福建漳平可坑矿区煤系石墨赋存规律研究
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摘要
漳平可坑矿区地处福建省中部含煤条带,赋存有丰富的高变质无烟煤,有较好的煤系石墨资源前景,是福建重要的石墨成矿区。为了查明可坑矿区煤系石墨的赋存规律,利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等技术,结合矿区岩浆活动和构造运动,对煤成石墨结构演化特征、煤成石墨化作用机制和控制因素进行了研究。结果表明煤系石墨是岩浆热和构造应力共同作用的产物,在煤成石墨化过程中,岩浆热产生的高温促进芳香层相互连接和横向增长,构造应力有利于芳香层的择优定向和有序堆叠,煤成石墨结构在温度、应力等因素作用下,碳层间结构缺陷逐渐消亡,石墨晶格逐渐形成,微观相逐渐转变,最终形成比较完善的石墨结构。研究明确了矿区构造和岩浆岩侵入对煤成石墨化作用的影响,划分了构造动力—岩浆热变质带、岩浆热—构造变质带、构造动力变质带三个变质带和三级控矿断裂带。可坑矿区煤系石墨产于构造动力—岩浆热变质带中,矿层靠近岩体呈近东西走向的单斜层状、似层状展布,但矿床的展布不完全受制于岩体,在空间上也受三级控矿断裂带的控制。
Zhangping Kekeng mining area is located in the coal-bearing belt in the central part of Fujian Province. It contains abundant high-metamorphic anthracite and has good prospects for coal-based graphite resources. It is an important graphite metallogenic area in Fujian Province. In order to find out the occurrence regularity of coal-bearing graphite in Kekeng mining area, the structural evolution characteristics of coal-forming graphite, the mechanism of coal-forming graphitization and the controlling factors were studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, combined with magmatic activities and tectonic movements in the mining area. The results show that coal-based graphite is the product of magmatic heat and tectonic stress. In the process of coal-forming graphitization, the high temperature generated by magmatic heat promotes the interconnection and lateral growth of aromatic layers, and tectonic stress is beneficial to the preferential orientation and orderly stacking of aromatic layers. Under the influence of temperature, stress and other factors, the defects of carbon interlayer structure disappear gradually, graphite lattice forms and micro-phase changes; eventually a relatively perfect graphite structure is formed. The influence of tectonics and magmatic intrusion on coal-forming graphitization is clarified. Three-grade ore-controlling fault zones and three metamorphic belts are classified, which are tectonic dynamics-magmatic thermal metamorphic belt, magmatic thermal-tectonic metamorphic belt and tectonic dynamic metamorphic belt. The coal-based graphite in the Kekeng mining area is produced in tectonic dynamics-magmatic thermal metamorphic belt, and the ore-bearing layer is close to the rock mass with a monoclinic layered and layer-like distribution with approximately E-W strike; however, the distribution of ore deposits is not only controlled by rock mass but also controlled by three-grade ore-controlling faults in space.
Zhangping Kekeng mining area is located in the coal-bearing belt in the central part of Fujian Province. It contains abundant high-metamorphic anthracite and has good prospects for coal-based graphite resources. It is an important graphite metallogenic area in Fujian Province. In order to find out the occurrence regularity of coal-bearing graphite in Kekeng mining area, the structural evolution characteristics of coal-forming graphite, the mechanism of coal-forming graphitization and the controlling factors were studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, combined with magmatic activities and tectonic movements in the mining area. The results show that coal-based graphite is the product of magmatic heat and tectonic stress. In the process of coal-forming graphitization, the high temperature generated by magmatic heat promotes the interconnection and lateral growth of aromatic layers, and tectonic stress is beneficial to the preferential orientation and orderly stacking of aromatic layers. Under the influence of temperature, stress and other factors, the defects of carbon interlayer structure disappear gradually, graphite lattice forms and micro-phase changes; eventually a relatively perfect graphite structure is formed. The influence of tectonics and magmatic intrusion on coal-forming graphitization is clarified. Three-grade ore-controlling fault zones and three metamorphic belts are classified, which are tectonic dynamics-magmatic thermal metamorphic belt, magmatic thermal-tectonic metamorphic belt and tectonic dynamic metamorphic belt. The coal-based graphite in the Kekeng mining area is produced in tectonic dynamics-magmatic thermal metamorphic belt, and the ore-bearing layer is close to the rock mass with a monoclinic layered and layer-like distribution with approximately E-W strike; however, the distribution of ore deposits is not only controlled by rock mass but also controlled by three-grade ore-controlling faults in space.
引文
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[10] 陈宣华, 郑辙. 煤基石墨的喇曼光谱学研究[J]. 矿物学报, 1993, 13(4): 313～318.CHEN Xuanhua, ZHENG Zhe. A Raman spectral study of coal-based graphite[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 1993, 13(4): 313～318. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11] 郑辙, 陈宣华. 煤基石墨的Raman光谱研究[J]. 中国科学(B辑), 1994, 24(6): 640～647.ZHENG Zhe, CHEN Xuanhua. Raman spectra of coal-based graphite[J]. Science in China. Series B, Chemistry, Life Sciences & Earth Sciences, 1995, 38(1): 97～106. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12] 董业绩, 曹代勇, 王路, 等. 地质勘查阶段煤系石墨与无烟煤的划分指标探究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探, 2018, 46(1): 8～12.DONG Yeji, CAO Daiyong, WANG Lu, et al. Indicators for partitioning graphite and anthracite in coal measures during geological exploration phase[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration, 2018, 46(1): 8～12. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13] 王路, 董业绩, 张鹤, 等. 煤成石墨化作用的影响因素及其实验验证[J]. 矿业科学学报, 2018, 3(1): 9～19.WANG Lu, DONG Yeji, ZHANG He, et al. Factors affecting graphitization of coal and the experimental validation[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2018, 3(1): 9～19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] Kwiecinska B, Suárez-Ruiz I, Paluszkiewicz C, et al. Raman spectroscopy of selected carbonaceous samples[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010, 84(3/4): 206～212.
[15] 安江华, 唐分配, 李杰. 湖南石墨矿成矿规律与资源潜力分析[J]. 地质学刊, 2016, 40(3): 433～437.AN Jianghua, TANG Fenpei, LI Jie. Metallogenic rules and resource potential of the graphite deposit in Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Geology, 2016, 40(3): 433～437. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] 杨起, 吴冲龙, 汤达祯, 等. 中国煤变质作用[J]. 地球科学—中国地质大学学报, 1996, 21(3): 311～319.YANG Qi, WU Chonglong, TANG Dazhen, et al. Coal metamorphism in China[J]. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 1996, 21(3): 311～319. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 曹代勇, 李小明, 张守仁. 构造应力对煤化作用的影响—应力降解机制与应力缩聚机制[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 地球科学, 2006, 36(1): 59～68.CAO Daiyong, LI Xiaoming, ZHANG Shouren. Influence of tectonic stress on coalification: Stress degradation mechanism and stress polycondensation mechanism[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(1): 43～54. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 曹代勇, 李小明, 占文锋, 等. 大别山北麓杨山煤系高煤级煤的变形变质作用研究[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2012.CAO Daiyong, LI Xiaoming, ZHAN Wenfeng, et al. Study on deformation and metamorphism of high rank coal in Yangshan coal series at the northern foot of the Dabie mountain[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2012. (in Chinese)
[19] 徐洪金, 张可允, 曾献群, 等. 福建省漳平市桂林可坑矿区石墨矿资源储量核实报告[R]. 龙岩: 龙岩市大地矿业发展服务有限公司, 2011.XU Hongjin, ZHANG Keyun, ZENG Xianqun, et al. Verification report of graphite resources reserve in Kekeng mining area, Guilin, Zhangping City, Fujian Province[R]. Longyan: Longyan Dadi mining development service Co., Ltd. 2011. (in Chinese)
[2] 刘钦甫,袁亮,李阔,等. 不同变质程度煤系石墨结构特征[J]. 地球科学,2018,43(5):1663～1669.LIU Qinfu, YUAN Liang, LI Kuo, et al. Structure Characteristics of Different Metamorphic Grade Coal-Based Graphites[J]. Earth Sciences, 2018,43(5):1663～1669. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] 曹代勇, 张鹤, 董业绩, 等. 煤系石墨矿产地质研究现状与重点方向[J]. 地学前缘, 2017, 24(5): 317～327.CAO Daiyong, ZHANG He, DONG Yeji, et al. Research status and key orientation of coal-based graphite mineral geology[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2017, 24(5): 317～327. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] Diamond R. A least-squares analysis of the diffuse X-ray scattering from carbons[J]. Acta Crystallographica, 1958, 11(3): 129～138.
[5] 杨起. 中国煤变质作用[M]. 北京: 煤炭工业出版社, 1996, 151.YANG Qi. The coal metamorphism in China[M]. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 1996, 151. (in Chinese)
[6] 吴盾. 淮南煤田早二叠纪岩浆接触变质煤纳米级结构研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2014.WU Dun. Research on Nano-Structure of magmatic contact metamorphosed coal (P1) at Huainan Coalfield[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2014. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7] 李小明, 曹代勇, 张守仁, 等. 构造煤与原生结构煤的显微傅立叶红外光谱特征对比研究[J]. 中国煤田地质, 2005, 17(3): 9～11.LI Xiaoming, CAO Daiyong, ZHANG Shouren, et al. Contrast study on the micro-FTIR characters between deformed and undeformed coals[J]. Coal Geology of China, 2005, 17(3): 9～11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] 姜波, 秦勇, 宋党育, 等. 高煤级构造煤的XRD结构及其构造地质意义[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 1998, 27(2): 115～118.JIANG Bo, QIN Yong, SONG Dangyu, et al. XRD Structure of high rank tectonic coals and its implication to structural geology[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 1998, 27(2): 115～118. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] Kwiecińska B, Petersen H I. Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification——ICCP system[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 57(2): 99～116.
[10] 陈宣华, 郑辙. 煤基石墨的喇曼光谱学研究[J]. 矿物学报, 1993, 13(4): 313～318.CHEN Xuanhua, ZHENG Zhe. A Raman spectral study of coal-based graphite[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 1993, 13(4): 313～318. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11] 郑辙, 陈宣华. 煤基石墨的Raman光谱研究[J]. 中国科学(B辑), 1994, 24(6): 640～647.ZHENG Zhe, CHEN Xuanhua. Raman spectra of coal-based graphite[J]. Science in China. Series B, Chemistry, Life Sciences & Earth Sciences, 1995, 38(1): 97～106. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12] 董业绩, 曹代勇, 王路, 等. 地质勘查阶段煤系石墨与无烟煤的划分指标探究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探, 2018, 46(1): 8～12.DONG Yeji, CAO Daiyong, WANG Lu, et al. Indicators for partitioning graphite and anthracite in coal measures during geological exploration phase[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration, 2018, 46(1): 8～12. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13] 王路, 董业绩, 张鹤, 等. 煤成石墨化作用的影响因素及其实验验证[J]. 矿业科学学报, 2018, 3(1): 9～19.WANG Lu, DONG Yeji, ZHANG He, et al. Factors affecting graphitization of coal and the experimental validation[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2018, 3(1): 9～19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] Kwiecinska B, Suárez-Ruiz I, Paluszkiewicz C, et al. Raman spectroscopy of selected carbonaceous samples[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010, 84(3/4): 206～212.
[15] 安江华, 唐分配, 李杰. 湖南石墨矿成矿规律与资源潜力分析[J]. 地质学刊, 2016, 40(3): 433～437.AN Jianghua, TANG Fenpei, LI Jie. Metallogenic rules and resource potential of the graphite deposit in Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Geology, 2016, 40(3): 433～437. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] 杨起, 吴冲龙, 汤达祯, 等. 中国煤变质作用[J]. 地球科学—中国地质大学学报, 1996, 21(3): 311～319.YANG Qi, WU Chonglong, TANG Dazhen, et al. Coal metamorphism in China[J]. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 1996, 21(3): 311～319. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 曹代勇, 李小明, 张守仁. 构造应力对煤化作用的影响—应力降解机制与应力缩聚机制[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 地球科学, 2006, 36(1): 59～68.CAO Daiyong, LI Xiaoming, ZHANG Shouren. Influence of tectonic stress on coalification: Stress degradation mechanism and stress polycondensation mechanism[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(1): 43～54. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 曹代勇, 李小明, 占文锋, 等. 大别山北麓杨山煤系高煤级煤的变形变质作用研究[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2012.CAO Daiyong, LI Xiaoming, ZHAN Wenfeng, et al. Study on deformation and metamorphism of high rank coal in Yangshan coal series at the northern foot of the Dabie mountain[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2012. (in Chinese)
[19] 徐洪金, 张可允, 曾献群, 等. 福建省漳平市桂林可坑矿区石墨矿资源储量核实报告[R]. 龙岩: 龙岩市大地矿业发展服务有限公司, 2011.XU Hongjin, ZHANG Keyun, ZENG Xianqun, et al. Verification report of graphite resources reserve in Kekeng mining area, Guilin, Zhangping City, Fujian Province[R]. Longyan: Longyan Dadi mining development service Co., Ltd. 2011. (in Chinese)