The influence of agriculture in the process of population integration and cultural interaction during the Eastern Zhou Period in central-south, Inner Mongolia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bones from the Dabaoshan cemetery, Helingee
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摘要
Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.
Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.
Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.
引文
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Archaeological Institute of Inner Mongolia,The Museum of Tuoketuo County.2004.Brief reports of excavation in Gucheng site,Gucheng,Tuoketuo County.In:Chen Y Z,ed.Archaeological Symposium of Inner Mongolian Cultural Relic.Vol.3(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.218-261
Archaeological Institute of Inner Mongolia.2006.The main achievements of Excavation in Gucheng site,Tuchengzi,Helingeer County,Inner Mogolia(in Chinese).Cult Archaeol,1:9-16
Archaeometry Center of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.2011.Science for Archaeology.Vol.3(in Chinese).Beijing:China Social Science Press.23-46
Atahan P,Dodson J,Li X,Zhou X,Chen L,Barry L,Bertuch F.2014.Temporal trends in millet consumption in northern China.J Archaeological Sci,50:171-177
Bao S G.2014.Study on the animal sacrifices of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northern region of China(in Chinese).Doctoral Dissertation.Changchun:Jilin University.113-176
Barton L,Newsome S D,Chen F H,Wang H,Guilderson T P,Bettinger RL.2009.Agricultural origins and the isotopic identity of domestication in northern China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:5523-5528
Bird M I,Pousai P.1997.Variations ofδ13C in the surface soil organic carbon pool.Glob Biogeochem Cycle,11:313-322
Bocherens H,Fizet M,Mariotti A.1994.Diet,physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry:implications for Pleistocene bears.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,107:213-225
Calvin M B.1962.The path of carbon in photosynthesis.Science,107:476-480
Cao J E.2006.New progress of archaeological researches during Shan and Zhou Period in central-south Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:16-26
Cao J E,Sun J S,Hu X N.2009.Brief reports about the excavations in Xindianzi cemetery,Helingeer County,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Archaeometry,3:195-206
Chen Q J,Cao J E.2009.Study on the animal sacrifices of Xindianzi cemetery,Helingeer County,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:66-77
College of History and Culture of Inner Mongolia Normal University,Archaeological Institute of Inner Mongolia.2013.Excavation report of Dabaoshan cemetery,Helingeer County(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:36-49
Cultural Relics Work Team of Inner Mongolia.1986.Maoqniggou grave.In:Tian G J,Guo S X,eds.Ordos Bronzeware(in Chinese).Beijing:Cultural Relics Press.131-145
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De Niro M J.1978.Epstein S.Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Zahn?rztliche Mitteilungen,42:495-506
Dodson J R,Li X,Zhou X,Zhao K,Sun N,Atahan P.2013.Origin and spread of wheat in China.Quart Sci Rev,72:108-111
Gu Y C.2010.A Research on the Skeletons of Warning-States Period from Tuchengzi Site,Helinge’er County,Inner Mongolian Province(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.37-42
Hedges R E M.2002.Bone diagenesis:An overview of processes.Archaeometry,44:319-328
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Hou L L,Wang N,LüP,Hu Y W,Song G D,Wang C S.2012.Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site,Henan,from the Warring States to Han Dynasties.Sci China Earth Sci,55:975-982
Hu Y,Hu S,Wang W,Wu X,Marshall F B,Chen X,Hou L,Wang C.2014.Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,111:116-120
Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics Archaeology,Japan Kyoto society of Chinese archaeology.2001.Excavations report of Yingniugou cemetery in 1997.In:Tian G J,Akiyama Shinko,eds.Archaeological Excavations at Daihai(II)-A Collection of Sino-Japanese Archaeological Reports and Papers on Sites in Dahai(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.278-365
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Lei H Y.2010.An analysis of Zhao State’s management in Dai Area during the Warring States Period(in Chinese).J Handan Coll,20:43-46
Li S C,Wang H.2013.Reconsideration about the Carbonized wheat excavated from Donghuishan Site(in Chinese).Archaeol Stud,1:399-405
Lightfoot E,Liu X,Jones M K.2013.Why move starchy cereals?A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia.World Archaeol,45:574-623
Lightfoot E,Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G,O’Connell T C,Kukushkin I A,Loman V,Varfolomeev V,Liu X,Jones M K.2015.How‘Pastoral’is Pastoralism?Dietary diversity in Bronze Age communities in the Central Kazakhstan steppes.Archaeometry,57:232-249
Lin Y.1996.Rong and Di are not Hu.In:LüS G,ed.Selected Papers in Memory of Jing Jingfang for the Ninety-Fifth Birthday(in Chinese).Changchun:Press of Jilin Wenshi.101-108
Lin Y.2008.Collection of Linyun’s Essays.Volume 2(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.39-76
Ling X,Wang W S,Chen L,Sun L J,Hu Y W.2010a.Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis of human bones from Jianhe cemetery,Baoji during Warring States(in Chinese).Archaeol Cult Rel,1:95-98
Ling X,Chen L,Tian Y Q,Li Y,Zhao C C,Hu Y W.2010b.Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis on human bones from Qin tomb of Sunjianantou Site,Fengxiang,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).Acta Anthropol Sin,29:54-61
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Liu X,Jones M K,Zhao Z,Liu G,O’Connell T C.2012.The earliest evidence of millet as a staple crop:New light on neolithic foodways in North China.Am J Phys Anthropol,149:283-290
Matuzeviciute G,Lightfoot E,O’Connell T C,Voyakin D,Liu X,Loman V,Svyatko S,Usmanova E,Jones M K.2015.The extent of cereal cultivation among the Bronze Age to Turkic period societies of Kazakhstan determined using stable isotope analysis of bone collagen.JArchaeol Sci,59:23-34
Murphy E M,Schulting R,Beer N,Chistov Y,Kasparov A,Pshenitsyna M.2013.Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe:Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes.J Archaeol Sci,40:2547-2560
Price T D,Blitz J,Burton J,Ezzo J A.1992.Diagenesis in prehistoric bone:Problems and solutions.J Archaeol Sci,19:513-529
Ren S N.2005.The occurrence and development of the pre-historical agriculture in China(in Chinese).Acad Res,6:110-123
Richard M P,Hedges R E M.1999.Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the type of marine food used by Late Mesolithic human at sites along the Atlantic Coast of Europe.J Archaeol Sci,2665:717-722
Shan Y Y.2015.The pattern of the archaeological cultures in Northern China during the Eastern Zhou period to the Qin dynasty-also on the interactions among the Rong,Di and Hu ethnic groups and Central Plains(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,3:303-344
Sponheimer M,Robinson T,Ayliffe L,Roeder B,Hammer J,Passey B,West A,Cerling T,Dearing D,Ehleringer J.2003.Nitrogen isotopes in mammalian herbivores:Hairδ15N values from a controlled feeding study.Int J Osteoarchaeol,13:80-87
Stanley S H.1991.Effects of diet,climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs.J Archaeol Sci,18:293-317
Svyatko S V,Schulting R J,Mallory J,Murphy E M,Reimer P J,Khartanovich V I,Chistov Y K,Sablin M V.2013.Stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the Minusinsk Basin,Southern Siberia,Russia:a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian steppe.J Archaeol Sci,40:3936-3945
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Tien K E.1976.The Hsiung Nu tombs at Tao-hung-pa-la(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,1:131-144
The Institute of Archaeology,Inner Mongolia.1989.The Guoxianyaozi cemetery in Liangcheng County(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,1:57-89
Van der Merwe N J.1982.Carbon isotopes,photosynthesis,and archaeology:Different pathways of photosynthesis cause characteristic changes in carbon isotope ratios that make possible the study of prehistoric human diets.Am Sci,70:596-606
Wang L X.2011.Historical context and cultural diversity of the South Central region of Inner Mongolia before the unification by the Qin Empire(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:161-190
Wang L X,Hu P P.2013.The comparison of the burial custom of the including animal husbandry relics in the mid-south part and the Southeast part of the Inner Mongolia in the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and related problems(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:139-161
Wuen.2002.Some ideas on the early nomadic culture in the Eurasian Steppe(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,4:437-470
Wuenyuesitu.2007.Archaeological Culture Research on Northern Steppe from Bronze Age to Early Iron Age(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.300-356
Xu Q H,Xiao J L,Yang X L,Toshio Nakamura,Yang X L,Yang Z J,Liang W D.2004.Climate changes of Dahai basin during the past 1500 from a pollen record(in Chinese).Quat Sci,24:341-347
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Yang J H.2009.Differentiation of two types of cultural remains of the Eastern Zhou period in Northern China(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,2:155-184
Yang J H,Hong M,Cao J E.2009.The different social structures reflection from two kinds of burials in Maoqinggou cemetery(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:64-73
Yang J H,Shao H Q,Pan L.2016.Metal Road in Eastern Eurasia Steppe:Formation Process of Silk Road as well as Hun Alliance(in Chinese).Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House.358-444
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Archaeological Institute of Inner Mongolia.2006.The main achievements of Excavation in Gucheng site,Tuchengzi,Helingeer County,Inner Mogolia(in Chinese).Cult Archaeol,1:9-16
Archaeometry Center of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.2011.Science for Archaeology.Vol.3(in Chinese).Beijing:China Social Science Press.23-46
Atahan P,Dodson J,Li X,Zhou X,Chen L,Barry L,Bertuch F.2014.Temporal trends in millet consumption in northern China.J Archaeological Sci,50:171-177
Bao S G.2014.Study on the animal sacrifices of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northern region of China(in Chinese).Doctoral Dissertation.Changchun:Jilin University.113-176
Barton L,Newsome S D,Chen F H,Wang H,Guilderson T P,Bettinger RL.2009.Agricultural origins and the isotopic identity of domestication in northern China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:5523-5528
Bird M I,Pousai P.1997.Variations ofδ13C in the surface soil organic carbon pool.Glob Biogeochem Cycle,11:313-322
Bocherens H,Fizet M,Mariotti A.1994.Diet,physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry:implications for Pleistocene bears.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,107:213-225
Calvin M B.1962.The path of carbon in photosynthesis.Science,107:476-480
Cao J E.2006.New progress of archaeological researches during Shan and Zhou Period in central-south Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:16-26
Cao J E,Sun J S,Hu X N.2009.Brief reports about the excavations in Xindianzi cemetery,Helingeer County,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Archaeometry,3:195-206
Chen Q J,Cao J E.2009.Study on the animal sacrifices of Xindianzi cemetery,Helingeer County,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:66-77
College of History and Culture of Inner Mongolia Normal University,Archaeological Institute of Inner Mongolia.2013.Excavation report of Dabaoshan cemetery,Helingeer County(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,2:36-49
Cultural Relics Work Team of Inner Mongolia.1986.Maoqniggou grave.In:Tian G J,Guo S X,eds.Ordos Bronzeware(in Chinese).Beijing:Cultural Relics Press.131-145
De Niro M J.1985.Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction.Nature,317:806-809
De Niro M J.1978.Epstein S.Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Zahn?rztliche Mitteilungen,42:495-506
Dodson J R,Li X,Zhou X,Zhao K,Sun N,Atahan P.2013.Origin and spread of wheat in China.Quart Sci Rev,72:108-111
Gu Y C.2010.A Research on the Skeletons of Warning-States Period from Tuchengzi Site,Helinge’er County,Inner Mongolian Province(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.37-42
Hedges R E M.2002.Bone diagenesis:An overview of processes.Archaeometry,44:319-328
Hedges R E M,Reynard L M.2007.Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology.J Archaeol Sci,34:1240-1251
Hou L L,Wang N,LüP,Hu Y W,Song G D,Wang C S.2012.Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site,Henan,from the Warring States to Han Dynasties.Sci China Earth Sci,55:975-982
Hu Y,Hu S,Wang W,Wu X,Marshall F B,Chen X,Hou L,Wang C.2014.Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,111:116-120
Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics Archaeology,Japan Kyoto society of Chinese archaeology.2001.Excavations report of Yingniugou cemetery in 1997.In:Tian G J,Akiyama Shinko,eds.Archaeological Excavations at Daihai(II)-A Collection of Sino-Japanese Archaeological Reports and Papers on Sites in Dahai(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.278-365
Inner Mongolian Relics Team 1984.Brief reports about excavations in Yinniugou cemetery,Liangcheng,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Cult Archaeol,3:26-35
Lan Y K.2007.Characteristics of the climate change in Inner Mongolia since recent 50 years.Master Dissertation(in Chinese).Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences.6-30
Lei H Y.2010.An analysis of Zhao State’s management in Dai Area during the Warring States Period(in Chinese).J Handan Coll,20:43-46
Li S C,Wang H.2013.Reconsideration about the Carbonized wheat excavated from Donghuishan Site(in Chinese).Archaeol Stud,1:399-405
Lightfoot E,Liu X,Jones M K.2013.Why move starchy cereals?A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia.World Archaeol,45:574-623
Lightfoot E,Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G,O’Connell T C,Kukushkin I A,Loman V,Varfolomeev V,Liu X,Jones M K.2015.How‘Pastoral’is Pastoralism?Dietary diversity in Bronze Age communities in the Central Kazakhstan steppes.Archaeometry,57:232-249
Lin Y.1996.Rong and Di are not Hu.In:LüS G,ed.Selected Papers in Memory of Jing Jingfang for the Ninety-Fifth Birthday(in Chinese).Changchun:Press of Jilin Wenshi.101-108
Lin Y.2008.Collection of Linyun’s Essays.Volume 2(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.39-76
Ling X,Wang W S,Chen L,Sun L J,Hu Y W.2010a.Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis of human bones from Jianhe cemetery,Baoji during Warring States(in Chinese).Archaeol Cult Rel,1:95-98
Ling X,Chen L,Tian Y Q,Li Y,Zhao C C,Hu Y W.2010b.Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis on human bones from Qin tomb of Sunjianantou Site,Fengxiang,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).Acta Anthropol Sin,29:54-61
Liu H Z.1991.Xiyuan cemetery in Baotou during Spring-Autumn Period(in Chinese).Step Cult Rec,1:13-24
Liu X,Jones M K,Zhao Z,Liu G,O’Connell T C.2012.The earliest evidence of millet as a staple crop:New light on neolithic foodways in North China.Am J Phys Anthropol,149:283-290
Matuzeviciute G,Lightfoot E,O’Connell T C,Voyakin D,Liu X,Loman V,Svyatko S,Usmanova E,Jones M K.2015.The extent of cereal cultivation among the Bronze Age to Turkic period societies of Kazakhstan determined using stable isotope analysis of bone collagen.JArchaeol Sci,59:23-34
Murphy E M,Schulting R,Beer N,Chistov Y,Kasparov A,Pshenitsyna M.2013.Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe:Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes.J Archaeol Sci,40:2547-2560
Price T D,Blitz J,Burton J,Ezzo J A.1992.Diagenesis in prehistoric bone:Problems and solutions.J Archaeol Sci,19:513-529
Ren S N.2005.The occurrence and development of the pre-historical agriculture in China(in Chinese).Acad Res,6:110-123
Richard M P,Hedges R E M.1999.Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the type of marine food used by Late Mesolithic human at sites along the Atlantic Coast of Europe.J Archaeol Sci,2665:717-722
Shan Y Y.2015.The pattern of the archaeological cultures in Northern China during the Eastern Zhou period to the Qin dynasty-also on the interactions among the Rong,Di and Hu ethnic groups and Central Plains(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,3:303-344
Sponheimer M,Robinson T,Ayliffe L,Roeder B,Hammer J,Passey B,West A,Cerling T,Dearing D,Ehleringer J.2003.Nitrogen isotopes in mammalian herbivores:Hairδ15N values from a controlled feeding study.Int J Osteoarchaeol,13:80-87
Stanley S H.1991.Effects of diet,climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs.J Archaeol Sci,18:293-317
Svyatko S V,Schulting R J,Mallory J,Murphy E M,Reimer P J,Khartanovich V I,Chistov Y K,Sablin M V.2013.Stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the Minusinsk Basin,Southern Siberia,Russia:a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian steppe.J Archaeol Sci,40:3936-3945
Tian G J.1997.On prehistoric archaeology of South Middle Inner Mongolia(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,2:121-145
Tien K E.1976.The Hsiung Nu tombs at Tao-hung-pa-la(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,1:131-144
The Institute of Archaeology,Inner Mongolia.1989.The Guoxianyaozi cemetery in Liangcheng County(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,1:57-89
Van der Merwe N J.1982.Carbon isotopes,photosynthesis,and archaeology:Different pathways of photosynthesis cause characteristic changes in carbon isotope ratios that make possible the study of prehistoric human diets.Am Sci,70:596-606
Wang L X.2011.Historical context and cultural diversity of the South Central region of Inner Mongolia before the unification by the Qin Empire(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:161-190
Wang L X,Hu P P.2013.The comparison of the burial custom of the including animal husbandry relics in the mid-south part and the Southeast part of the Inner Mongolia in the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and related problems(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:139-161
Wuen.2002.Some ideas on the early nomadic culture in the Eurasian Steppe(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,4:437-470
Wuenyuesitu.2007.Archaeological Culture Research on Northern Steppe from Bronze Age to Early Iron Age(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.300-356
Xu Q H,Xiao J L,Yang X L,Toshio Nakamura,Yang X L,Yang Z J,Liang W D.2004.Climate changes of Dahai basin during the past 1500 from a pollen record(in Chinese).Quat Sci,24:341-347
Yang J H.1999.Di recorded in Spring Autumn and Zuo Zhuan(in Chinese).Collect Pap Hist Study,2:17-22
Yang J H.2004.The Formation of Northern Frontier Belt from Spring Autumn to Warning States Period(in Chinese).Beijing:Cultural Relics Press.1-218
Yang J H.2009.Differentiation of two types of cultural remains of the Eastern Zhou period in Northern China(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,2:155-184
Yang J H,Hong M,Cao J E.2009.The different social structures reflection from two kinds of burials in Maoqinggou cemetery(in Chinese).R Chin Front Archaeol,1:64-73
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