Attenuation of coda waves in the SW of High-Atlas area, Morocco
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摘要
We investigate attenuation scattering and loss properties in Souss basin(SW of High-Atlas) as a transition zone between the High and Anti Atlas ranges. This district consists in a thinned crustal patch with shallow seismicity and loose sedimentary trenches that perform an important contribution to augment seismic attenuation. So far, no coda waves approach in our knowledge have been used to draw satisfying outputs about the attenuation properties in the region. Therefore, this update suggests to correlate the lateral changes of seismic attenuation to different characteristics and asperities i.e. seismic activity,crustal age and thickness, heat flow, and ground deformation rate. To do so, we analysed coda waves derived from waveform data of more than 23 local earthquakes from seven broadband seismometers recorded during 2010 e2012 period. As a starter, we utilized the backscattering model which defines theseismic attenuation as inversely proportional to quality factor by the equation A ?1=. QQcestimates c were deducted at various central frequency bands 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 18.0 Hz according to different lapses times. The estimated average frequency dependence quality factor gives relation Qc? 120 f1;01,while the average Qcvalues vary from 149 at 1.5 Hz to 1895 at 18 Hz central frequencies. We observed an intimate dependence between quality factor and frequency ranges, which reflects the complexity of geological/geophysical pattern in the Souss basin and the presence of a variety of heterogeneities within the underlying crust.
We investigate attenuation scattering and loss properties in Souss basin(SW of High-Atlas) as a transition zone between the High and Anti Atlas ranges. This district consists in a thinned crustal patch with shallow seismicity and loose sedimentary trenches that perform an important contribution to augment seismic attenuation. So far, no coda waves approach in our knowledge have been used to draw satisfying outputs about the attenuation properties in the region. Therefore, this update suggests to correlate the lateral changes of seismic attenuation to different characteristics and asperities i.e. seismic activity,crustal age and thickness, heat flow, and ground deformation rate. To do so, we analysed coda waves derived from waveform data of more than 23 local earthquakes from seven broadband seismometers recorded during 2010 e2012 period. As a starter, we utilized the backscattering model which defines theseismic attenuation as inversely proportional to quality factor by the equation A ?1=. QQcestimates c were deducted at various central frequency bands 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 18.0 Hz according to different lapses times. The estimated average frequency dependence quality factor gives relation Qc? 120 f1;01,while the average Qcvalues vary from 149 at 1.5 Hz to 1895 at 18 Hz central frequencies. We observed an intimate dependence between quality factor and frequency ranges, which reflects the complexity of geological/geophysical pattern in the Souss basin and the presence of a variety of heterogeneities within the underlying crust.
We investigate attenuation scattering and loss properties in Souss basin(SW of High-Atlas) as a transition zone between the High and Anti Atlas ranges. This district consists in a thinned crustal patch with shallow seismicity and loose sedimentary trenches that perform an important contribution to augment seismic attenuation. So far, no coda waves approach in our knowledge have been used to draw satisfying outputs about the attenuation properties in the region. Therefore, this update suggests to correlate the lateral changes of seismic attenuation to different characteristics and asperities i.e. seismic activity,crustal age and thickness, heat flow, and ground deformation rate. To do so, we analysed coda waves derived from waveform data of more than 23 local earthquakes from seven broadband seismometers recorded during 2010 e2012 period. As a starter, we utilized the backscattering model which defines theseismic attenuation as inversely proportional to quality factor by the equation A ?1=. QQcestimates c were deducted at various central frequency bands 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 18.0 Hz according to different lapses times. The estimated average frequency dependence quality factor gives relation Qc? 120 f1;01,while the average Qcvalues vary from 149 at 1.5 Hz to 1895 at 18 Hz central frequencies. We observed an intimate dependence between quality factor and frequency ranges, which reflects the complexity of geological/geophysical pattern in the Souss basin and the presence of a variety of heterogeneities within the underlying crust.
引文
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[2]K.Aki,B.Chouet,Origin of coda waves:source,attenuation,and scattering effects,J.Geophys.Res.80(23)(1975)3322e3342.
[3]S.Singh,R.B.Herrmann,Regionalization of crustal coda Q in the continental United States,J.Geophys.Res.Solid Earth 88(B1)(1983)527e538.
[4]L.Knopoff,L.D.Porter,Attenuation of surface waves in a granular material,J.Geophys.Res.68(23)(1963)6317e6321.
[5]K.Aki,Analysis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes as scattered waves,J.Geophys.Res.74(2)(1969)615e631.
[6]H.Sato,Energy propagation including scattering effects sengle isotropic scattering approximation,J.Phys.Earth 25(1)(1977)27e41.
[7]S.W.Roecker,B.Tucker,J.King,D.Hatzfeld,Estimates of Q in central Asia as a function of frequency and depth using the coda of locally recorded earthquakes,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.72(1)(1982)129e149.
[8]J.J.Pulli,Attenuation of coda waves in new England,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.74(4)(1984)1149e1166.
[9]A.Jin,K.Aki,Temporal change in coda Q before the Tangshan earthquake of1976 and the Haicheng earthquake of 1975,J.Geophys.Res.Solid Earth 91(B1)(1986)665e673.
[10]K.Y.Nishigami,Y.Ito,C.Gurbuz,A.Pinar,N.Aybey,S.B.Ucer,Y.Honkura,A.M.Iisikara,Microseismic activity and spatial distribution of coda-Q in the westernmost part of the north anatolian fault zone Turkey,Bull.Disaster Prev.Res.Inst.40(2)(1990)41e56.
[11]T.G.Rautian,V.I.Khalturin,The use of the coda for determination of the earthquake source spectrum,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.68(4)(1978)923e948.
[12]M.Tsujiura,Spectral analysis of the coda waves from local earthquakes,Bull.Earthq.Res.Inst.53(1978)1e48.
[13]J.Xie,B.J.Mitchell,A back-projection method for imaging large-scale lateral variations of coda Q with application to continental Africa,Geophys.J.Int.100(2)(1990)161e181.
[14]A.Boulanouar,L.El Moudnib,M.Harnafi,T.E.Cherkaoui,A.Rahmouni,M.Boukalouch,J.Sebbani,Spatial variation of coda wave attenuation using aftershocks of the Al Hoceima earthquake of 24 February 2004,Morocco,Nat.Sci.5(08)(2013)72.
[15]M.J.Bezada,Insights into the lithospheric architecture of Iberia and Morocco from teleseismic body-wave attenuation,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.478(2017)14e26.
[16]J.Stets,P.Wurster,Atlas and Atlanticdstructural relations,in:Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin,Springer,Berlin.Heidelberg,1982,pp.69e85.
[17]A.E.Adams,D.V.Ager,A.G.Harding,Geologie de la region d'Imouzzer des Idaou-Tanane(Haut Atlas Occidental),Notes et Mem.Serv.geol.Maroc 41(285)(1980)59e80.
[18]R.Ambroggi,Etude geologique du versant meridional du Haut Atlas Occidental et de la plaine Souss,Notes et Mem.Serv.Geol.Maroc 157(1963)321.
[19]G.Choubert,A.Faure-Muret,Evolution du domaine atlasique marocain depuis les temps paleozo?ques,Livrea la memoire du Professeur Paul Fallot 1(1962)447e527.
[20]F.Duffaud,L.Brun,B.Plauchut,Le bassin du Sud-Ouest marocain,in:D.Reyre(Ed.),Bassins sedimentaires du littoral africain.Symp.New Delhi,Publ.Assoc.Serv.geol.Afr.,Paris,I,1966,pp.5e26.
[21]G.Ercilla,J.I.Díaz,B.Alonso,M.Farran,Late Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentary evolution of the northern Catalonia continental shelf(northwestern Mediterranean Sea),Cont.Shelf Res.15(11e12)(1995)1435e1451.
[22]B.Alonso,Gemma Ercilla Zarraga,F.Perez,Estratigrafía sísmica del margen continental distal de Agadir y llanura abisal de Agadir:Retrogradacion de un sistema turbidítico activo,in:XIII Congreso Espanol de Sedimentología,1994,pp.97e98.
[23]J.Rey,K.Tajeddine,M.Aadjour,B.Andreu,M.Adutem,R.K.Ben Abbas Taarji,M.Billotte,J.Canerot,N.El Kamali,E.M.Ettachfini,M.Ettachfini,A.Gharib,M.Ibnoussina,A.Rossi,O.Witam,Le Cretace inferieur et moyen du Haut Atlas Occidental:Essai de synthes,Intern,in:Assoc.Sedimentology,14th Regional Meeting,Marrakech,1993,pp.27e29.
[24]J.Wiedmann,A.Butt,G.Einsele,Cretaceous stratigraphy,environment,and subsidence history at the Moroccan continental margin,in:Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin,Springer,Berlin.Heidelberg,1982,pp.366e395.
[25]O.Witam,J.Rey,M.Aadjour,J.F.Magniez,G.Delanoy,Nouvelles donnees biostratigraphiques et sequentielles sur la serie barremienne et aptienne du bassin d'Agadir(Maroc),Rev.Paleobiol.12(193)(1993)202.
[26]A.Butt,Micropaleontological bathymetry of the cretaceous of western Morocco,Palaeogeogr.Palaeoclimatol.Palaeoecol.37(2e4)(1982)235e275.
[27]A.Michard,Elements de geologie marocaine,Notes et Memoires.Service geologique du Maroc 252(1976)1e422.
[28]M.Behrens,A.Siehl,Sedimentation in the atlas gulf I:lower cretaceous clastics,in:Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin,Springer,Berlin.Heidelberg,1982,pp.427e438.
[29]P.Wurster,J.Stets,Sedimentation in the atlas gulf II:mid-cretaceous events,in:Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin,Springer,Berlin.Heidelberg,1982,pp.439e458.
[30]E.Uchupi,K.O.Emery,C.O.Bowin,J.D.Phillips,Continental margin off western Africa:Senegal to Portugal,AAPG Bull.60(5)(1976)809e878.
[31]P.Giese,V.Jacobshagen,Inversion tectonics of intracontinental ranges:high and middle atlas,Morocco,Geol.Rundsch.81(1)(1992)249e259.
[32]B.J.Mitchell,Regional variation and frequency dependence of Qb in the crust of the United States,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.71(5)(1981)1531e1538.
[33]H.Sato,M.C.Fehler,T.Maeda,Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Earth,second ed.,Springer,2012.
[34]A.Kumar,R.Kumar,V.Ghangas,B.Sharma,MATLAB codes(CodaQ)for estimation of attenuation characteristics of coda waves,Int.J.3(9)(2015)1078e1083.
[35]J.Havskov,L.Ottemoller,SEISAN earthquake analysis software,Seismol.Res.Lett.70(5)(1999)532e534.
[36]K.Aki,Scattering and attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere,J.Geophys.Res.Solid Earth 85(B11)(1980)6496e6504.
[37]J.J.Pulli,K.Aki,Attenuation of seismic waves in the lithosphere:comparison of active and stable areas,in:Earthquakes and Earthquake Engineering:The Eastern US,vol.1,1981,pp.129e141.
[38]T.V.Eck,Attenuation of coda waves in the Dead Sea region,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.78(2)(1988)770e779.
[39]A.Akinci,A.G.Taktak,S.Ergintav,Attenuation of coda waves in western anatolia,Phys.Earth Planet.In.87(1e2)(1994)155e165.
[40]Y.Timoulali,J.Nacer,Y.Hahou,M.Chourak,Lithospheric structure in NW of Africa:case of the Moroccan atlas mountains,Geodesy Geodyn.6(6)(2015)397e408.
[41]C.R.D.Woodgold,Coda Q in the Charlevoix,Quebec,region:lapse-time dependence and spatial and temporal comparisons,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84(4)(1994)1123e1131.
[42]E.Del Pezzo,J.Ibanez,J.Morales,A.Akinci,R.Maresca,Measurements of intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in the crust,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.85(5)(1995)1373e1380.
[43]S.Mukhopadhyay,C.Tyagi,Variation of intrinsic and scattering attenuation with depth in NW Himalayas,Geophys.J.Int.172(3)(2008)1055e1065.
[44]M.Ma'hood,H.Hamzehloo,G.J.Doloei,Attenuation of high frequency P and Swaves in the crust of the East-Central Iran,Geophys.J.Int.179(3)(2009)1669e1678.
[45]J.Havskov,S.Malone,D.McClurg,R.Crosson,Coda Q for the state of Washington,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.79(4)(1989)1024e1038.
[46]L.B.Kvamme,J.Havskov,Q in southern Norway,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.79(5)(1989)1575e1588.
[47]S.C.Gupta,V.N.Singh,A.Kumar,Attenuation of coda waves in the Garhwal Himalaya,India,Phys.Earth Planet.In.87(3e4)(1995)247e253.
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