Atmospheric isoprene and monoterpenes in a typical urban area of Beijing: Pollution characterization,chemical reactivity and source identification
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摘要
Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoV OC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.
Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoV OC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.
Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoV OC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.
引文
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Bai,Y.,Bai,Z.P.,Li,W.,2016.Characteristics and sources analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in the Tibetan plateau.Acta Sci.Circumst.36(6),2180-2186.
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry,2015.Forest resources in Beijing in 2014.Available at:.http://www.bjyl.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201510/t20151012_160552.html,Accessed date:16 November 2017.
Borbon,A.,Fontaine,H.,Veillerotb,M.,Locoge,N.,Galloo,J.C.,Guillermo,R.,2001.An investigation into the trafficrelatedfraction of isoprene at an urban location.Atmos.Environ.35,3749-3760.
Cai,Z.Q.,Qing,X.Y.,2002.Advances in the studies on plant production and emission of volatile organic compounds.Ecol.Sci.21(1),86-90.
California Code of Regulations.ξ94700,2010.MIR values for compounds.https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I9CE3964045DC11E4A10180321CCBA1E2?view Type=Full Text&origination Context=documenttoc&transition Type=Category Page Item&context Data=(sc.Default,Accessed date:13 March 2017.
Chang,C.C.,Wang,J.L.,Candice Lung,S.C.,Chang,C.Y.,Lee,P.J.,Chew,C.,et al.,2014.Seasonal characteristics of biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in tropical-subtropical urban environments.Atmos.Environ.99,298-308.
Chen,D.H.,Ye,H.C.,Li,G.F.,Liu,Y.,2000.Advances in molecular biology of plant isoprenoid metabolic pathway.Acta Bot.Sin.42,551-558.
Chen,J.,Chen,L.H.,Yu,X.X.,Chen,J.G.,Lou,Y.H.,2016.Variation of monoterpenes emitted from Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis and estimation of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in summer.J.Soil Water Conserv.30(1),331-336(344).
Ciccioli,P.,Brancaleoni,E.,Cecinato,A.,Sparapani,R.,1993.Identification and determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in forest areas of northern and southern Europe and a remote site of the Himalaya region by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.643,55-69.
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Grosjean,D.,1989.Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols.Atmos.Environ.23(8),1733-1747.
Grosjean,D.,1992.In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode:estimated production and chemical functionality.Atmos.Environ.26(6),953-963.
Guenther,A.B.,Monson,R.K.,Fall,R.,1991.Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability:observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development.J.Geophys.Res.96(D6),10799-10808.
Guenther,A.,Hewitt,C.N.,Erickson,D.,Fall,R.,Geron,C.,Graedel,T.,et al.,1995.A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions.J.Geophys.Res.100(D5),8873-8892.
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He,Y.L.,Wang,L.M.,2008.Review on atmospheric chemistry ofα-pinene.Chem.Res.19(2),97-101.
Hou,W.,Zou,X.K.,Wang,P.L.,Ye,D.X.,Zhou,B.,Huang,D.P.,et al.,2015.Climatic characteristics over China in 2014.Meteorol.Mon.41(4),480-488.
Lee,B.S.,Wang,J.L.,2006.Concentration variation of isoprene and its implications for peak ozone concentration.Atmos.Environ.40,5486-5495.
Li,L.,2013.Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Ambient Air of Beijing,China.(Master thesis).Shangdong University of Science and Technology,Shandong,China.
Li,L.,Gao,L.Y.,Dong,Y.,Yang,L.,2008.Advances of enzymes and its genes in the plant isoprenoids biosynthesis pathways.J.Zhejiang Normal Univ.(Nat.Sci.)31(4),461-466.
Li,L.,Wu,F.K.,Meng,X.,2013.Seasonal and diurnal variation of isoprene in the atmosphere of Beijing.Environ.Monit.China29(2),120-124.
Li,L.Y.,Xie,S.D.,Zeng,L.M.,Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,2015.Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and their role in ground-level ozone formation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China.Atmos.Environ.113,247-254.
Lv,Z.F.,Hao,J.M.,Duan,J.C.,Li,J.H.,2009.Estimate of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in Beijing summertime.Environ.Sci.30(4),969-975.
MEP of China(Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China),2016.2016 report on the state of the environment of China.Available at:.http://www.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201706/P020170605833655914077.pdf,Accessed date:13 March 2017.
Park,C.,Schade,G.W.,Boaedeker,I.,2011.Characteristics of the flux of isoprene and its oxidation products in an urban area.J.Geophys.Res.116,D21303.
Pio,C.A.,Nunes,T.V.,Castro,L.M.,Lopes,D.A.,2001.Volatile and particulate organic compounds in the ambient air of a eucalyptus forest in Portugal during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign.Chemosphere Global Change Sci.3,283-293.
Qiu,K.B.,2011.Primary Study on the Urban Vegetation Pattern and the Ecological Services Valuation of the Parks within 5th Ring Road in Beijing.(Master thesis).Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing,China.
Ran,L.,Zhao,C.S.,Geng,F.H.,Tie,X.X.,Tang,X.,Peng,L.,et al.,2009.Ozone photochemical production in urban shanghai,China:analysis based on ground level observations.J.Geophys.Res.114,D15301.
Riba,M.L.,Tathy,J.P.,Tsiropoulos,N.,Monsarrat,B.,Torres,L.,1987.Diurnal variation in the concentration ofα-andβ-pinene in the landes forest(France).Atmos.Environ.21(1),191-193.
Riva,M.,Budisulistiorini,S.H.,Zhang,Z.,Gold,A.,Surratt,J.D.,2016.Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol constituents from isoprene ozonolysis in the presence of acidic aerosol.Atmos.Environ.130,5-13.
Rouvière,A.,Brulfert,G.,Baussand,P.,Chollet,J.P.,2006.Monoterpene source emissions from Chamonix in the Alpine Valleys.Atmos.Environ.40,3613-3620.
Schürmann,G.,Sch?fer,K.,Jahn,C.,Hoffmann,H.,Bauerfeind,M.,Fleuti,E.,et al.,2007.The impact of NOx,CO and VOCemissions on the air quality of Zurich airport.Atmos.Environ.41,103-118.
Smiatek,G.,Steinbrecher,R.,2006.Temporal and spatial variation of forest VOC emissions in Germany in the decade 1994-2003.Atmos.Environ.40,166-177.
Wagner,P.,Kuttler,W.,2014.Biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in the near-surface urban atmosphere-a case study in Essen,Germany.Sci.Total Environ.475,104-115.
Wang,Z.H.,Bai,Y.H.,Zhang,S.Y.,2003.A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Beijing.Atmos.Environ.37,3771-3782.
Wang,J.W.,Yu,X.,Pei,S.W.,Peng,Y.D.,Lun,X.X.,Qi,F.,et al.,2011.Diurnal variations of concentrations of monoterpenes emitted from Pinus tabulaeformis and their impact on ozone creation in summer.J.Saf.Environ.11(3),119-123.
Wang,J.L.,Chew,C.,Chang,C.Y.,Liao,W.C.,Lung,S.C.C.,Chen,W.N.,et al.,2013.Biogenic isoprene in subtropical urban settings and implications for air quality.Atmos.Environ.79(3),369-379.
Wang,G.,Cheng,S.Y.,Wei,W.,Zhou,Y.,Yao,S.,Zhang,H.Y.,2016.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs in the suburban area of Beijing,China.Atmos.Pollut.Res.7(4),711-724.
Weather Underground,2014..Available at:.http://www.wunderground.com,Accessed date:15 April 2017.
Winters,A.J.,Adams,M.A.,Bleby,T.M.,Rennenberg,H.,Steigner,D.,Steinbrecher,R.,et al.,2009.Emissions of isoprene,monoterpene and short-chained carbonyl compounds from Eucalyptus spp.in southern Australia.Atmos.Environ.43,3035-3043.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016a.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Wu,F.K.,Yu,Y.,Sun,J.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,J.,Tang,G.Q.,et al.,2016b.Characteristics,source apportionment and reactivity of ambient volatile organic compounds at Dinghu Mountain in Guangdong Province,China.Sci.Total Environ.548-549,347-359.
Xia,F.M.,Li,H.,Li,J.J.,Chai,F.H.,Li,H.J.,Zhang,Y.J.,et al.,2014.Characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric benzene homologues in summer in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China.Asian J.Ecotoxicol.9(6),1041-1052.
Xie,X.,Shao,M.,Liu,Y.,Lu,S.H.,Chang,C.C.,Chen,Z.M.,2008.Estimate of initial isoprene contribution to ozone formation potential in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.42,6000-6010.
Yan,Y.,Wang,Z.H.,Bai,Y.H.,Xie,S.D.,Shao,M.,2005.Establishment of vegetation VOC emission inventory in China.China Environ.Sci.25(1),110-114.
Yin,L.Y.,2012.Investigation on Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds of Different Types of Stations in North China.(Master thesis).China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing,China.
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Bai,Y.,Bai,Z.P.,Li,W.,2016.Characteristics and sources analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in the Tibetan plateau.Acta Sci.Circumst.36(6),2180-2186.
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry,2015.Forest resources in Beijing in 2014.Available at:.http://www.bjyl.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201510/t20151012_160552.html,Accessed date:16 November 2017.
Borbon,A.,Fontaine,H.,Veillerotb,M.,Locoge,N.,Galloo,J.C.,Guillermo,R.,2001.An investigation into the trafficrelatedfraction of isoprene at an urban location.Atmos.Environ.35,3749-3760.
Cai,Z.Q.,Qing,X.Y.,2002.Advances in the studies on plant production and emission of volatile organic compounds.Ecol.Sci.21(1),86-90.
California Code of Regulations.ξ94700,2010.MIR values for compounds.https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I9CE3964045DC11E4A10180321CCBA1E2?view Type=Full Text&origination Context=documenttoc&transition Type=Category Page Item&context Data=(sc.Default,Accessed date:13 March 2017.
Chang,C.C.,Wang,J.L.,Candice Lung,S.C.,Chang,C.Y.,Lee,P.J.,Chew,C.,et al.,2014.Seasonal characteristics of biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in tropical-subtropical urban environments.Atmos.Environ.99,298-308.
Chen,D.H.,Ye,H.C.,Li,G.F.,Liu,Y.,2000.Advances in molecular biology of plant isoprenoid metabolic pathway.Acta Bot.Sin.42,551-558.
Chen,J.,Chen,L.H.,Yu,X.X.,Chen,J.G.,Lou,Y.H.,2016.Variation of monoterpenes emitted from Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis and estimation of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in summer.J.Soil Water Conserv.30(1),331-336(344).
Ciccioli,P.,Brancaleoni,E.,Cecinato,A.,Sparapani,R.,1993.Identification and determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in forest areas of northern and southern Europe and a remote site of the Himalaya region by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.643,55-69.
Cui,X.Y.,Zhao,G.D.,Liu,S.R.,2002.Phytogenic isoprene and its ecological significance.Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.13(4),505-509.
Dai,T.Y.,Wang,W.,Ren,L.H.,Chen,J.H.,Liu,H.J.,2010.Emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons from cars in China.Sci.China Ser.B-Chem.40(1),76-85.
Gao,B.,Wang,S.J.,Fan,L.R.,Ma,L.,Wang,Y.,Gu,S.,2017.Screening method for priority control volatile organic compounds in ambient air of Shijiazhuang.Adm.Tech.Environ.Monit.29(2),68-71.
Goldan,P.D.,Kuster,W.C.,Fehsenfeldl,F.C.,1995.Hydrocarbon measurements in the southeastern United States:the rural oxidants in the southern environment(ROSE)program 1990.J.Geophys.Res.100(D12),25,945-925,963.
Grosjean,D.,1989.Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols.Atmos.Environ.23(8),1733-1747.
Grosjean,D.,1992.In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode:estimated production and chemical functionality.Atmos.Environ.26(6),953-963.
Guenther,A.B.,Monson,R.K.,Fall,R.,1991.Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability:observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development.J.Geophys.Res.96(D6),10799-10808.
Guenther,A.,Hewitt,C.N.,Erickson,D.,Fall,R.,Geron,C.,Graedel,T.,et al.,1995.A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions.J.Geophys.Res.100(D5),8873-8892.
Hantson,S.,Knorr,W.,Schurgers,G.,Pugh,T.A.M.,Arneth,A.,2017.Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions under changing climate,vegetation,CO 2 and land use.Atmos.Environ.155,35-45.
He,Y.L.,Wang,L.M.,2008.Review on atmospheric chemistry ofα-pinene.Chem.Res.19(2),97-101.
Hou,W.,Zou,X.K.,Wang,P.L.,Ye,D.X.,Zhou,B.,Huang,D.P.,et al.,2015.Climatic characteristics over China in 2014.Meteorol.Mon.41(4),480-488.
Lee,B.S.,Wang,J.L.,2006.Concentration variation of isoprene and its implications for peak ozone concentration.Atmos.Environ.40,5486-5495.
Li,L.,2013.Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Ambient Air of Beijing,China.(Master thesis).Shangdong University of Science and Technology,Shandong,China.
Li,L.,Gao,L.Y.,Dong,Y.,Yang,L.,2008.Advances of enzymes and its genes in the plant isoprenoids biosynthesis pathways.J.Zhejiang Normal Univ.(Nat.Sci.)31(4),461-466.
Li,L.,Wu,F.K.,Meng,X.,2013.Seasonal and diurnal variation of isoprene in the atmosphere of Beijing.Environ.Monit.China29(2),120-124.
Li,L.Y.,Xie,S.D.,Zeng,L.M.,Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,2015.Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and their role in ground-level ozone formation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China.Atmos.Environ.113,247-254.
Lv,Z.F.,Hao,J.M.,Duan,J.C.,Li,J.H.,2009.Estimate of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosol in Beijing summertime.Environ.Sci.30(4),969-975.
MEP of China(Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China),2016.2016 report on the state of the environment of China.Available at:.http://www.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201706/P020170605833655914077.pdf,Accessed date:13 March 2017.
Park,C.,Schade,G.W.,Boaedeker,I.,2011.Characteristics of the flux of isoprene and its oxidation products in an urban area.J.Geophys.Res.116,D21303.
Pio,C.A.,Nunes,T.V.,Castro,L.M.,Lopes,D.A.,2001.Volatile and particulate organic compounds in the ambient air of a eucalyptus forest in Portugal during the FIELDVOC'94 campaign.Chemosphere Global Change Sci.3,283-293.
Qiu,K.B.,2011.Primary Study on the Urban Vegetation Pattern and the Ecological Services Valuation of the Parks within 5th Ring Road in Beijing.(Master thesis).Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing,China.
Ran,L.,Zhao,C.S.,Geng,F.H.,Tie,X.X.,Tang,X.,Peng,L.,et al.,2009.Ozone photochemical production in urban shanghai,China:analysis based on ground level observations.J.Geophys.Res.114,D15301.
Riba,M.L.,Tathy,J.P.,Tsiropoulos,N.,Monsarrat,B.,Torres,L.,1987.Diurnal variation in the concentration ofα-andβ-pinene in the landes forest(France).Atmos.Environ.21(1),191-193.
Riva,M.,Budisulistiorini,S.H.,Zhang,Z.,Gold,A.,Surratt,J.D.,2016.Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol constituents from isoprene ozonolysis in the presence of acidic aerosol.Atmos.Environ.130,5-13.
Rouvière,A.,Brulfert,G.,Baussand,P.,Chollet,J.P.,2006.Monoterpene source emissions from Chamonix in the Alpine Valleys.Atmos.Environ.40,3613-3620.
Schürmann,G.,Sch?fer,K.,Jahn,C.,Hoffmann,H.,Bauerfeind,M.,Fleuti,E.,et al.,2007.The impact of NOx,CO and VOCemissions on the air quality of Zurich airport.Atmos.Environ.41,103-118.
Smiatek,G.,Steinbrecher,R.,2006.Temporal and spatial variation of forest VOC emissions in Germany in the decade 1994-2003.Atmos.Environ.40,166-177.
Wagner,P.,Kuttler,W.,2014.Biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in the near-surface urban atmosphere-a case study in Essen,Germany.Sci.Total Environ.475,104-115.
Wang,Z.H.,Bai,Y.H.,Zhang,S.Y.,2003.A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Beijing.Atmos.Environ.37,3771-3782.
Wang,J.W.,Yu,X.,Pei,S.W.,Peng,Y.D.,Lun,X.X.,Qi,F.,et al.,2011.Diurnal variations of concentrations of monoterpenes emitted from Pinus tabulaeformis and their impact on ozone creation in summer.J.Saf.Environ.11(3),119-123.
Wang,J.L.,Chew,C.,Chang,C.Y.,Liao,W.C.,Lung,S.C.C.,Chen,W.N.,et al.,2013.Biogenic isoprene in subtropical urban settings and implications for air quality.Atmos.Environ.79(3),369-379.
Wang,G.,Cheng,S.Y.,Wei,W.,Zhou,Y.,Yao,S.,Zhang,H.Y.,2016.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs in the suburban area of Beijing,China.Atmos.Pollut.Res.7(4),711-724.
Weather Underground,2014..Available at:.http://www.wunderground.com,Accessed date:15 April 2017.
Winters,A.J.,Adams,M.A.,Bleby,T.M.,Rennenberg,H.,Steigner,D.,Steinbrecher,R.,et al.,2009.Emissions of isoprene,monoterpene and short-chained carbonyl compounds from Eucalyptus spp.in southern Australia.Atmos.Environ.43,3035-3043.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016a.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Wu,F.K.,Yu,Y.,Sun,J.,Zhang,J.K.,Wang,J.,Tang,G.Q.,et al.,2016b.Characteristics,source apportionment and reactivity of ambient volatile organic compounds at Dinghu Mountain in Guangdong Province,China.Sci.Total Environ.548-549,347-359.
Xia,F.M.,Li,H.,Li,J.J.,Chai,F.H.,Li,H.J.,Zhang,Y.J.,et al.,2014.Characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric benzene homologues in summer in the northeastern urban area of Beijing,China.Asian J.Ecotoxicol.9(6),1041-1052.
Xie,X.,Shao,M.,Liu,Y.,Lu,S.H.,Chang,C.C.,Chen,Z.M.,2008.Estimate of initial isoprene contribution to ozone formation potential in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.42,6000-6010.
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