郑州市冬季大气PM_(2.5)传输路径和潜在源分析
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摘要
针对郑州市2017年12月~2018年2月的冬季气象数据和大气污染物质量浓度在线监测数据,分析了气象条件对颗粒物浓度的影响.通过混合型单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹(HYSPLIT)方法模拟了郑州市冬季48 h的气流后向轨迹,同时进行了聚类分析,并使用潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)方法和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)方法分析了郑州市冬季PM_(2.5)的潜在污染来源和不同潜在源区对郑州市大气PM_(2.5)浓度的贡献.结果表明,低风速、高湿度和较少的降水是造成颗粒物污染严重的重要气象因素;超过60%的后向轨迹来自西北方向,其次是来自京津地区的轨迹占比为25.6%,而来自南边和东边的轨迹只占7.5%和6.1%,但对应着较高的PM_(2.5)浓度;郑州市冬季PM_(2.5)的潜在源区主要是北部的京津冀传输通道城市,包括焦作、开封、新乡、鹤壁、濮阳、安阳、邯郸和邢台,此外,相邻省份包括山西省、湖北省和安徽省部分区域对郑州市大气PM_(2.5)污染水平也有着较大的影响和贡献.
In this study,meteorological and air mass concentration data of Zhengzhou from December 2017 to February 2018(winter)were used to quantify the influence of meteorological factors on the PM.The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model was used to analyze the 48-hour backward trajectories and the cluster method was applied to classify the airflow backward trajectory.Moreover,the potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis were applied to evaluate the transport pathways and sources of PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou.The results show that the heavy pollution in Zhengzhou during winter is mainly due to the low wind speed,high relative humidity,and low precipitation.The cluster analysis revealed that up to 60% of the back trajectories came from the northwest and 25.56% of the back trajectories came from the Beijing-Tianjin area.The airflow trajectories from the south and east account for 7.5% and 6.1% with higher PM_(2.5) concentrations.The main potential sources of PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou during winter are located in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei air pollution transmission channel cities including Jiaozuo,Kaifeng,Xinxiang,Hebi,Puyang,Anyang,Handan,and Xingtai.The adjacent provinces,including Shanxi,Hubei,and Anhui,also have great influence on the PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou.
In this study,meteorological and air mass concentration data of Zhengzhou from December 2017 to February 2018(winter)were used to quantify the influence of meteorological factors on the PM.The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model was used to analyze the 48-hour backward trajectories and the cluster method was applied to classify the airflow backward trajectory.Moreover,the potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis were applied to evaluate the transport pathways and sources of PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou.The results show that the heavy pollution in Zhengzhou during winter is mainly due to the low wind speed,high relative humidity,and low precipitation.The cluster analysis revealed that up to 60% of the back trajectories came from the northwest and 25.56% of the back trajectories came from the Beijing-Tianjin area.The airflow trajectories from the south and east account for 7.5% and 6.1% with higher PM_(2.5) concentrations.The main potential sources of PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou during winter are located in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei air pollution transmission channel cities including Jiaozuo,Kaifeng,Xinxiang,Hebi,Puyang,Anyang,Handan,and Xingtai.The adjacent provinces,including Shanxi,Hubei,and Anhui,also have great influence on the PM_(2.5) in Zhengzhou.
引文
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[24]Jiang N,Wang K,Yu X,et al.Chemical characteristics and source apportionment by two receptor models of size-segregated aerosols in an emerging megacity in China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2018,18(6):1375-1390.
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[26]Wang Y Q,Zhang X Y,Draxler R R.Traj Stat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2009,24(8):938-939.
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[28]Polissar A V,Hopke P K,Paatero P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(16):2441-2458.
[29]Seibert P,Kromp-Kolb H,Baltensperger U,et al.Trajectory analysis of high-alpine air pollution data[A].In:Gryning S E,Millán M M(Eds.).Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X.Boston,MA:Springer,1994.595-596.
[30]Hsu Y K,Holsen T M,Hopke P K.Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[31]Watson J G.2002 Critical review-Visibility:science and regulation[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2002,52(6):628-713.
[32]Wu D,Bi X Y,Deng X J,et al.Effect of atmospheric haze on the deterioration of visibility over the Pearl River Delta[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2007,21(2):215-223.
[33]Liu X G,Gu J W,Li Y P,et al.Increase of aerosol scattering by hygroscopic growth:observation,modeling,and implications on visibility[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,132-133:91-101.
[34]Fu X X,Wang X M,Hu Q H,et al.Changes in visibility with PM2.5composition and relative humidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,40:10-19.
[35]马跃先,孙明明,张杰,等.小波分析在郑州市供暖期PM2.5浓度相关性分析中的应用[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):3960-3964.Ma Y X,Sun M M,Zhang J,et al.Application of wavelet analysis in correlation analysis of PM2.5concentration in Zhengzhou City during heating period[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(8):3960-3964.
[36]Zhao X J,Zhao P S,Xu J,et al.Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(11):5685-5696.
[37]Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N.Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[M].New York:Wiley,1998.
[38]Chameides W L,Walker J C G.A time-dependent photochemica model for ozone near the ground[J].Journal of Geophysica Research,1976,81(3):413-420.
[39]邓雪娇,周秀骥,吴兑,等.珠江三角洲大气气溶胶对地面臭氧变化的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(1):93-102.Deng X J,Zhou X J,Wu D,et al.Effect of atmospheric aeroso on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region[J].Science China Earth Science,2011 54(5):744-752.
[40]Ran L,Zhao C S,Geng F H,et al.Ozone photochemical production in urban Shanghai,China:analysis based on ground level observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2009,114(D15):D15301.
[41]Hu X M,Zhang Y,Jacobson M Z,et al.Coupling and evaluating gas/particle mass transfer treatments for aerosol simulation and forecast[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2008,113(D11):D11208.
[2]Yang Y R,Liu X G,Qu Y,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of continuous extreme hazes in China:a case study in autumn of 2014 in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2015,15(7):10987-11029.
[3]Luan T,Guo X L,Guo L J,et al.Quantifying the relationship between PM2.5concentration,visibility and planetary boundary layer height for long-lasting haze and fog-haze mixed events in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(1):203-225.
[4]王艳,柴发合,刘厚凤,等.长江三角洲地区大气污染物水平输送场特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(1):22-29.Wang Y,Chai F H,Liu H F,et al.Analysis on the characteristics of horizontal transport of the atmospheric pollutant over the Yangtze Delta[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(1):22-29.
[5]薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1361-1368.Xue W B,Fu F,Wang J N,et al.Numerical study on the characteristics of regional transport of PM2.5in China[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1361-1368.
[6]王芳,陈东升,程水源,等.基于气流轨迹聚类的大气污染输送影响[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(6):637-642.Wang F,Chen D S,Cheng S Y,et al.Impacts of air pollutant transport based on air trajectory clustering[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(6):637-642.
[7]张志刚,高庆先,韩雪琴,等.中国华北区域城市间污染物输送研究[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):14-20.Zhang Z G,Gao Q X,Han X Q,et al.The study of pollutant transport between the cities in north China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):14-20.
[8]王茜.利用轨迹模式研究上海大气污染的输送来源[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(4):357-363.Wang Q.Study of air pollution transportation source in Shanghai using trajectory model[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(4):357-363.
[9]任传斌,吴立新,张媛媛,等.北京城区PM2.5输送途径与潜在源区贡献的四季差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2591-2598.Ren C B,Wu L X,Zhang Y Y,et al.Analyze to the seasonal differences of transport pathways and potential source-zones of Beijing urban PM2.5[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2591-2598.
[10]Liao T T,Wang S,Ai J,et al.Heavy pollution episodes,transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5during the winter of 2013 in Chengdu(China)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,584-585:1056-1065.
[11]Gao J J,Tian H Z,Cheng K,et al.The variation of chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10and formation causes during two haze pollution events in urban Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:1-8.
[12]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.Wang G C,Wang J,Xin Y J,et al.Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3009-3016.
[13]Perrone M R,Becagli S,Orza J A G,et al.The impact of longrange-transport on PM1and PM2.5at a Central Mediterranean site[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,71:176-186.
[14]国家统计局.河南统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[15]Economist Intelligence Unit.Supersized cities:China's 13megalopolises[EB/OL].https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Megalopolis2012.2012-07.
[16]中华人民共和国生态环境部.2013-2016中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/.2017-06-05.
[17]Jiang N,Guo Y,Wang Q,et al.Chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5in three cities in Henan,central China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2017,17(10):2367-2380.
[18]Wang Q,Jiang N,Yin S S,et al.Carbonaceous species in PM2.5and PM10in urban area of Zhengzhou in China:seasonal variations and source apportionment[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,191:1-11.
[19]Jiang N,Li Q,Su F C,et al.Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,66:188-198.
[20]Jiang N,Yin S S,Guo Y,et al.Characteristics of mass concentration,chemical composition,source apportionment of PM2.5and PM10and health risk assessment in the emerging megacity in China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2018,9(2):309-321.
[21]Wang J,Geng N B,Xu Y F,et al.PAHs in PM2.5in Zhengzhou:concentration,carcinogenic risk analysis,and source apportionment[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(11):7461-7473.
[22]陈强,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.郑州市PM2.5浓度时空分布特征及预测模型研究[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(3):105-112.Chen Q,Mei K,Zhu H M,et al.Study on spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5concentrations and prediction model over Zhengzhou City[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(3):105-112.
[23]Jiang N,Duan S G,Yu X,et al.Comparative major components and health risks of toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PM2.5in winter and summer in Zhengzhou:based on three-year data[J].Atmospheric Research,2018,213:173-184.
[24]Jiang N,Wang K,Yu X,et al.Chemical characteristics and source apportionment by two receptor models of size-segregated aerosols in an emerging megacity in China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2018,18(6):1375-1390.
[25]赵恒,王体健,江飞,等.利用后向轨迹模式研究TRACE-P期间香港大气污染物的来源[J].热带气象学报,2009,25(2):181-186.Zhao H,Wang T J,Jiang F,et al.Investigation into the source of air pollutants to hong kong by using backward trajectory method during the TRACE-P campaign[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2009,25(2):181-186.
[26]Wang Y Q,Zhang X Y,Draxler R R.Traj Stat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2009,24(8):938-939.
[27]Ashbaugh L L,Malm W C,Sadeh W Z.A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at grand Canyon National Park[J].Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(8):1263-1270.
[28]Polissar A V,Hopke P K,Paatero P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(16):2441-2458.
[29]Seibert P,Kromp-Kolb H,Baltensperger U,et al.Trajectory analysis of high-alpine air pollution data[A].In:Gryning S E,Millán M M(Eds.).Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X.Boston,MA:Springer,1994.595-596.
[30]Hsu Y K,Holsen T M,Hopke P K.Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[31]Watson J G.2002 Critical review-Visibility:science and regulation[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2002,52(6):628-713.
[32]Wu D,Bi X Y,Deng X J,et al.Effect of atmospheric haze on the deterioration of visibility over the Pearl River Delta[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2007,21(2):215-223.
[33]Liu X G,Gu J W,Li Y P,et al.Increase of aerosol scattering by hygroscopic growth:observation,modeling,and implications on visibility[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,132-133:91-101.
[34]Fu X X,Wang X M,Hu Q H,et al.Changes in visibility with PM2.5composition and relative humidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,40:10-19.
[35]马跃先,孙明明,张杰,等.小波分析在郑州市供暖期PM2.5浓度相关性分析中的应用[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):3960-3964.Ma Y X,Sun M M,Zhang J,et al.Application of wavelet analysis in correlation analysis of PM2.5concentration in Zhengzhou City during heating period[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(8):3960-3964.
[36]Zhao X J,Zhao P S,Xu J,et al.Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(11):5685-5696.
[37]Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N.Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[M].New York:Wiley,1998.
[38]Chameides W L,Walker J C G.A time-dependent photochemica model for ozone near the ground[J].Journal of Geophysica Research,1976,81(3):413-420.
[39]邓雪娇,周秀骥,吴兑,等.珠江三角洲大气气溶胶对地面臭氧变化的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(1):93-102.Deng X J,Zhou X J,Wu D,et al.Effect of atmospheric aeroso on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region[J].Science China Earth Science,2011 54(5):744-752.
[40]Ran L,Zhao C S,Geng F H,et al.Ozone photochemical production in urban Shanghai,China:analysis based on ground level observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2009,114(D15):D15301.
[41]Hu X M,Zhang Y,Jacobson M Z,et al.Coupling and evaluating gas/particle mass transfer treatments for aerosol simulation and forecast[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2008,113(D11):D11208.