一步水热法有效调变锰钾矿中钾含量及其对锰钾矿催化剂氧化还原性和催化性能的影响（英文）
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摘要
锰钾矿是一种同时具有1×1和2×2孔道的八面体分子筛结构的氧化锰材料.通常情况下, 1×1孔道是空的, 2×2孔道可以被水或者不同的阳离子占据,当占据2×2孔道的阳离子为K~+时即为锰钾矿.据文献报道,锰钾矿被广泛用于不同的催化氧化反应如一氧化碳氧化、亚甲基蓝分解、有机污染物氧化消除和小分子烷烃氧化,并表现出良好的催化性能,这通常被认为是其表面存在的活性氧物种使这类催化剂具有独特的氧化还原性.但是,关于这些活性氧的来源并没有很好的解释,而这对优化锰钾矿的氧化还原性及催化活性非常重要.如上所述,由于孔道中K~+的存在,部分四价锰被还原为三价锰以保持电荷平衡,这意味着锰钾矿中三价锰的含量或者锰的平均价态会随着孔道中K~+含量不同而变化.因此,锰钾矿中钾含量可能对其氧化还原性产生重要影响.然而,最近发表的几篇文献中关于K~+含量对锰钾矿表面活性氧或氧空位影响的结果相互矛盾,因此有必要进一步深入研究K~+含量对锰钾矿材料氧化还原性及催化活性的影响.本文以高锰酸钾作为氧化剂和锰的前驱体,乙醇为还原剂,通过改变水热反应温度(80–120 oC)和乙醇浓度(50–1550mmol/L),用一步水热法成功合成了不同钾含量的锰钾矿和软锰矿纳米材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、物理吸附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温脱附(TPD)和程序升温还原(CO-TPR)等表征技术研究了K~+含量对锰钾矿材料结构稳定性和氧化还原性的影响及进一步对一氧化碳催化氧化活性的影响.XRD结果表明,在较低合成温度(80和100 oC)时主要得到锰钾矿,在120 oC并且乙醇浓度较高(960和1550 mmol/L)时主要得到软锰矿.这些不同合成条件下得到的锰钾矿具有不同的结晶度、比表面积及钾含量等性质,根据这些性质,将制备的众多样品分为三组进行讨论.A组是具有高结晶度、中等比表面积(100–135 m~2/g)和高钾含量(～16%)的锰钾矿样品;B组锰钾矿样品结晶度较低,但比表面积高(160–200 m~2/g),钾含量中等(～11%);C组主要是软锰矿结构的氧化锰材料,结晶度高,但比表面积低(13–50 m~2/g),钾含量也低(<5%).SEM和TEM结果表明,这三组样品均为大小不同的纳米棒状形貌, DDP分析结果与XRD结果一致, A组和B组中大直径与小直径的纳米棒样品都具有完好的锰钾矿结构.与XRF结果相同, XPS分析也发现A组样品比B组样品具有更高的钾含量,即B组样品的四价锰含量更高.对Mn 3s结合能区域分析,根据文献中报道的锰的平均氧化态公式AOS=8.956–1.126×?E_(3s)计算得到A,B和C组样品的AOS分别为3.73,3.81和3.96.TPD和CO-TPR表明, B组锰钾矿样品比A组更容易释放氧,也更容易被还原.这些结果都表明A组锰钾矿比B组锰钾矿更稳定.而A组样品具有更高的K含量,说明K含量高有利于锰钾矿的稳定性.CO氧化活性实验表明,三组样品的催化活性顺序为B>A>C.由于三组样品的比表面积差别较大,我们比较了所有样品在75 oC时单位面积上的反应速率.75 oC时, A组锰钾矿几乎没有活性,反应速率为0.与之相反, B组样品的反应速率高于传统回流法制备的锰钾矿参考样品.这些结果表明锰钾矿的高比表面积和更好的氧化还原性是其在CO氧化反应中具有高活性的主要原因.为了进一步研究锰钾矿在低温下释放的氧物种对CO催化氧化的影响,将B组代表样品在500 oC焙烧6 h.与原样品相比, TPD中低温释放的氧消失,另外两个氧气的峰也向高温方向移动了20°C以上.在CO催化氧化实验中, 500 oC焙烧后的样品直到100 oC尚没有催化活性,而原样品在此温度则有38%的转化率.这一结果证明锰钾矿在TPD实验中300 oC左右释放的第一个活性氧物种导致了低温下CO催化氧化的活性.另外,将B组代表样品在含有20%氧气的原料气氛下进行了两个循环的CO氧化反应测试,发现B组样品在高氧气浓度下具有较高的稳定性.综上所述,锰钾矿中的钾含量可以通过改变水热合成温度和乙醇浓度成功地来调控.钾含量较低的锰钾矿样品具有更好的氧化还原性和催化CO氧化活性.而钾含量较高时,锰钾矿结构更稳定,不利于活性氧的释放,因而催化氧化活性较差.
Cryptomelane has been widely applied as catalyst in oxidation reactions due to its excellent redox properties and low cost. Here, a novel one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using a potassium permanganate aqueous solution as precursor and ethanol as reducing agent has successfully been developed to obtain cryptomelane nano-oxides. This synthetic route makes it possible to control the amount of potassium incorporated into the structure of the cryptomelane by selecting the appropriate synthesis temperature and ethanol initial concentration. Taking advantage of this approach, the effect of potassium concentration on the structural stability and reducibility of the cryptomelane, which are poorly discussed in the literature, has been studied. We have observed that samples with low content of potassium(～11%) show high conversions of CO to CO_2 especially at low temperatures. The lower activity of the samples with high K contents(～16%) can be ascribed to the beneficial effect of K on the structural stability of cryptomelane in detriment of labile oxygen on cryptomelane surface.
Cryptomelane has been widely applied as catalyst in oxidation reactions due to its excellent redox properties and low cost. Here, a novel one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using a potassium permanganate aqueous solution as precursor and ethanol as reducing agent has successfully been developed to obtain cryptomelane nano-oxides. This synthetic route makes it possible to control the amount of potassium incorporated into the structure of the cryptomelane by selecting the appropriate synthesis temperature and ethanol initial concentration. Taking advantage of this approach, the effect of potassium concentration on the structural stability and reducibility of the cryptomelane, which are poorly discussed in the literature, has been studied. We have observed that samples with low content of potassium(～11%) show high conversions of CO to CO_2 especially at low temperatures. The lower activity of the samples with high K contents(～16%) can be ascribed to the beneficial effect of K on the structural stability of cryptomelane in detriment of labile oxygen on cryptomelane surface.
引文
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