景观空间异质性对地表水质服务的影响研究——以河南省伊河流域为例
|
摘要
人类干扰使景观空间异质性发生了剧烈变化,进而对生态系统服务产生了严重影响。目前,针对景观空间异质性与生态系统服务的关联关系研究还较为薄弱。以河南省伊河流域为研究区域,以地表水质服务为研究对象,分析了地表水质服务的空间变化;通过以水质采样点为中心建立缓冲区,分析了不同尺度下的景观空间异质性特征,并与地表水质指标进行相关性研究,以探讨景观空间异质性与地表水质服务间的影响规律及响应机制。结果表明:(1)研究区地表水质状况整体上为西南、东北部较差,中部较好;(2)从景观组成来看,林地面积占比或斑块个数的增加有利于地表水质的提高;(3)类型水平上,林地的景观构型与化学需氧量的质量浓度在200 m半径缓冲区内显著相关(P<0.05),城镇用地的景观构型对地表水质的影响则在2000 m半径缓冲区内更为明显;(4)景观水平上,总磷的质量浓度受到景观构型变化的强烈影响(P<0.05),景观构型异质性越低,总磷的质量浓度就越高;(5)适当增加景观空间异质性可有效降低地表水质污染物的质量浓度,提高地表水质服务。研究结论可为伊河流域的空间开发及水环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据。
Human disturbance frequently and strongly works on landscape, which causes sharp change of landscape spatial heterogeneity, and then seriously influences ecosystem services.Currently, research on the correlation between landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem services is still weak. Issues such as how landscape spatial heterogeneity affects ecosystem services, and what contributions it makes to sustain ecosystem services have to be solved urgently. This article chooses the Yihe River basin as a study area, and surface water quality service as the object. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus are selected and calculated to represent surface water quality, and the spatial distribution of surface water quality was analyzed. Buffer zones with 5 different lengths of radius were built around each of the 20 sampling sites to analyze the characteristics of landscape spatial heterogeneity at different scales. Correlation analysis was carried out to discuss the influencing rules and responding mechanisms between landscape spatial heterogeneity and surface water quality service. Results show that:(1) Surface water quality in the Yihe River basin is generally good, but in the southwest and northeast parts around urban areas, surface water quality is relatively poor.(2) Different landscape composition types affect surface water quality differently. From the aspect of landscape composition, it can be seen that if the area proportion or patch number of forest is increasing, surface water quality would improve simultaneously.(3) At the class level, there is a significant correlation between landscape configuration of forest and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand(P<0.05)within 200 m radius buffer zones, while the landscape configuration of urban areas would influence surface water more significantly within 2000 m radius buffer zones.(4) At the landscape level, the concentration of total phosphorus is strongly influenced by landscape configuration change(P<0.05), when landscape configurational heterogeneity is lower, the concentration of total phosphorus would be higher.(5) Increasing landscape spatial heterogeneity appropriately can effectively reduce the concentration of surface water pollutant and ensure the sustainability of surface water quality service. This study provides a scientific foundation for the spatial development and policy making for aquatic environmental protection in the Yihe River basin.
Human disturbance frequently and strongly works on landscape, which causes sharp change of landscape spatial heterogeneity, and then seriously influences ecosystem services.Currently, research on the correlation between landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem services is still weak. Issues such as how landscape spatial heterogeneity affects ecosystem services, and what contributions it makes to sustain ecosystem services have to be solved urgently. This article chooses the Yihe River basin as a study area, and surface water quality service as the object. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus are selected and calculated to represent surface water quality, and the spatial distribution of surface water quality was analyzed. Buffer zones with 5 different lengths of radius were built around each of the 20 sampling sites to analyze the characteristics of landscape spatial heterogeneity at different scales. Correlation analysis was carried out to discuss the influencing rules and responding mechanisms between landscape spatial heterogeneity and surface water quality service. Results show that:(1) Surface water quality in the Yihe River basin is generally good, but in the southwest and northeast parts around urban areas, surface water quality is relatively poor.(2) Different landscape composition types affect surface water quality differently. From the aspect of landscape composition, it can be seen that if the area proportion or patch number of forest is increasing, surface water quality would improve simultaneously.(3) At the class level, there is a significant correlation between landscape configuration of forest and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand(P<0.05)within 200 m radius buffer zones, while the landscape configuration of urban areas would influence surface water more significantly within 2000 m radius buffer zones.(4) At the landscape level, the concentration of total phosphorus is strongly influenced by landscape configuration change(P<0.05), when landscape configurational heterogeneity is lower, the concentration of total phosphorus would be higher.(5) Increasing landscape spatial heterogeneity appropriately can effectively reduce the concentration of surface water pollutant and ensure the sustainability of surface water quality service. This study provides a scientific foundation for the spatial development and policy making for aquatic environmental protection in the Yihe River basin.
引文
[1]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA).Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Synthesis.Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[2]Watanabe M D B,Ortega E.Ecosystem services and biogeochemical cycles on a global scale:Valuation of water,carbon and nitrogen processes.Environmental Science Policy,2011,14(6):594-604.
[3]吕一河,胡健,孙飞翔,等.水源涵养与水文调节:和而不同的陆地生态系统水文服务.生态学报,2015,35(15):5191-5196.[Lv Yihe,Hu Jian,Sun Feixiang,et al.Water retention and hydrological regulation:Harmony but not the same in terrestrial hydrological ecosystem services.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5191-5196.]
[4]Bu H,Meng W,Zhang Y,et al.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin,China.Ecological Indicators,2014,41(3):187-197.
[5]苏常红,傅伯杰.景观格局与生态过程的关系及其对生态系统服务的影响.自然杂志,2012,34(5):277-283.[Su Changhong,Fu Bojie.Discussion on links among landscape pattern,ecological process,and ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(5):277-283.]
[6]宋博,丁圣彦,赵爽,等.农业景观异质性对生物多样性及其生态系统服务的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):443-450.[Song Bo,Ding Shengyan,Zhao Shuang,et al.Effects of agricultural landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(4):443-450.]
[7]Haines-Young R.Landscape pattern:Context and process.In:Wiens J,Moss M.Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology.New York:Cambridge University Press,2005:103-111.
[8]Verhagen W,Van Teeffelen A J A,Compagnucci A B,et al.Effects of landscape configuration on mapping ecosystem service capacity:A review of evidence and a case study in Scotland.Landscape Ecology,2016,31(7):1457-1479.
[9]Turner M G,Chapin III F S.Causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem function.In:Lovett G M,Jones C G,Turner M G,et al.Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes.New York:Springer-Verlag,2005:9-30.
[10]Andersson E,McPhearson T,Kremer P,et al.Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units.Ecosystem Services,2015,12:157-164.
[11]王小平,张飞,李晓航,等.艾比湖区域景观格局空间特征与地表水质的关联分析.生态学报,2017,37(22):7438-7452.[Wang Xiaoping,Zhang Fei,Li Xiaohang,et al.Correlation analysis between the spatial characteristics of land use/cover-landscape patter and surface-water quality in the Ebinur Lake area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(22):7438-7452.]
[12]吉冬青,文雅,魏建兵,等.流溪河流域景观空间特征与河流水质的关联分析.生态学报,2015,35(2):246-253.[Ji Dongqing,Wen Ya,Wei Jianbing,et al.Relationships between landscape spatial characteristics and surface water quality in the Liu Xi River watershed.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):246-253.]
[13]Tscharntke T,Batáry P,Dormann C F.Set-aside management:How do succession,sowing patterns and landscape context affect biodiversity?.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2011,143(1):37-44.
[14]Prager K,Reed M,Scott A.Encouraging collaboration for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale:Rethinking agri-environmental payments.Land Use Policy,2012,29(1):244-249.
[15]邬建国,郭晓川,杨劼,等.什么是可持续性科学?.应用生态学报,2014,25(1):1-11.[Wu Jianguo,Guo Xiaochuan,Yang Jie,et al.What is sustainability science?.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):1-11.]
[16]Qiu J,Turner M G.Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed.Ecosphere,2015,6(11):1-19.
[17]彭建,杜悦悦,刘焱序,等.从自然区划、土地变化到景观服务:发展中的中国综合自然地理学.地理研究,2017,36(10):1819-1833.[Peng Jian,Du Yueyue,Liu Yanxu,et al.From natural regionalization,land change to landscape service:The development of integrated physical geography in China.Geographical Research,2017,36(10):1819-1833.]
[18]满苏尔·沙比提,娜斯曼·那斯尔丁,阿尔斯朗·马木提.托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析.地理研究,2016,35(11):2116-2124.[Mansur Sabit,Nasima Nasirdin,Arslan Mamut.Analysis on the change of land use/cover ecological service value in Tomur National Reserve.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2116-2124.]
[19]夏品华,孔祥量,喻理飞.草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响.环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2983-2989.[Xia Pinhua,Kong Xiangliang,Yu Lifei.Effects of land-use and landscape pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in Caohai wetland watershed.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2983-2989.]
[20]杨洁,许有鹏,高斌,等.城镇化下河流水质变化及其与景观格局关系分析:以太湖流域苏州市为例.湖泊科学,2017,29(4):827-835.[Yang Jie,Xu Youpeng,Gao Bin,et al.River water quality change and its relationship with landscape pattern under the urbanization:A case study of Suzhou city in Taihu Basin.Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(4):827-835.]
[21]张殷俊,陈爽,相景昌.河流近域土地利用格局与水质相关性分析:以巢湖流域为例.长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(9):1054-1061.[Zhang Yinjun,Chen Shuang,Xiang Jingchang.Correlation between the water quality and land use composition in the river side area:A case of Chaohu Lake basin in China.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(9):1054-1061.]
[22]Jung K-W,Lee S-W,Hwang H-S,et al.The effects of spatial variability of land use on stream water quality in a costal watershed.Paddy and Water Environment,2008,6(3):275-284.
[23]Uriarte M,Yackulic C B,Lim Y,et al.Influence of land use on water quality in a tropical landscape:A multi-scale analysis.Landscape Ecology,2011,26(8):1151-1164.
[24]蔡宏,林国敏,康文华.赤水河流域中上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响.地理研究,2018,37(4):704-716.[Cai Hong,Lin Guomin,Kang Wenhua.The effects of sloping landscape features on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of the Chishui River Watershed.Geographical Research,2018,37(4):704-716.]
[25]张大伟,李杨帆,孙翔,等.入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析.环境科学,2010,31(8):1775-1783.[Zhang Dawei,Li Yangfan,Sun Xiang,et al.Relationship between landscape pattern and river water quality in Wujingang region,Taihu Lake watershed.Environmental Science,2010,31(8):1775-1783.]
[26]钱乐祥,丁圣彦,许叔明.伊洛河流域不同地貌类型区的景观空间结构对比分析:以洛宁县为例.地理科学,2003,23(5):604-611.[Qian Lexiang,Ding Shengyan,Xu Shuming.Landscape spatial structure of various landform type areas in Yiluo River basin:A case study of Luoning county.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2003,23(5):604-611.]
[27]丁圣彦,梁国付.地理环境因素对伊洛河流域森林景观的影响.地理研究,2007,26(5):906-914.[Ding Shengyan,Liang Guofu.Analysis of geographic environmental factors on forest landscape dynamics of Yiluo River basin.Geographical Research,2007,26(5):906-914.]
[28]King R S,Baker M E,Whigham D F,et al.Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams.Ecological Applications,2005,15(1):137-153.
[29]魏复盛,国家环境保护总局,《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第四版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[Wei Fusheng,Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,Editorial Committee of"Determination Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater".Determination Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater:4th edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[30]于珊珊,姜明,袁宇翔.小兴凯湖水质的空间异质性.湿地科学,2015,13(2):166-170.[Yu Shanshan,Jiang Ming,Yuan Yuxiang.Spatial heterogeneity of water quality in Xiaoxingkai Lake.Wetland Science,2015,13(2):166-170.]
[31]张林,牟子平,孙洪泉,等.城市河流水质参数空间变异性研究:以苏南某市为例.中国环境监测,2012,28(2):138-141.[Zhang Lin,Mou Ziping,Sun Hongquan,et al.Spatial variability of water quality parameters in rivers:A case study of some city in south of Jiangsu.Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(2):138-141.]
[32]张林,牟子平,孙洪泉,等.苏南某市河流水质参数时空变异性研究.环境污染与防治,2012,34(2):28-33.[Zhang Lin,Mou Ziping,Sun Hongquan,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of water quality of city river in south Jiangsu.Environmental Pollution&Control,2012,34(2):28-33.]
[33]Qiu J,Turner M G.Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed.PNAS,2013,110(29):12149-12154.
[34]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中华人民共和国国家标准GB 3838-2002:地表水环境质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社,2002.[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.National Standards of the People's Republic of China GB 3838-2002:Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.]
[35]Basnyat P,Teeter L D,Flynn K M,et al.Relationships between landscape characteristics and nonpoint source pollution inputs to coastal estuaries.Environmental Management,1999,23(4):539-549.
[36]Tong S T Y,Chen W.Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality.Journal of Environmental Management,2002,66(4):377-393.
[37]陈龙,谢高地,裴厦,等.澜沧江流域生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布.应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2249-2256.[Chen Long,Xie Gaodi,Pei Sha,et al.Ecosystem's soil conservation function and its spatial distribution in Lancang River Basin,Southwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2249-2256.]
[38]王润,丁圣彦,卢训令,等.黄河中下游农业景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的多尺度效应:以巩义市为例.应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2145-2153.[Wang Run,Ding Shengyan,Lu Xunling,et al.Multi-scale effects of landscape heterogeneity on pollinators'diversity in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River:A case study in Gongyi,Henan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2145-2153.]
[2]Watanabe M D B,Ortega E.Ecosystem services and biogeochemical cycles on a global scale:Valuation of water,carbon and nitrogen processes.Environmental Science Policy,2011,14(6):594-604.
[3]吕一河,胡健,孙飞翔,等.水源涵养与水文调节:和而不同的陆地生态系统水文服务.生态学报,2015,35(15):5191-5196.[Lv Yihe,Hu Jian,Sun Feixiang,et al.Water retention and hydrological regulation:Harmony but not the same in terrestrial hydrological ecosystem services.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5191-5196.]
[4]Bu H,Meng W,Zhang Y,et al.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin,China.Ecological Indicators,2014,41(3):187-197.
[5]苏常红,傅伯杰.景观格局与生态过程的关系及其对生态系统服务的影响.自然杂志,2012,34(5):277-283.[Su Changhong,Fu Bojie.Discussion on links among landscape pattern,ecological process,and ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(5):277-283.]
[6]宋博,丁圣彦,赵爽,等.农业景观异质性对生物多样性及其生态系统服务的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):443-450.[Song Bo,Ding Shengyan,Zhao Shuang,et al.Effects of agricultural landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(4):443-450.]
[7]Haines-Young R.Landscape pattern:Context and process.In:Wiens J,Moss M.Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology.New York:Cambridge University Press,2005:103-111.
[8]Verhagen W,Van Teeffelen A J A,Compagnucci A B,et al.Effects of landscape configuration on mapping ecosystem service capacity:A review of evidence and a case study in Scotland.Landscape Ecology,2016,31(7):1457-1479.
[9]Turner M G,Chapin III F S.Causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem function.In:Lovett G M,Jones C G,Turner M G,et al.Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes.New York:Springer-Verlag,2005:9-30.
[10]Andersson E,McPhearson T,Kremer P,et al.Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units.Ecosystem Services,2015,12:157-164.
[11]王小平,张飞,李晓航,等.艾比湖区域景观格局空间特征与地表水质的关联分析.生态学报,2017,37(22):7438-7452.[Wang Xiaoping,Zhang Fei,Li Xiaohang,et al.Correlation analysis between the spatial characteristics of land use/cover-landscape patter and surface-water quality in the Ebinur Lake area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(22):7438-7452.]
[12]吉冬青,文雅,魏建兵,等.流溪河流域景观空间特征与河流水质的关联分析.生态学报,2015,35(2):246-253.[Ji Dongqing,Wen Ya,Wei Jianbing,et al.Relationships between landscape spatial characteristics and surface water quality in the Liu Xi River watershed.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):246-253.]
[13]Tscharntke T,Batáry P,Dormann C F.Set-aside management:How do succession,sowing patterns and landscape context affect biodiversity?.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2011,143(1):37-44.
[14]Prager K,Reed M,Scott A.Encouraging collaboration for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale:Rethinking agri-environmental payments.Land Use Policy,2012,29(1):244-249.
[15]邬建国,郭晓川,杨劼,等.什么是可持续性科学?.应用生态学报,2014,25(1):1-11.[Wu Jianguo,Guo Xiaochuan,Yang Jie,et al.What is sustainability science?.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):1-11.]
[16]Qiu J,Turner M G.Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed.Ecosphere,2015,6(11):1-19.
[17]彭建,杜悦悦,刘焱序,等.从自然区划、土地变化到景观服务:发展中的中国综合自然地理学.地理研究,2017,36(10):1819-1833.[Peng Jian,Du Yueyue,Liu Yanxu,et al.From natural regionalization,land change to landscape service:The development of integrated physical geography in China.Geographical Research,2017,36(10):1819-1833.]
[18]满苏尔·沙比提,娜斯曼·那斯尔丁,阿尔斯朗·马木提.托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析.地理研究,2016,35(11):2116-2124.[Mansur Sabit,Nasima Nasirdin,Arslan Mamut.Analysis on the change of land use/cover ecological service value in Tomur National Reserve.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2116-2124.]
[19]夏品华,孔祥量,喻理飞.草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响.环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2983-2989.[Xia Pinhua,Kong Xiangliang,Yu Lifei.Effects of land-use and landscape pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in Caohai wetland watershed.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2983-2989.]
[20]杨洁,许有鹏,高斌,等.城镇化下河流水质变化及其与景观格局关系分析:以太湖流域苏州市为例.湖泊科学,2017,29(4):827-835.[Yang Jie,Xu Youpeng,Gao Bin,et al.River water quality change and its relationship with landscape pattern under the urbanization:A case study of Suzhou city in Taihu Basin.Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(4):827-835.]
[21]张殷俊,陈爽,相景昌.河流近域土地利用格局与水质相关性分析:以巢湖流域为例.长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(9):1054-1061.[Zhang Yinjun,Chen Shuang,Xiang Jingchang.Correlation between the water quality and land use composition in the river side area:A case of Chaohu Lake basin in China.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(9):1054-1061.]
[22]Jung K-W,Lee S-W,Hwang H-S,et al.The effects of spatial variability of land use on stream water quality in a costal watershed.Paddy and Water Environment,2008,6(3):275-284.
[23]Uriarte M,Yackulic C B,Lim Y,et al.Influence of land use on water quality in a tropical landscape:A multi-scale analysis.Landscape Ecology,2011,26(8):1151-1164.
[24]蔡宏,林国敏,康文华.赤水河流域中上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响.地理研究,2018,37(4):704-716.[Cai Hong,Lin Guomin,Kang Wenhua.The effects of sloping landscape features on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of the Chishui River Watershed.Geographical Research,2018,37(4):704-716.]
[25]张大伟,李杨帆,孙翔,等.入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析.环境科学,2010,31(8):1775-1783.[Zhang Dawei,Li Yangfan,Sun Xiang,et al.Relationship between landscape pattern and river water quality in Wujingang region,Taihu Lake watershed.Environmental Science,2010,31(8):1775-1783.]
[26]钱乐祥,丁圣彦,许叔明.伊洛河流域不同地貌类型区的景观空间结构对比分析:以洛宁县为例.地理科学,2003,23(5):604-611.[Qian Lexiang,Ding Shengyan,Xu Shuming.Landscape spatial structure of various landform type areas in Yiluo River basin:A case study of Luoning county.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2003,23(5):604-611.]
[27]丁圣彦,梁国付.地理环境因素对伊洛河流域森林景观的影响.地理研究,2007,26(5):906-914.[Ding Shengyan,Liang Guofu.Analysis of geographic environmental factors on forest landscape dynamics of Yiluo River basin.Geographical Research,2007,26(5):906-914.]
[28]King R S,Baker M E,Whigham D F,et al.Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams.Ecological Applications,2005,15(1):137-153.
[29]魏复盛,国家环境保护总局,《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第四版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[Wei Fusheng,Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,Editorial Committee of"Determination Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater".Determination Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater:4th edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[30]于珊珊,姜明,袁宇翔.小兴凯湖水质的空间异质性.湿地科学,2015,13(2):166-170.[Yu Shanshan,Jiang Ming,Yuan Yuxiang.Spatial heterogeneity of water quality in Xiaoxingkai Lake.Wetland Science,2015,13(2):166-170.]
[31]张林,牟子平,孙洪泉,等.城市河流水质参数空间变异性研究:以苏南某市为例.中国环境监测,2012,28(2):138-141.[Zhang Lin,Mou Ziping,Sun Hongquan,et al.Spatial variability of water quality parameters in rivers:A case study of some city in south of Jiangsu.Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(2):138-141.]
[32]张林,牟子平,孙洪泉,等.苏南某市河流水质参数时空变异性研究.环境污染与防治,2012,34(2):28-33.[Zhang Lin,Mou Ziping,Sun Hongquan,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of water quality of city river in south Jiangsu.Environmental Pollution&Control,2012,34(2):28-33.]
[33]Qiu J,Turner M G.Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed.PNAS,2013,110(29):12149-12154.
[34]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中华人民共和国国家标准GB 3838-2002:地表水环境质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社,2002.[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.National Standards of the People's Republic of China GB 3838-2002:Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.]
[35]Basnyat P,Teeter L D,Flynn K M,et al.Relationships between landscape characteristics and nonpoint source pollution inputs to coastal estuaries.Environmental Management,1999,23(4):539-549.
[36]Tong S T Y,Chen W.Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality.Journal of Environmental Management,2002,66(4):377-393.
[37]陈龙,谢高地,裴厦,等.澜沧江流域生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布.应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2249-2256.[Chen Long,Xie Gaodi,Pei Sha,et al.Ecosystem's soil conservation function and its spatial distribution in Lancang River Basin,Southwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2249-2256.]
[38]王润,丁圣彦,卢训令,等.黄河中下游农业景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的多尺度效应:以巩义市为例.应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2145-2153.[Wang Run,Ding Shengyan,Lu Xunling,et al.Multi-scale effects of landscape heterogeneity on pollinators'diversity in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River:A case study in Gongyi,Henan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2145-2153.]