Enhancement of municipal sludge dewaterability by electrochemical pretreatment
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摘要
Electrolysis is a promising technology to improve sludge dewaterability efficiently with negligible environmental impact. To intensify the electrolytic efficiency, the effect of electrolytes(NaCl, Na_2SO_4, NaNO_3, and NaClO_4) on electrolysis pretreatment of municipal sludge and its mechanisms was investigated using Ti/PbO_2 electrodes. The electrolytes,which enhanced the production of oxidative radicals, showed a significant synergetic effect in reducing the capillary suction time(CST) of sludge. NaCl was distinguished from the other electrolytes since it formed a large amount of active chlorine species, which oxidized the sludge cells to improve the sludge dewaterability. The surface morphologies as well as the soluble proteins and polysaccharides were analyzed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of sludge dewaterability. Additionally, an economic assessment showed that NaCl addition in the electrolysis pretreatment can be a suitable technique for enhancing municipal sludge dewaterability.
Electrolysis is a promising technology to improve sludge dewaterability efficiently with negligible environmental impact. To intensify the electrolytic efficiency, the effect of electrolytes(NaCl, Na_2SO_4, NaNO_3, and NaClO_4) on electrolysis pretreatment of municipal sludge and its mechanisms was investigated using Ti/PbO_2 electrodes. The electrolytes,which enhanced the production of oxidative radicals, showed a significant synergetic effect in reducing the capillary suction time(CST) of sludge. NaCl was distinguished from the other electrolytes since it formed a large amount of active chlorine species, which oxidized the sludge cells to improve the sludge dewaterability. The surface morphologies as well as the soluble proteins and polysaccharides were analyzed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of sludge dewaterability. Additionally, an economic assessment showed that NaCl addition in the electrolysis pretreatment can be a suitable technique for enhancing municipal sludge dewaterability.
Electrolysis is a promising technology to improve sludge dewaterability efficiently with negligible environmental impact. To intensify the electrolytic efficiency, the effect of electrolytes(NaCl, Na_2SO_4, NaNO_3, and NaClO_4) on electrolysis pretreatment of municipal sludge and its mechanisms was investigated using Ti/PbO_2 electrodes. The electrolytes,which enhanced the production of oxidative radicals, showed a significant synergetic effect in reducing the capillary suction time(CST) of sludge. NaCl was distinguished from the other electrolytes since it formed a large amount of active chlorine species, which oxidized the sludge cells to improve the sludge dewaterability. The surface morphologies as well as the soluble proteins and polysaccharides were analyzed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of sludge dewaterability. Additionally, an economic assessment showed that NaCl addition in the electrolysis pretreatment can be a suitable technique for enhancing municipal sludge dewaterability.
引文
Barrios,J.A.,Duran,U.,Cano,A.,Cisneros-Ortiz,M.,Hernandez,S.,2017.Sludge electrooxidation as pre-treatment for anaerobic digestion.Water Sci.Technol.75(4),775-781.
Bradford,M.M.,1976.Rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing principle of protein-dye binding.Anal.Biochem.72(1-2),248-254.
Buyukkamaci,N.,2004.Biological sludge conditioning by Fenton's reagent.Process Biochem.39(11),1503-1506.
Chen,W.,Gao,X.,Xu,H.,Cai,Y.,Cui,J.,2017.Influence of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)treated by combined ultrasound pretreatment and chemical re-flocculation on water treatment sludge settling performance.Chemosphere170,196-206.
Chen,K.,Lei,H.,Li,Y.,Li,H.,Zhang,X.,Yao,C.,2011.Physical and chemical characteristics of waste activated sludge treated with electric field.Process Saf.Environ.89(5),327-333.
Clematis,D.,Cerisola,G.,Panizza,M.,2017.Electrochemical oxidation of a synthetic dye using a BDD anode with a solid polymer electrolyte.Electrochem.Commun.75,21-24.
Dogruel,S.,Ozgen,A.S.,2017.Effect of ultrasonic and microwave disintegration on physico-chemical and biodegradation characteristics of waste-activated sludge.Environ.Technol.38(7),844-859.
Dubois,M.,Gilles,K.A.,Hamilton,J.K.,Rebers,P.A.,Smith,F.,1956.Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.Anal.Chem.28(3),350-356.
Fajardo,A.S.,Seca,H.F.,Martins,R.C.,Corceiro,V.N.,Freitas,I.F.,Emilia Quinta-Ferreira,M.,et al.,2017.Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic wastewaters using a batch-stirred reactor with NaCl electrolyte and Ti/RuO2anodes.J.Electroanal.Chem.785,180-189.
Faxon,C.,Bean,J.,Ruiz,L.,2015.Inland concentrations of Cl2and ClNO2in southeast Texas suggest chlorine chemistry significantly contributes to atmospheric reactivity.Atmosphere 6(10),1487-1506.
García-Gómez,C.,Drogui,P.,Seyhi,B.,Gortáres-Moroyoqui,P.,Buelna,G.,Estrada-Alvgarado,M.I,et al.,2016.Combined membrane bioreactor and electrochemical oxidation using Ti/PbO2anode for the removal of carbamazepine.J.Taiwan Inst.Chem.Eng.64,211-219.
Gharibi,H.,Sowlat,M.H.,Mahvi,A.H.,Keshavarz,M.,Safari,M.H.,Lotfi,S.,et al.,2013.Performance evaluation of a bipolar electrolysis/electrocoagulation(EL/EC)reactor to enhance the sludge dewaterability.Chemosphere 90(4),1487-1494.
Hu,K.,Jiang,J.,Zhao,Q.,Lee,D.,Wang,K.,Qiu,W.,2011.Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing:role of curing.Water Res.45(18),5969-5976.
Lei,Y.,Chen,C.,Tu,Y.,Huang,Y.,Zhang,H.,2015.Heterogeneous degradation of organic pollutants by persulfate activated by CuO-Fe3O4:mechanism,stability,and effects of pH and bicarbonate ions.Environ.Sci.Technol.49(11),6838-6845.
Li,C.,Wang,X.,Zhang,G.,Yu,G.,Lin,J.,Wang,Y.,2017.Hydrothermal and alkaline hydrothermal pretreatments plus anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge for dewatering and biogas production:bench-scale research and pilot-scale verification.Water Res.117,49-57.
Li,Y.,Yuan,X.,Wu,Z.,Wang,H.,Xiao,Z.,Wu,Y.,et al.,2016.Enhancing the sludge dewaterability by electrolysis/electrocoagulation combined with zero-valent iron activated persulfate process.Chem.Eng.J.303,636-645.
Liu,C.,Lei,Z.,Yang,Y.,Wang,H.,Zhang,Z.,2013.Improvement in settleability and dewaterability of waste activated sludge by solar photocatalytic treatment in Ag/TiO2-coated glass tubular reactor.Bioresour.Technol.137,57-62.
Liu,J.,Yang,Q.,Wang,D.,Li,X.,Zhong,Y.,Li,X.,et al.,2016.Enhanced dewaterability of waste activated sludge by Fe(II)-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation.Bioresour.Technol.206,134-140.
Lu,M.C.,Lin,C.J.,Liao,C.H.,Huang,R.Y.,Ting,W.P.,2003.Dewatering of activated sludge by Fenton's reagent.Adv.Environ.Res.7(3),667-670.
Mo,R.,Huang,S.,Dai,W.,Liang,J.,Sun,S.,2015.A rapid Fenton treatment technique for sewage sludge dewatering.Chem.Eng.J.269,391-398.
Ning,X.,Wen,W.,Zhang,Y.,Li,R.,Sun,J.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2015.Enhanced dewaterability of textile dyeing sludge using microelectrolysis pretreatment.J.Environ.Manag.161,181-187.
Rice,E.W.,2012.Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater.American Public Health Association,Washington D.C.,pp.4-67.
Song,K.,Zhou,X.,Liu,Y.,Xie,G.J.,Wang,D.,Zhang,T.,et al.,2016.Improving dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge by combination of persulfate and zero valent iron.Chem.Eng.J.295,436-442.
Sundarapandiyan,S.,Renitha,T.S.,Sridevi,J.,Chandrasekaran,B.,Saravanan,P.,Raju,G.B.,2014.Mechanistic insight into active chlorine species mediated electrochemical degradation of recalcitrant phenolic polymers.RSC Adv.4(104),59821-59830.
Ullal,S.J.,Godfrey,A.R.,Edelberg,E.,Braly,L.,2002.Effect of chamber wall conditions on Cl and Cl2concentrations in an inductively coupled plasma reactor.J.Vac.Sci.Technol.A 20(1),43-52.
Wang,L.,Li,A.,Chang,Y.,2017.Relationship between enhanced dewaterability and structural properties of hydrothermal sludge after hydrothermal treatment of excess sludge.Water Res.112,72-82.
Wang,Q.,Wei,W.,Liu,S.,Yan,M.,Song,K.,Mai,J.,et al.,2018.Free ammonia pretreatment improves degradation of secondary sludge during aerobic digestion.ACSSustain.Chem.Eng.6(1),1105-1111.
Xie,L.,Bao,Q.,Terada,A.,Hosomi,M.,2016.Single-cell analysis of the disruption of bacteria with a high-pressure jet device:An application of atomic force microscopy.Chem.Eng.J.306,1099-1108.
Xu,J.,Yuan,H.,Lin,J.,Yuan,W.,2014.Evaluation of thermal,thermal-alkaline,alkaline and electrochemical pretreatments on sludge to enhance anaerobic biogas production.J.Taiwan Inst.Chem.Eng.45(5),2531-2536.
Ye,C.,Yuan,H.,Dai,X.,Lou,Z.,Zhu,N.,2016.Electrochemical pretreatment of waste activated sludge:effect of process conditions on sludge disintegration degree and methane production.Environ.Technol.37(22),2935-2944.
Yuan,H.,Zhu,N.,Song,L.,2010.Conditioning of sewage sludge with electrolysis:effectiveness and optimizing study to improve dewaterability.Bioresour.Technol.101(12),4285-4290.
Zeng,H.,Tian,S.,Liu,H.,Chai,B.,Zhao,X.,2016.Photo-assisted electrolytic decomplexation of Cu-EDTA and Cu recovery enhanced by H2O2and electro-generated active chlorine.Chem.Eng.J.301,371-379.
Zhang,G.,Yang,J.,Liu,H.,Zhang,J.,2009.Sludge ozonation:disintegration,supernatant changes and mechanisms.Bioresour.Technol.100(3),1505-1509.
Zhang,J.,Zhang,J.,Tian,Y.,Li,N.,Kong,L.,Sun,L.,et al.,2016.Changes of physicochemical properties of sewage sludge during ozonation treatment:correlation to sludge dewaterability.Chem.Eng.J.301,238-248.
Zhen,G.,Lu,X.,Li,Y.,Zhao,Y.,2014.Combined electrical-alkali pretreatment to increase the anaerobic hydrolysis rate of waste activated sludge during anaerobic digestion.Appl.Energy 128,93-102.
Zhen,G.,Lu,X.,Zhao,Y.,Chai,X.,Niu,D.,2012.Enhanced dewaterability of sewage sludge in the presence of Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation.Bioresour.Technol.116,259-265.
Bradford,M.M.,1976.Rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing principle of protein-dye binding.Anal.Biochem.72(1-2),248-254.
Buyukkamaci,N.,2004.Biological sludge conditioning by Fenton's reagent.Process Biochem.39(11),1503-1506.
Chen,W.,Gao,X.,Xu,H.,Cai,Y.,Cui,J.,2017.Influence of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)treated by combined ultrasound pretreatment and chemical re-flocculation on water treatment sludge settling performance.Chemosphere170,196-206.
Chen,K.,Lei,H.,Li,Y.,Li,H.,Zhang,X.,Yao,C.,2011.Physical and chemical characteristics of waste activated sludge treated with electric field.Process Saf.Environ.89(5),327-333.
Clematis,D.,Cerisola,G.,Panizza,M.,2017.Electrochemical oxidation of a synthetic dye using a BDD anode with a solid polymer electrolyte.Electrochem.Commun.75,21-24.
Dogruel,S.,Ozgen,A.S.,2017.Effect of ultrasonic and microwave disintegration on physico-chemical and biodegradation characteristics of waste-activated sludge.Environ.Technol.38(7),844-859.
Dubois,M.,Gilles,K.A.,Hamilton,J.K.,Rebers,P.A.,Smith,F.,1956.Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.Anal.Chem.28(3),350-356.
Fajardo,A.S.,Seca,H.F.,Martins,R.C.,Corceiro,V.N.,Freitas,I.F.,Emilia Quinta-Ferreira,M.,et al.,2017.Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic wastewaters using a batch-stirred reactor with NaCl electrolyte and Ti/RuO2anodes.J.Electroanal.Chem.785,180-189.
Faxon,C.,Bean,J.,Ruiz,L.,2015.Inland concentrations of Cl2and ClNO2in southeast Texas suggest chlorine chemistry significantly contributes to atmospheric reactivity.Atmosphere 6(10),1487-1506.
García-Gómez,C.,Drogui,P.,Seyhi,B.,Gortáres-Moroyoqui,P.,Buelna,G.,Estrada-Alvgarado,M.I,et al.,2016.Combined membrane bioreactor and electrochemical oxidation using Ti/PbO2anode for the removal of carbamazepine.J.Taiwan Inst.Chem.Eng.64,211-219.
Gharibi,H.,Sowlat,M.H.,Mahvi,A.H.,Keshavarz,M.,Safari,M.H.,Lotfi,S.,et al.,2013.Performance evaluation of a bipolar electrolysis/electrocoagulation(EL/EC)reactor to enhance the sludge dewaterability.Chemosphere 90(4),1487-1494.
Hu,K.,Jiang,J.,Zhao,Q.,Lee,D.,Wang,K.,Qiu,W.,2011.Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing:role of curing.Water Res.45(18),5969-5976.
Lei,Y.,Chen,C.,Tu,Y.,Huang,Y.,Zhang,H.,2015.Heterogeneous degradation of organic pollutants by persulfate activated by CuO-Fe3O4:mechanism,stability,and effects of pH and bicarbonate ions.Environ.Sci.Technol.49(11),6838-6845.
Li,C.,Wang,X.,Zhang,G.,Yu,G.,Lin,J.,Wang,Y.,2017.Hydrothermal and alkaline hydrothermal pretreatments plus anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge for dewatering and biogas production:bench-scale research and pilot-scale verification.Water Res.117,49-57.
Li,Y.,Yuan,X.,Wu,Z.,Wang,H.,Xiao,Z.,Wu,Y.,et al.,2016.Enhancing the sludge dewaterability by electrolysis/electrocoagulation combined with zero-valent iron activated persulfate process.Chem.Eng.J.303,636-645.
Liu,C.,Lei,Z.,Yang,Y.,Wang,H.,Zhang,Z.,2013.Improvement in settleability and dewaterability of waste activated sludge by solar photocatalytic treatment in Ag/TiO2-coated glass tubular reactor.Bioresour.Technol.137,57-62.
Liu,J.,Yang,Q.,Wang,D.,Li,X.,Zhong,Y.,Li,X.,et al.,2016.Enhanced dewaterability of waste activated sludge by Fe(II)-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation.Bioresour.Technol.206,134-140.
Lu,M.C.,Lin,C.J.,Liao,C.H.,Huang,R.Y.,Ting,W.P.,2003.Dewatering of activated sludge by Fenton's reagent.Adv.Environ.Res.7(3),667-670.
Mo,R.,Huang,S.,Dai,W.,Liang,J.,Sun,S.,2015.A rapid Fenton treatment technique for sewage sludge dewatering.Chem.Eng.J.269,391-398.
Ning,X.,Wen,W.,Zhang,Y.,Li,R.,Sun,J.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2015.Enhanced dewaterability of textile dyeing sludge using microelectrolysis pretreatment.J.Environ.Manag.161,181-187.
Rice,E.W.,2012.Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater.American Public Health Association,Washington D.C.,pp.4-67.
Song,K.,Zhou,X.,Liu,Y.,Xie,G.J.,Wang,D.,Zhang,T.,et al.,2016.Improving dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge by combination of persulfate and zero valent iron.Chem.Eng.J.295,436-442.
Sundarapandiyan,S.,Renitha,T.S.,Sridevi,J.,Chandrasekaran,B.,Saravanan,P.,Raju,G.B.,2014.Mechanistic insight into active chlorine species mediated electrochemical degradation of recalcitrant phenolic polymers.RSC Adv.4(104),59821-59830.
Ullal,S.J.,Godfrey,A.R.,Edelberg,E.,Braly,L.,2002.Effect of chamber wall conditions on Cl and Cl2concentrations in an inductively coupled plasma reactor.J.Vac.Sci.Technol.A 20(1),43-52.
Wang,L.,Li,A.,Chang,Y.,2017.Relationship between enhanced dewaterability and structural properties of hydrothermal sludge after hydrothermal treatment of excess sludge.Water Res.112,72-82.
Wang,Q.,Wei,W.,Liu,S.,Yan,M.,Song,K.,Mai,J.,et al.,2018.Free ammonia pretreatment improves degradation of secondary sludge during aerobic digestion.ACSSustain.Chem.Eng.6(1),1105-1111.
Xie,L.,Bao,Q.,Terada,A.,Hosomi,M.,2016.Single-cell analysis of the disruption of bacteria with a high-pressure jet device:An application of atomic force microscopy.Chem.Eng.J.306,1099-1108.
Xu,J.,Yuan,H.,Lin,J.,Yuan,W.,2014.Evaluation of thermal,thermal-alkaline,alkaline and electrochemical pretreatments on sludge to enhance anaerobic biogas production.J.Taiwan Inst.Chem.Eng.45(5),2531-2536.
Ye,C.,Yuan,H.,Dai,X.,Lou,Z.,Zhu,N.,2016.Electrochemical pretreatment of waste activated sludge:effect of process conditions on sludge disintegration degree and methane production.Environ.Technol.37(22),2935-2944.
Yuan,H.,Zhu,N.,Song,L.,2010.Conditioning of sewage sludge with electrolysis:effectiveness and optimizing study to improve dewaterability.Bioresour.Technol.101(12),4285-4290.
Zeng,H.,Tian,S.,Liu,H.,Chai,B.,Zhao,X.,2016.Photo-assisted electrolytic decomplexation of Cu-EDTA and Cu recovery enhanced by H2O2and electro-generated active chlorine.Chem.Eng.J.301,371-379.
Zhang,G.,Yang,J.,Liu,H.,Zhang,J.,2009.Sludge ozonation:disintegration,supernatant changes and mechanisms.Bioresour.Technol.100(3),1505-1509.
Zhang,J.,Zhang,J.,Tian,Y.,Li,N.,Kong,L.,Sun,L.,et al.,2016.Changes of physicochemical properties of sewage sludge during ozonation treatment:correlation to sludge dewaterability.Chem.Eng.J.301,238-248.
Zhen,G.,Lu,X.,Li,Y.,Zhao,Y.,2014.Combined electrical-alkali pretreatment to increase the anaerobic hydrolysis rate of waste activated sludge during anaerobic digestion.Appl.Energy 128,93-102.
Zhen,G.,Lu,X.,Zhao,Y.,Chai,X.,Niu,D.,2012.Enhanced dewaterability of sewage sludge in the presence of Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation.Bioresour.Technol.116,259-265.