挤塑高压直流电缆绝缘中空间电荷问题研究进展
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摘要
挤塑高压直流电缆是柔性直流输电的核心装备和构建直流电网的物理基础。绝缘材料中的空间电荷问题是制约挤塑高压直流电缆发展的关键技术难题,也是电气绝缘领域研究的热点。电热耦合场下电导率、电场、空间电荷的时空演化及关联影响机理的研究是解决空间电荷问题的理论基础。重点从空间电荷形成与空间电荷抑制两个方面探讨和分析了高压直流电缆绝缘中空间电荷的形成过程、空间电荷与电热耦合场的关联关系、绝缘及屏蔽料改性方法和原理、空间电荷抑制机理。最后,展望了高压直流电缆绝缘中空间电荷问题的未来研究方向,并指出电热耦合场作用下空间电荷长期时空演化过程对直流电缆绝缘老化的影响评估及老化机理研究、绝缘材料特性参数匹配调控对高压直流电缆的发展和长期可靠运行具有重要意义。
Extruded high voltage direct current(HVDC) cable is the core equipment for a flexible HVDC transmission and a physical basis for the construction of direct current(DC) power grids. The space charge problem in insulating material is a key technical problem that restricts the development of extruded HVDC cable, and it is also a hot research point in the field of electrical insulation. The study of the temporal and spatial evolution and the related mechanism of electric conductivity, electric field and space charge under the electro-thermal coupling field is the theoretical basis for solving the space charge problem. Consequently, from two aspects of space charge formation and space charge suppression, we discuss and analyze the space charge formation process, the relation between the space charge and the electro-thermal coupling field, the method and principle of the insulation and shielding material modification and space charge suppression mechanism in the HVDC cable insulation. Finally, we make a prospect to the future research tends of space charge in HVDC cable insulation, and point out that impact assessment and aging mechanism research of the long-term space-time evolution of space charge under electro-thermal coupling field on insulation aging of DC cable and matching control of insulating material characteristic parameters are of great significance to the development and long-term reliable operation of HVDC cables.
Extruded high voltage direct current(HVDC) cable is the core equipment for a flexible HVDC transmission and a physical basis for the construction of direct current(DC) power grids. The space charge problem in insulating material is a key technical problem that restricts the development of extruded HVDC cable, and it is also a hot research point in the field of electrical insulation. The study of the temporal and spatial evolution and the related mechanism of electric conductivity, electric field and space charge under the electro-thermal coupling field is the theoretical basis for solving the space charge problem. Consequently, from two aspects of space charge formation and space charge suppression, we discuss and analyze the space charge formation process, the relation between the space charge and the electro-thermal coupling field, the method and principle of the insulation and shielding material modification and space charge suppression mechanism in the HVDC cable insulation. Finally, we make a prospect to the future research tends of space charge in HVDC cable insulation, and point out that impact assessment and aging mechanism research of the long-term space-time evolution of space charge under electro-thermal coupling field on insulation aging of DC cable and matching control of insulating material characteristic parameters are of great significance to the development and long-term reliable operation of HVDC cables.
引文
[1]MONTANARI G C.Bringing an insulation to failure:the role of space charge[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electriccal Insulation,2011,18(2):339-364.
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[9]HOZUMI N,TAKEDA T,SUZUKI H,et al.Space charge behavior in XLPE cable insulation under 0.2~1.2 MV/cm DC fields[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1998,5(1):82-90.
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[11]何金良,党斌,周垚,等.挤压型高压直流电缆研究进展及关键技术述评[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1417-1429.HE Jinliang,DANG Bin,ZHOU Yao,et al.Reviews on research progress and key technology in extruded cables for HVDC transmission[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1417-1429.
[12]何金良,彭琳,周垚.环保型高压直流电缆绝缘材料研究进展[J].高电压技术,2017,43(2):337-343.HE Jinliang,PENG Lin,ZHOU Yao.Research progress of environment-friendly HVDC power cable insulation materials[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(2):337-343.
[13]IKEDA M,SHIMIZU Y.Electrical insulating resin material,electrical insulating material,and electric wire and cable using the same:6479590[P].2002-11-12.
[14]PEREGO G,ALBIZZATI E.Electrical cable for high voltage direct current transmission,and insulating composition:20040029013A1[P].2004-02-12.
[15]CARSTENSEN P,GUSTAFSSON A,FARKAS A,et al.An electric direct current cable:1057191B1[P].2002-11-20.
[16]GADESSAUD R,ALADENIZE B,TRAN P,et al.High and very high voltage DC power cable:6509527[P].2003-01-21.
[17]PEREGO G,ALBIZZATI E.Process for producing an electrical cable,particularly for high voltage direct current transmission or distribution:US6824815[P].2004-11-30.
[18]SMEDBERG A,NILSSON U,CAMPUS A,et al.Process for producing a polymer and a polymer for wire and cable applications:20110162869[P].2011-07-07.
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[20]杨佳明,王暄,韩宝忠,等.LDPE纳米复合介质的直流电导特性及其对高压直流电缆中电场分布的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(9):1454-1461.YANG Jiaming,WANG Xuan,HAN Baozhong,et al.DC conductivity characteristic of LDPE nanocomposite and its effect on electric field distribution in HVDC cables[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(9):1454-1461.
[21]MAEZAWA T,TAIMA J,HAYASE Y,et al.Space charge formation in LDPE/MgO nano-composite under high electric field at high temperature[C]∥2007 Annual Report-Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Vancouver,BC,Canada:IEEE,2007:271-274.
[22]DOMINGUEZ G,FRIBERG A,JEDENMALM A.Insulation system for HVDC electrical insulation and an HVDC device having an insulation system for HVDC electrical insulation:WO2014000821A1[P].2014-01-03.
[23]YIN Y,DONG X,WANG Y,et al.Charge carrier transportation in the composite of nano-MgO and cross-linking polyethylene[C]∥2009IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Harbin,China:IEEE,2009:761-764.
[24]赵洪,徐明忠,杨佳明,等.MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料抑制空间电荷及电树枝化特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(16):196-202.ZHAO Hong,XU Mingzhong,YANG Jiaming,et al.Space charge and electric treeing resistance properties of MgO/LDPE nanocomposite[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(16):196-202.
[25]CHEN G,ZHANG C,STEVENS G.Space charge in LDPE loaded with nanoparticles[C]∥2007 Annual Report-Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Vancouver,Canada:IEEE,2007:275-278.
[26]吴建东,尹毅,兰莉,等.纳米填充浓度LDPE/Silica纳米复合介质中空间电荷行为的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(28):177-183.WU Jiandong,YIN Yi,LAN Li,et al.The influence of nano-filler concentration on space charge behavior in LDPE/Silica nanocomposites[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(28):177-183.
[27]TIAN F Q,YAO J Y,LI P,et al.Stepwise electric field induced charging current and its correlation with space charge formation in LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(2):1232-1239.
[28]TIAN F Q,ZHANG J L,PENG X,et al.Interface trapping effects on the charge transport characteristics of LDPE/ZnO nanocomposites[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(3):1888-1895.
[29]宫斌,张冶文,郑飞虎,等.纳米TiO2掺杂对低密度聚乙烯空间电荷行为的影响[J].材料研究学报,2005,19(5):519-524.GONG Bin,ZHANG Yewen,ZHENG Feihu,et al.Influence of nano-TiO2 doped low density polyethylene on space charge behavior[J].Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2005,19(5):519-524.
[30]MAEKAWA Y,YAMAGUCHI A,HARA M,et al.Development of XLPE insulated DC cable[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,2008,64(3):413-437.
[31]YAMANAKA T,MARUYAMA S,TANAKA T.The development of DC±500 kV XLPE cable in consideration of the space charge accumulation[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Nagoya,Japan:IEEE,2003:689-694.
[32]田付强.聚乙烯基无机纳米复合电介质的陷阱特性与电性能研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2012.TIAN Fuqiang.Investigation on the trap characteristics and electrical properties of polyethylene based nanocomposite[D].Beijing,China:Beijing Jiaotong University,2012.
[33]XIE C,AN Z L,JIANG Y,et al.Astonishing suppression of oxyfluorination and significant influence of fluorination on charge injection to linear low density polyethylene[C]∥2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Harbin,China:IEEE,2009:895-898.
[34]AN Z L,CANG J,CHEN X,et al.Impact of interface between polyethylene and surface fluorinated polyethylene on space charge accumulation in the layered structures[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2013,20(1):329-336.
[35]TEYSSEDRE G,LI S T,MAKASHEVA K,et al.Interface tailoring for charge injection control in polyethylene[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(3):1319-1330.
[36]BOREALIS A G.Polyethylene supersmoothTM LE0550 crosslinkable semiconductive compound[R].Austria:[s.n.],2008.
[37]NILSSON U H,BOSTROM J.Influence of the semiconductive material on space charge build-up in extruded HVDC cables[C]∥2010 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation.San Diego,CA,USA:IEEE,2010:1-4.
[38]TAKADA T,HAYASE Y,TANAKA Y,et al.Space charge trapping in electrical potential well caused by permanent and induced dipoles for LDPE/MgO nanocomposite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2008,15(1):152-160.
[39]吴锴,陈曦,王霞,等.纳米粒子改性聚乙烯直流电缆绝缘材料研究(II)[J].高电压技术,2013,39(1):8-16.WU Kai,CHEN Xi,WANG Xia,et al.Modified low density polyethylene by nano-fills as insulating material of DC cable(II)[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(1):8-16.
[40]屠德民,王霞,吕泽鹏,等.以能带理论诠释直流聚乙烯绝缘中空间电荷的形成和抑制机理[J].物理学报,2012,61(1):409-415.TU Demin,WANG Xia,LüZepeng,et al.Formation and inhibition mechanisms of space charges in direct current polyethylene insulation explained by energy band theory[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(1):409-415.
[41]TIAN F Q,LEI Q Q,WANG X,et al.Investigation of the electrical properties of LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite dielectrics[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(3):763-769.
[2]GHORBANI H,JEROENSE M,OLSSON C,et al.HVDC cable systems-high lighting extruded technology[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(1):414-421.
[3]MAZZANTI G,MARZINOTTO M.Extruded cables for high-voltage direct-current transmission:advances in research and development[M].New York,USA:Wiley-IEEE Press,2013.
[4]SELLICK R L,SULLIVAN J S,CHEN Q,et al.Future improvements to HVDC cables through new cable insulation materials[C]∥13th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission.Manchester,UK:IET,2017:158-161.
[5]FABIANI D,MONTANARI G C,LAURENT C,et al.HVDC cable design and space charge accumulation.part 3:effect of temperature gradient[J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,2008,24(2):5-14.
[6]杜伯学,李忠磊,杨卓然,等.高压直流交联聚乙烯电缆应用与研究进展[J].高电压技术,2017,43(2):344-354.DU Boxue,LI Zhonglei,YANG Zhuoran,et al.Application and research progress of HVDC XLPE cables[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(2):344-354.
[7]JEROENSE M J P,MORSHUIS P H F.Electric fields in HVDCpaper-insulated cables[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1998,5(2):225-236.
[8]HOZUMI N,SUZUKI H,OKAMOTO T,et al.Direct observation of time-dependent space charge profiles in XLPE cable under high electric fields[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1994,1(6):1068-1076.
[9]HOZUMI N,TAKEDA T,SUZUKI H,et al.Space charge behavior in XLPE cable insulation under 0.2~1.2 MV/cm DC fields[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1998,5(1):82-90.
[10]KANEKO K,MIZUTANI T,SUZUOKI Y.Computer simulation on formation of space charge packets in XLPE films[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1999,6(2):152-158.
[11]何金良,党斌,周垚,等.挤压型高压直流电缆研究进展及关键技术述评[J].高电压技术,2015,41(5):1417-1429.HE Jinliang,DANG Bin,ZHOU Yao,et al.Reviews on research progress and key technology in extruded cables for HVDC transmission[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(5):1417-1429.
[12]何金良,彭琳,周垚.环保型高压直流电缆绝缘材料研究进展[J].高电压技术,2017,43(2):337-343.HE Jinliang,PENG Lin,ZHOU Yao.Research progress of environment-friendly HVDC power cable insulation materials[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(2):337-343.
[13]IKEDA M,SHIMIZU Y.Electrical insulating resin material,electrical insulating material,and electric wire and cable using the same:6479590[P].2002-11-12.
[14]PEREGO G,ALBIZZATI E.Electrical cable for high voltage direct current transmission,and insulating composition:20040029013A1[P].2004-02-12.
[15]CARSTENSEN P,GUSTAFSSON A,FARKAS A,et al.An electric direct current cable:1057191B1[P].2002-11-20.
[16]GADESSAUD R,ALADENIZE B,TRAN P,et al.High and very high voltage DC power cable:6509527[P].2003-01-21.
[17]PEREGO G,ALBIZZATI E.Process for producing an electrical cable,particularly for high voltage direct current transmission or distribution:US6824815[P].2004-11-30.
[18]SMEDBERG A,NILSSON U,CAMPUS A,et al.Process for producing a polymer and a polymer for wire and cable applications:20110162869[P].2011-07-07.
[19]HAN S J,GROSS L H,WASSERMAN S H.Electrical cable for high voltage direct current transmission,and insulating composition:US20130000945A1[P].2013-02-03.
[20]杨佳明,王暄,韩宝忠,等.LDPE纳米复合介质的直流电导特性及其对高压直流电缆中电场分布的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(9):1454-1461.YANG Jiaming,WANG Xuan,HAN Baozhong,et al.DC conductivity characteristic of LDPE nanocomposite and its effect on electric field distribution in HVDC cables[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(9):1454-1461.
[21]MAEZAWA T,TAIMA J,HAYASE Y,et al.Space charge formation in LDPE/MgO nano-composite under high electric field at high temperature[C]∥2007 Annual Report-Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Vancouver,BC,Canada:IEEE,2007:271-274.
[22]DOMINGUEZ G,FRIBERG A,JEDENMALM A.Insulation system for HVDC electrical insulation and an HVDC device having an insulation system for HVDC electrical insulation:WO2014000821A1[P].2014-01-03.
[23]YIN Y,DONG X,WANG Y,et al.Charge carrier transportation in the composite of nano-MgO and cross-linking polyethylene[C]∥2009IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Harbin,China:IEEE,2009:761-764.
[24]赵洪,徐明忠,杨佳明,等.MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料抑制空间电荷及电树枝化特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(16):196-202.ZHAO Hong,XU Mingzhong,YANG Jiaming,et al.Space charge and electric treeing resistance properties of MgO/LDPE nanocomposite[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(16):196-202.
[25]CHEN G,ZHANG C,STEVENS G.Space charge in LDPE loaded with nanoparticles[C]∥2007 Annual Report-Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Vancouver,Canada:IEEE,2007:275-278.
[26]吴建东,尹毅,兰莉,等.纳米填充浓度LDPE/Silica纳米复合介质中空间电荷行为的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(28):177-183.WU Jiandong,YIN Yi,LAN Li,et al.The influence of nano-filler concentration on space charge behavior in LDPE/Silica nanocomposites[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(28):177-183.
[27]TIAN F Q,YAO J Y,LI P,et al.Stepwise electric field induced charging current and its correlation with space charge formation in LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(2):1232-1239.
[28]TIAN F Q,ZHANG J L,PENG X,et al.Interface trapping effects on the charge transport characteristics of LDPE/ZnO nanocomposites[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(3):1888-1895.
[29]宫斌,张冶文,郑飞虎,等.纳米TiO2掺杂对低密度聚乙烯空间电荷行为的影响[J].材料研究学报,2005,19(5):519-524.GONG Bin,ZHANG Yewen,ZHENG Feihu,et al.Influence of nano-TiO2 doped low density polyethylene on space charge behavior[J].Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2005,19(5):519-524.
[30]MAEKAWA Y,YAMAGUCHI A,HARA M,et al.Development of XLPE insulated DC cable[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,2008,64(3):413-437.
[31]YAMANAKA T,MARUYAMA S,TANAKA T.The development of DC±500 kV XLPE cable in consideration of the space charge accumulation[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Nagoya,Japan:IEEE,2003:689-694.
[32]田付强.聚乙烯基无机纳米复合电介质的陷阱特性与电性能研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2012.TIAN Fuqiang.Investigation on the trap characteristics and electrical properties of polyethylene based nanocomposite[D].Beijing,China:Beijing Jiaotong University,2012.
[33]XIE C,AN Z L,JIANG Y,et al.Astonishing suppression of oxyfluorination and significant influence of fluorination on charge injection to linear low density polyethylene[C]∥2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Harbin,China:IEEE,2009:895-898.
[34]AN Z L,CANG J,CHEN X,et al.Impact of interface between polyethylene and surface fluorinated polyethylene on space charge accumulation in the layered structures[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2013,20(1):329-336.
[35]TEYSSEDRE G,LI S T,MAKASHEVA K,et al.Interface tailoring for charge injection control in polyethylene[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(3):1319-1330.
[36]BOREALIS A G.Polyethylene supersmoothTM LE0550 crosslinkable semiconductive compound[R].Austria:[s.n.],2008.
[37]NILSSON U H,BOSTROM J.Influence of the semiconductive material on space charge build-up in extruded HVDC cables[C]∥2010 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation.San Diego,CA,USA:IEEE,2010:1-4.
[38]TAKADA T,HAYASE Y,TANAKA Y,et al.Space charge trapping in electrical potential well caused by permanent and induced dipoles for LDPE/MgO nanocomposite[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2008,15(1):152-160.
[39]吴锴,陈曦,王霞,等.纳米粒子改性聚乙烯直流电缆绝缘材料研究(II)[J].高电压技术,2013,39(1):8-16.WU Kai,CHEN Xi,WANG Xia,et al.Modified low density polyethylene by nano-fills as insulating material of DC cable(II)[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(1):8-16.
[40]屠德民,王霞,吕泽鹏,等.以能带理论诠释直流聚乙烯绝缘中空间电荷的形成和抑制机理[J].物理学报,2012,61(1):409-415.TU Demin,WANG Xia,LüZepeng,et al.Formation and inhibition mechanisms of space charges in direct current polyethylene insulation explained by energy band theory[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(1):409-415.
[41]TIAN F Q,LEI Q Q,WANG X,et al.Investigation of the electrical properties of LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite dielectrics[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(3):763-769.