Effects of austempering temperature on microstructure and surface residual stress of carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI) grinding balls
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摘要
The effects of austempering temperature on microstructure and surface residual stress of carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI) grinding balls were systematically investigated in this work. The microstructures were oberserved by optical metallography and analyized by X-ray diffraction. The surface residual stress measured by the cutting method is mainly composed of thermal stress and phase transformation stress. The thermal stress in grinding balls was determined by ANSYS simulation technique, and the surface phase transformation stress was obtained by subtracting the simulated surface thermal stress from the measured surface residual stress. Results show that all microstructures consist of ausferrite, white-bright zones(mixture of martensite and austenite), nodular graphite, and carbides. The distribution of ausferrite shows uniform. With the increase of austempering temperature, the volume fraction and carbon content of austenite increase, whereas the amount of white-bright zone decreases. In addition, the surface residual stress increases with the increase of austempering temperature. Only the tension exists at the austempering temperature of 200 ℃, and the pressure exists at the austempering temperature of 220-260 ℃. The thermal stress changes from the tension on the inside with the radius of 0-35 mm to the pressure on the outside with the radius of 35-62.5 mm, and the stress balance state presents at the radius of 35 mm. It is also found that the transformation stress is related to the content of carbon-rich austenite, and will reduce by 5.03 MPa accompanied with 1 vol.% increase of the austenite. The thermal compressive stress and the transformation tensile stress on the surface both decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature.
The effects of austempering temperature on microstructure and surface residual stress of carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI) grinding balls were systematically investigated in this work. The microstructures were oberserved by optical metallography and analyized by X-ray diffraction. The surface residual stress measured by the cutting method is mainly composed of thermal stress and phase transformation stress. The thermal stress in grinding balls was determined by ANSYS simulation technique, and the surface phase transformation stress was obtained by subtracting the simulated surface thermal stress from the measured surface residual stress. Results show that all microstructures consist of ausferrite, white-bright zones(mixture of martensite and austenite), nodular graphite, and carbides. The distribution of ausferrite shows uniform. With the increase of austempering temperature, the volume fraction and carbon content of austenite increase, whereas the amount of white-bright zone decreases. In addition, the surface residual stress increases with the increase of austempering temperature. Only the tension exists at the austempering temperature of 200 ℃, and the pressure exists at the austempering temperature of 220-260 ℃. The thermal stress changes from the tension on the inside with the radius of 0-35 mm to the pressure on the outside with the radius of 35-62.5 mm, and the stress balance state presents at the radius of 35 mm. It is also found that the transformation stress is related to the content of carbon-rich austenite, and will reduce by 5.03 MPa accompanied with 1 vol.% increase of the austenite. The thermal compressive stress and the transformation tensile stress on the surface both decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature.
The effects of austempering temperature on microstructure and surface residual stress of carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI) grinding balls were systematically investigated in this work. The microstructures were oberserved by optical metallography and analyized by X-ray diffraction. The surface residual stress measured by the cutting method is mainly composed of thermal stress and phase transformation stress. The thermal stress in grinding balls was determined by ANSYS simulation technique, and the surface phase transformation stress was obtained by subtracting the simulated surface thermal stress from the measured surface residual stress. Results show that all microstructures consist of ausferrite, white-bright zones(mixture of martensite and austenite), nodular graphite, and carbides. The distribution of ausferrite shows uniform. With the increase of austempering temperature, the volume fraction and carbon content of austenite increase, whereas the amount of white-bright zone decreases. In addition, the surface residual stress increases with the increase of austempering temperature. Only the tension exists at the austempering temperature of 200 ℃, and the pressure exists at the austempering temperature of 220-260 ℃. The thermal stress changes from the tension on the inside with the radius of 0-35 mm to the pressure on the outside with the radius of 35-62.5 mm, and the stress balance state presents at the radius of 35 mm. It is also found that the transformation stress is related to the content of carbon-rich austenite, and will reduce by 5.03 MPa accompanied with 1 vol.% increase of the austenite. The thermal compressive stress and the transformation tensile stress on the surface both decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature.
引文
[1]Gates J D,Dargusch M S,Walsh J J,et al.Effect of abrasive mineral on al oy performance in the ball mill abrasion test.Wear,2008,265:865-870.
[2]Peng Yuncheng,Jin Huijin,Liu Jinhai et al.Effect of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of carbidic austempered ductile iron.Materials Science and Engineering A,2011,529:321-325.
[3]Cardoso P H S,Israel C L,Strohaecker T R.Abrasive wear in austempered ductile irons:a comparison with white cast irons.Wear,2014,313:29-33.
[4]Laino S,Sikora J A,Dommarco R C.Development of wear resistant carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI).Wear,2008,265:1-7.
[5]Han C F,Sun Y F,Wu Y et al.Effects of vanadium and austempering temperature on microstructure and properties of CADI.Metallography,Microstructure,and Analysis,2015,4:135-145.
[6]Sun Xiaoguang,Wang You,Li Dongyang et al.Modifi cation of carbidic austempered ductile iron with nano ceria for improved mechanical properties and abrasive wear resistance.Wear,2013,301:116-121.
[7]Peng Yuncheng,Jin Huijin,Liu Jinhai et al.Infl uence of cooling rate on the microstructure and properties of a new wear resistance carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI).Materials Chracterization,2012,72:53-58.
[8]Liu Jinhai,Wang Kunjun,Li Guolu et al.Development and Trends of CADI in domestic and abroad.Modern Cast Iron,2015,(6):40-45.(In Chinese)
[9]Benam A S.Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron(ADI)properties and its process:Review.China Foundry,2015,12:54-70.
[10]Kumari U R,Rao P P.Study of wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron.Journal of Materials Science,2009,44:1082-1093.
[11]Akbarzadeh Chiniforush E,Rahimi M A,Yazdani S.Dry sliding wear of Ni al oyed austempered ductile iron.China Foundry,2016,13:361-367.
[12]Hsu C H,Chuang Taoliang.Infl uence of stepped austempering process on the fracture toughness of austempered ductile iron.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32A:2509-2514.
[13]Yang Jianghuai,Putatunda S K.Improvement in strength and toughness of austempered ductile cast iron by a novel two-step austempering process.Materials Design,2004,25(3):219-230.
[14]Akbarzadeh Chiniforush E,Iranipour N,Yazdani S.Effect of nodule count and austempering heat treatment on segregation behavior of al oying elements in ductile cast iron.China Foundry,2016,13:217-222.
[15]Fu Binguo,Li Zhuoqing,Zhao Xuebo et al.Formation mechanism of spheroidal carbide in ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron.China Foundry,2016,13(5):346-351.
[16]Noguchi T,Shimizu K,Takahashi N et al.Strength evaluation of cast iron grinding balls by repeated drop tests.Wear,1999,231:301-309.
[17]Camurri C,Carrasco C,Dille J.Residual stress during heat treatment of steel grinding balls.Journal of Materials Processing and Technology,2008,208:450-456.
[18]Sinha V K,Godaba V S.Residual stress measurement in worked and heat treated steel by X-ray diffractometry.Materials Science and Engineering A,2008,488:491-495.
[19]Cheng Weili,Finnie I,Gremaud M et al.Measurement of near surface residual stresses using electrical discharge wire machining.Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,1994,116:1-7.
[20]YB/T 5338-2006.Retained austenite in steel-Quantitative determinationMethod of X-ray diffractometer.Standards press of China,2006.
[21]Daber S,Rao P P.Formation of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron.Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:357-367.
[22]Romanov V A,Lazarev E A,Khozeniuk N A.The evaluation of the stress-strain state for the cylinder heads of high-powered diesel engines using the multiphysics Ansys technology.Procedia Engineering,2015,129:549-556.
[23]GB/T 24733-2009.Austempered ductile iron(ADI)castings.Standards Press of China,2010.
[24]Yang Zhaoyu.Research on new heat-treatment technology and failure mechanism of CADI grinding ball.Master diss.,Hebei University of Technology,2011.(In Chinese)
[25]Rossini N S,Dassisti M,Benyounis K Y et al.Methods of measuring residual stresses in components.Materials Design,2012,35:572-588.
[26]Liu shengfa,Chen Yang,Chen Xin et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of helical bevel gears made by Mn-Cu al oyed austempered ductile iron.Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2012,19(2):36-42.
[27]Meier L,Hofmann M,Saal P et al.In-situ measurement of phase transformation kinetics in austempered ductile iron.Materials Characterization,2013,85:124-133.
[28]Basso A,Martinez R,Sikora J.Influence of chemical composition and holding time on austenite(γ)-ferrite(α)transformation in ductile iron occurring within the intercritical interval.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2011,509(41):9884-9889.
[29]Chou J M,Hon M H,Lee J L.The austenite transformation in ferritic ductile cast iron.Materials Science and Engineering A,1992,158(2):241-249.
[30]Panneerselvam S,Putatunda S K,Gundlach R et al.Influence of intercritical austempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron(ADI).Materials Science and Engineering A,2017,694:72-80.
[31]Iannitti G,Ruggiero A,Bonora N et al.Micromechanical model ing of constitutive behavior of austempered ductile iron(ADI)at high strain rate.Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics,2017,92:351-359.
[32] Bhadeshia H K D H,Honeycombe R W K.Steels:microstructure and properties.Third edition.Oxford,2006:1-337.
[33]Panneerselvam S,Martis C J,Putatunda S K et al.An investigation on the stability of austenite in austempered ductile cast iron(ADI).Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,626:237-246.
[2]Peng Yuncheng,Jin Huijin,Liu Jinhai et al.Effect of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of carbidic austempered ductile iron.Materials Science and Engineering A,2011,529:321-325.
[3]Cardoso P H S,Israel C L,Strohaecker T R.Abrasive wear in austempered ductile irons:a comparison with white cast irons.Wear,2014,313:29-33.
[4]Laino S,Sikora J A,Dommarco R C.Development of wear resistant carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI).Wear,2008,265:1-7.
[5]Han C F,Sun Y F,Wu Y et al.Effects of vanadium and austempering temperature on microstructure and properties of CADI.Metallography,Microstructure,and Analysis,2015,4:135-145.
[6]Sun Xiaoguang,Wang You,Li Dongyang et al.Modifi cation of carbidic austempered ductile iron with nano ceria for improved mechanical properties and abrasive wear resistance.Wear,2013,301:116-121.
[7]Peng Yuncheng,Jin Huijin,Liu Jinhai et al.Infl uence of cooling rate on the microstructure and properties of a new wear resistance carbidic austempered ductile iron(CADI).Materials Chracterization,2012,72:53-58.
[8]Liu Jinhai,Wang Kunjun,Li Guolu et al.Development and Trends of CADI in domestic and abroad.Modern Cast Iron,2015,(6):40-45.(In Chinese)
[9]Benam A S.Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron(ADI)properties and its process:Review.China Foundry,2015,12:54-70.
[10]Kumari U R,Rao P P.Study of wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron.Journal of Materials Science,2009,44:1082-1093.
[11]Akbarzadeh Chiniforush E,Rahimi M A,Yazdani S.Dry sliding wear of Ni al oyed austempered ductile iron.China Foundry,2016,13:361-367.
[12]Hsu C H,Chuang Taoliang.Infl uence of stepped austempering process on the fracture toughness of austempered ductile iron.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32A:2509-2514.
[13]Yang Jianghuai,Putatunda S K.Improvement in strength and toughness of austempered ductile cast iron by a novel two-step austempering process.Materials Design,2004,25(3):219-230.
[14]Akbarzadeh Chiniforush E,Iranipour N,Yazdani S.Effect of nodule count and austempering heat treatment on segregation behavior of al oying elements in ductile cast iron.China Foundry,2016,13:217-222.
[15]Fu Binguo,Li Zhuoqing,Zhao Xuebo et al.Formation mechanism of spheroidal carbide in ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron.China Foundry,2016,13(5):346-351.
[16]Noguchi T,Shimizu K,Takahashi N et al.Strength evaluation of cast iron grinding balls by repeated drop tests.Wear,1999,231:301-309.
[17]Camurri C,Carrasco C,Dille J.Residual stress during heat treatment of steel grinding balls.Journal of Materials Processing and Technology,2008,208:450-456.
[18]Sinha V K,Godaba V S.Residual stress measurement in worked and heat treated steel by X-ray diffractometry.Materials Science and Engineering A,2008,488:491-495.
[19]Cheng Weili,Finnie I,Gremaud M et al.Measurement of near surface residual stresses using electrical discharge wire machining.Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,1994,116:1-7.
[20]YB/T 5338-2006.Retained austenite in steel-Quantitative determinationMethod of X-ray diffractometer.Standards press of China,2006.
[21]Daber S,Rao P P.Formation of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron.Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:357-367.
[22]Romanov V A,Lazarev E A,Khozeniuk N A.The evaluation of the stress-strain state for the cylinder heads of high-powered diesel engines using the multiphysics Ansys technology.Procedia Engineering,2015,129:549-556.
[23]GB/T 24733-2009.Austempered ductile iron(ADI)castings.Standards Press of China,2010.
[24]Yang Zhaoyu.Research on new heat-treatment technology and failure mechanism of CADI grinding ball.Master diss.,Hebei University of Technology,2011.(In Chinese)
[25]Rossini N S,Dassisti M,Benyounis K Y et al.Methods of measuring residual stresses in components.Materials Design,2012,35:572-588.
[26]Liu shengfa,Chen Yang,Chen Xin et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of helical bevel gears made by Mn-Cu al oyed austempered ductile iron.Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2012,19(2):36-42.
[27]Meier L,Hofmann M,Saal P et al.In-situ measurement of phase transformation kinetics in austempered ductile iron.Materials Characterization,2013,85:124-133.
[28]Basso A,Martinez R,Sikora J.Influence of chemical composition and holding time on austenite(γ)-ferrite(α)transformation in ductile iron occurring within the intercritical interval.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2011,509(41):9884-9889.
[29]Chou J M,Hon M H,Lee J L.The austenite transformation in ferritic ductile cast iron.Materials Science and Engineering A,1992,158(2):241-249.
[30]Panneerselvam S,Putatunda S K,Gundlach R et al.Influence of intercritical austempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron(ADI).Materials Science and Engineering A,2017,694:72-80.
[31]Iannitti G,Ruggiero A,Bonora N et al.Micromechanical model ing of constitutive behavior of austempered ductile iron(ADI)at high strain rate.Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics,2017,92:351-359.
[32] Bhadeshia H K D H,Honeycombe R W K.Steels:microstructure and properties.Third edition.Oxford,2006:1-337.
[33]Panneerselvam S,Martis C J,Putatunda S K et al.An investigation on the stability of austenite in austempered ductile cast iron(ADI).Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,626:237-246.