1982—2013年潞安矿区NDVI3g变化趋势及气候响应
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摘要
为了揭示全球变化背景下矿业开发活动对矿区生态环境的影响,采用长时序GIMMS AVHRR NDVI3g(1982—2013年)全球植被指数数据集和气候信息(年均降水量和气温数据),运用IDL编程实现数据合成运算、线性回归和趋势拟合,从时间、空间、气候三方面对矿区、缓冲区(10 km、20 km)、校验区的NDVI平均值和总值进行比较研究,并推算出生长期变化趋势.时序分析表明,32 a来矿区NDVI总量随开采年限延长呈先增后减/波动中下降的趋势,下降速率为0.18/(10 a).矿区植被返青期滞后3 d,枯黄期提前30 d,生长期缩短33 d,缩减速率为10.3 d/(10 a).空间分析表明,除潞安矿区外其他三区生长季均有所延长,研究区平均NDVI年增长率依次为矿区(1.09%)<10 km缓冲区(2.16%)<20 km缓冲区(8.86%)<校验区(9.87%),矿区NDVI总量自1995年后开始减少,非开采区NDVI总量呈增加趋势.气候变化分析表明,校验区NDVI对温度敏感性高于降水量,矿区NDVI对降水量敏感性高于温度,其中温度对两区植被生长有明显滞后性.研究显示,矿业开发活动抑制了矿区及周边区域NDVI的增长,NDVI年增长率远低于校验区,受温度升高、降水量减少共同作用,自然生态下校验区NDVI呈增加趋势,生长季延长;而受开采扰动影响下的矿区植被活动呈减弱趋势,生长期也有所缩短.
Research on long time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index( NDVI) dynamic changes in mining areas is beneficial to clarify the impacts from global change and to reveal the influence of human activities on the mining area ecological environment. The long time series GIMMS AVHRR NDVI3g( 1982-2013,32 a) global vegetation index and climate information( i. e.,precipitation and temperature) were selected as data sets. Data synthesis operation,linear regression and trend fitting contrasting the maximum NDVI,average NDVI and the total NDVI of directly affected areas,buffer areas( 10 km and 20 km) and checked areas were used to calculate the change trends of the start,end and length of growing season. Three components in time,space and climate were implied using IDL programming language. Analysis of the sequential correlation results indicated that due to global warming,the mining area start of growing season( SOS) has been postponed 3 d,end of growing season( EOS) has advanced 30 d and length of growing season( LOS) has shorten33 d-a reduction rate of 10. 3 d/( 10 a). With the increasing of mining years,the annual average of total NDVI declined during the 32 year research period,with a decline rate of 0. 18 /( 10 a). Analysis of the spatial correlation indicated that the LOS in the buffer area( 10 km and 20 km) and checked area( CK) have been extended,and the LOS in the mining area has been shortened. The LOS in mining area is 3 days shorter than that in the CK. The annual average NDVI over 32 years was 0. 2936,0. 2964,0. 3250 and 0. 2918 for the mining area,the 10 km buffer area,the 20 km buffer area and the CK respectively. Therelationships of different research districts were as follows: annual NDVI growth rate was followed by mining area( 1. 09%) < 10 km buffer area( 2. 16%) < 20 km buffer area( 8. 86%) < CK( 9. 87%). The annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was lower than that in the CK. The total NDVI in the mining area began to decrease since 1995,while the total NDVI in non-mining area showed an increasing trend. This indicated that coal mining has had an obvious effect on regional ecological processes. The analysis of climate change correlation indicated that the NDVI is increasing with the increasing of temperature and decreasing of precipitation. The annual NDVI growth rate in natural ecological CK is higher than that in the mining area; the LOS in the CK showed a trend of extended with increasing of temperature and decreasing of precipitation,while the LOS in the mining area showed a shortening trend. The NDVI in the mining area,in addition to the interference by climate change,is also the result of mining activities. The results show that it is an indisputable fact that mining has a significant impact on regional ecological processes.( 1) Human activities interfere with the evolution process of natural ecology over mining area.( 2) Climate change has caused the NDVI to increase over the whole area.( 3) Mining activities lead to decreasing NDVI in both mining and non-mining area.( 4) The NDVI is influenced more seriously by mining activities than climate change.
Research on long time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index( NDVI) dynamic changes in mining areas is beneficial to clarify the impacts from global change and to reveal the influence of human activities on the mining area ecological environment. The long time series GIMMS AVHRR NDVI3g( 1982-2013,32 a) global vegetation index and climate information( i. e.,precipitation and temperature) were selected as data sets. Data synthesis operation,linear regression and trend fitting contrasting the maximum NDVI,average NDVI and the total NDVI of directly affected areas,buffer areas( 10 km and 20 km) and checked areas were used to calculate the change trends of the start,end and length of growing season. Three components in time,space and climate were implied using IDL programming language. Analysis of the sequential correlation results indicated that due to global warming,the mining area start of growing season( SOS) has been postponed 3 d,end of growing season( EOS) has advanced 30 d and length of growing season( LOS) has shorten33 d-a reduction rate of 10. 3 d/( 10 a). With the increasing of mining years,the annual average of total NDVI declined during the 32 year research period,with a decline rate of 0. 18 /( 10 a). Analysis of the spatial correlation indicated that the LOS in the buffer area( 10 km and 20 km) and checked area( CK) have been extended,and the LOS in the mining area has been shortened. The LOS in mining area is 3 days shorter than that in the CK. The annual average NDVI over 32 years was 0. 2936,0. 2964,0. 3250 and 0. 2918 for the mining area,the 10 km buffer area,the 20 km buffer area and the CK respectively. Therelationships of different research districts were as follows: annual NDVI growth rate was followed by mining area( 1. 09%) < 10 km buffer area( 2. 16%) < 20 km buffer area( 8. 86%) < CK( 9. 87%). The annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was lower than that in the CK. The total NDVI in the mining area began to decrease since 1995,while the total NDVI in non-mining area showed an increasing trend. This indicated that coal mining has had an obvious effect on regional ecological processes. The analysis of climate change correlation indicated that the NDVI is increasing with the increasing of temperature and decreasing of precipitation. The annual NDVI growth rate in natural ecological CK is higher than that in the mining area; the LOS in the CK showed a trend of extended with increasing of temperature and decreasing of precipitation,while the LOS in the mining area showed a shortening trend. The NDVI in the mining area,in addition to the interference by climate change,is also the result of mining activities. The results show that it is an indisputable fact that mining has a significant impact on regional ecological processes.( 1) Human activities interfere with the evolution process of natural ecology over mining area.( 2) Climate change has caused the NDVI to increase over the whole area.( 3) Mining activities lead to decreasing NDVI in both mining and non-mining area.( 4) The NDVI is influenced more seriously by mining activities than climate change.
引文
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[3]顾娟,李新,黄春林.NDVI时间序列数据集重建方法述评[J].遥感技术与应用,2006,21(4):391-395.GU Juan,LI Xin,HUANG Chunlin.Research on the reconstructing of time-series NDVI data[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2006,21(4):391-395.
[4]JEONG S J,HO C H,GIM H J,et al.Phenology shifts at start vs.end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(7):2385-2399.
[5]EASTMAN J R,SANGERMANO F,MACHADO E A,et al.Global trends in seasonality of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)1982-2011[J].Remote Sensing,2013,5(10):4799-4818.
[6]TIAN Feng,WANG Yunjia,FENSHOLT R,et al.Mapping and evaluation of NDVI trends from synthetic time series obtained by blending landsat and MODIS data around a coalfield on the loess plateau[J].Remote Sensing,2013,5(9):4255-4279.
[7]MA Chao,TIAN Shujing,XIE Shaoshao,et al.A comparative study of NDVI change in Shendong coalfield based on GIMMS dataset[C]//ZOU Youfeng.Environmental protection and sustainable ecological development,EPSED 2014.Wuhan:CRC Balkema Press,2015:135-139.
[8]PROSPER L B,GUAN Qingfeng,CHENG Dandan.Exploring land use and land cover change in the mining areas of Wa East District,Ghana using Satellite Imagery[J].Meteorology&Atmospheric Sciences,2015,1:618-626.
[9]吴立新,马保东,刘善军.基于SPOT卫星NDVI数据的神东矿区植被覆盖动态变化分析[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(9):1217-1222.WU Lixin,MA Baodong,LIU Shanjun.Analysis to vegetation coverage change in Shendong Mining Area with spot NDVI data[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(9):1217-1222.
[10]王广军,胡振琪,杜海清,等.采矿扰动下草地荒漠化的遥感分析:以霍林河露天煤矿区为例[J].遥感学报,2006,10(6):917-925.WANG Guangjun,HU Zhenqi,DU Haiqing,et al.Analysis of grassland desertification due to coal mining based on remote sensing:an example from Huolinhe open-cast coal mine[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2006,10(6):917-925.
[11]张晓克,胡海峰,康立勋,等.基于SPOT卫星影像的矿区植被指数研究[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(3):48-51.ZHANG Xiaoke,HU Haifeng,KANG Lixun,et al.Study on NDVI in mining areas based on spot satellite images[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(3):48-51.
[12]马超,张晓克,郭增长,等.半干旱山区采矿扰动植被指数时空变化规律[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(7)750-758.MA Chao,ZHANG Xiaoke,GUO Zengzhang,et al.Spatial-temporal variation of vegetation index caused by mining subsidence in semiarid mountain regions[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(7):751-759.
[13]徐占军,侯湖平,张绍良,等.采矿活动和气候变化对煤矿区生态环境损失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):232-239.XU Zhanjun,HOU Huping,ZHANG Shaoliang,et al.Effects of mining activity and climatic change on ecological losses in coal mining areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(5):232-240.
[14]雷少刚,卞正富.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2837-2843.LEI Shaogang,BIAN Zhengfu.Research progress on the environment impacts from underground coal mining in arid western area of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(11):2837-2843.
[15]曹代勇,张杰林,关英斌,等.潞安矿区构造格局及构造演化[J].煤炭学报,1995,20(2):174-178.CAO Daiyong,ZHANG Jielin,GUAN Yingbin,et al.Tectonic framework evolution in Luan Mine Area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1995,20(2):174-178.
[16]王行风,汪云甲,杜培军.潞安矿区景观尺度的土地质量定量评价初探[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(1):197-200.WANG Xingfeng,WANG Yunjia,DU Peijun.Preliminary study on landscape-scale land quality quantitative assessment in Luan mining area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(1):197-200.
[17]马超,田淑静,邹友峰,等.神东矿区AVHRR/NDVI的时空、开采强度和气候效应[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2749-2756.MA Chao,TIAN Shujing,ZOU Youfeng,et al.Dynamic responses of the coalfield ecosystem to mining intensity,spatio-temporal variation,and climate change derived from AVHRR/NDVI in Shendong coalfield[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2749-2756.
[18]康萨如拉,牛建明,张庆,等.草原区矿产开发对景观格局和初级生产力的影响:以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2855-2867.KANG Sarula,NIU Jianming,ZHANG Qing,et al.Impacts of mining on landscape pattern and primary productivity in the grassland of Inner Mongolia:a case study of Heidaigou open pit coal mining[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(11):2855-2867.
[19]陈晓玲,龚威,李平湘,等.遥感数字影像处理导论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007:215-219.
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