,Doing real and pennanent good in landscape and urban planning:Ecological wisdom for urban sustainability[J].Landscape And Urban Planning.2014:121,65-9.
[22]孟兆祯.山水城市知行合一浅论[J].中国园林.2012(01):44-8.
[23]方光华.中国传统生态智慧与生态文明建设[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2013(06):9-15.
[24]程相占,杜维明.环境感知、生态智慧与儒学创新[J].学术月刊.2008(01):22-30.
[25]Xiang W-N.Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems:Awareness,acceptance,and adaptation[J].Landscape And Urban Planning.2013:110:1-4.
[2]范阳著.山水美论[M].南宁:广西教育出版社;1993.
[3]郑祖安,蒋明宏著.徐霞客与山水文化[M].上海:上海文化出版社;1994.
[4]杨锐,王应临.从《四部丛刊》略考“风景”[J].中国园林.2012(03):34-7.
[5]杨锐.“风景”释义[J].中国园林.2010(9):1-3.
[6]刘滨谊.寻找中国的风景园林[J].中国园林.2014(05):23-7.
[7]姚亦锋.探讨“风景园林”“景观”概念以及相关研究[J].传承·交融:陈植造园思想国际研讨会暨园林规划设计理论与实践博士生论坛论文集.2009.
[8]耿欣,李雄,章俊华.从中国“八景”看中国园林的文化意识[J].中国园林.2009(05):34-9.
[9]姚亦锋.以文化地理学视角探寻中国风景园林源流脉络[J].中国园林.2013(08):83-5.
[10]谢凝高.风景审美的和谐性[J].风景名胜.1994(04):10-1.
[11]李溪.如屏的山水:中国美学视野下的“风景如画”[J].中国园林.2014(04):108-13.
[12]林箐,王向荣.风景园林与文化[J].中国园林.2009(09):19-23.
[13]吴欣.山水之境:中国文化中的风景园林[M].北京:三联书店;2015.
[14]叶涛.论泰山崇拜与东岳泰山神的形成[J].西北民族研究.2004(03):132-41.
[15]马立,刘巍.简述历代帝王与泰山旅游活动[J].兰台世界.2014(01):151-2.
[16]王彬汕,杨锐,郑光中.泰山景观资源的保护与利用[J].城市规划.2001(04):76-80.
[17]范恩君.张志纯与泰山南天门[J].中国道教.2002(04):53-4.
[18]周郢.泰山碧霞元君祭:从民间祭祀到国家祭祀——以清代“四月十八日遣祭”为中心[J].民俗研究.2012(05):41-50.
[19]叶涛.碧霞元君信仰与华北乡村社会——明清时期泰山香社考论[J].文史哲.2009(02):24-37.
[20]宋振春,陈方英,宋国惠.基于旅游者感知的世界文化遗产吸引力研究——以泰山为例[J].旅游科学.2006(06):28-34.
[21]Xiang WN,Doing real and pennanent good in landscape and urban planning:Ecological wisdom for urban sustainability[J].Landscape And Urban Planning.2014:121,65-9.
[22]孟兆祯.山水城市知行合一浅论[J].中国园林.2012(01):44-8.
[23]方光华.中国传统生态智慧与生态文明建设[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2013(06):9-15.
[24]程相占,杜维明.环境感知、生态智慧与儒学创新[J].学术月刊.2008(01):22-30.
[25]Xiang W-N.Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems:Awareness,acceptance,and adaptation[J].Landscape And Urban Planning.2013:110:1-4.