Incidence and treatment of mediastinal leakage after esophagectomy:Insights from the multicenter study on mediastinal leaks
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摘要
BACKGROUND Mediastinal leakage(ML) is one of the most feared complications of esophagectomy. A standard strategy for its diagnosis and treatment has beendifficult to establish because of the great variability in their incidence and mortality rates reported in the existing series.AIM To assess the incidence, predictive factors, treatment, and associated mortality rate of mediastinal leakage using the standardized definition of mediastinal leaks recently proposed by the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group(ECCG).METHODS Seven Italian surgical centers(five high-volume, two low-volume) affiliated with the Italian Society for the Study of Esophageal Diseases designed and implemented a retrospective study including all esophagectomies(n = 501) with intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis performed from 2014 to 2017.Anastomotic MLs were defined according to the classification recently proposed by the ECCG.RESULTS Fifty-nine cases of ML were recorded, yielding an overall incidence of 11.8%(95%CI: 9.1%-14.9%). The surgical approach significantly influenced the occurrence of ML: the proportion of leakage was 10.5% and 9% after open and hybrid esophagectomy(HE), respectively, and doubled(20%) after totally minimally invasive esophagectomy(TMIE)(P = 0.016). No other predictive factors were found. The 30-and 90-d overall mortality rates were 1.4% and 3.2%,respectively; the 30-and 90-d leak-related mortality rates were 5.1% and 10.2%,respectively; the 90-d mortality rates for TMIE and HE were 5.9% and 1.8%,respectively. Endoscopy was the first-line treatment in 49% of ML cases, with the need for retreatment in 17.2% of cases. Surgery was needed in 44.1% of ML cases.Endoscopic treatment had the lowest mortality rate(6.9%). Removal of the gastric tube with stoma formation was necessary in 8(13.6%) cases.CONCLUSION The incidence of ML after esophagectomy was high mainly in the TMIE group.However, the general and specific(leak-related) mortality rates were low. Early treatment(surgical or endoscopic) of severe leaks is mandatory to limit related mortality.
BACKGROUND Mediastinal leakage(ML) is one of the most feared complications of esophagectomy. A standard strategy for its diagnosis and treatment has beendifficult to establish because of the great variability in their incidence and mortality rates reported in the existing series.AIM To assess the incidence, predictive factors, treatment, and associated mortality rate of mediastinal leakage using the standardized definition of mediastinal leaks recently proposed by the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group(ECCG).METHODS Seven Italian surgical centers(five high-volume, two low-volume) affiliated with the Italian Society for the Study of Esophageal Diseases designed and implemented a retrospective study including all esophagectomies(n = 501) with intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis performed from 2014 to 2017.Anastomotic MLs were defined according to the classification recently proposed by the ECCG.RESULTS Fifty-nine cases of ML were recorded, yielding an overall incidence of 11.8%(95%CI: 9.1%-14.9%). The surgical approach significantly influenced the occurrence of ML: the proportion of leakage was 10.5% and 9% after open and hybrid esophagectomy(HE), respectively, and doubled(20%) after totally minimally invasive esophagectomy(TMIE)(P = 0.016). No other predictive factors were found. The 30-and 90-d overall mortality rates were 1.4% and 3.2%,respectively; the 30-and 90-d leak-related mortality rates were 5.1% and 10.2%,respectively; the 90-d mortality rates for TMIE and HE were 5.9% and 1.8%,respectively. Endoscopy was the first-line treatment in 49% of ML cases, with the need for retreatment in 17.2% of cases. Surgery was needed in 44.1% of ML cases.Endoscopic treatment had the lowest mortality rate(6.9%). Removal of the gastric tube with stoma formation was necessary in 8(13.6%) cases.CONCLUSION The incidence of ML after esophagectomy was high mainly in the TMIE group.However, the general and specific(leak-related) mortality rates were low. Early treatment(surgical or endoscopic) of severe leaks is mandatory to limit related mortality.
BACKGROUND Mediastinal leakage(ML) is one of the most feared complications of esophagectomy. A standard strategy for its diagnosis and treatment has beendifficult to establish because of the great variability in their incidence and mortality rates reported in the existing series.AIM To assess the incidence, predictive factors, treatment, and associated mortality rate of mediastinal leakage using the standardized definition of mediastinal leaks recently proposed by the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group(ECCG).METHODS Seven Italian surgical centers(five high-volume, two low-volume) affiliated with the Italian Society for the Study of Esophageal Diseases designed and implemented a retrospective study including all esophagectomies(n = 501) with intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis performed from 2014 to 2017.Anastomotic MLs were defined according to the classification recently proposed by the ECCG.RESULTS Fifty-nine cases of ML were recorded, yielding an overall incidence of 11.8%(95%CI: 9.1%-14.9%). The surgical approach significantly influenced the occurrence of ML: the proportion of leakage was 10.5% and 9% after open and hybrid esophagectomy(HE), respectively, and doubled(20%) after totally minimally invasive esophagectomy(TMIE)(P = 0.016). No other predictive factors were found. The 30-and 90-d overall mortality rates were 1.4% and 3.2%,respectively; the 30-and 90-d leak-related mortality rates were 5.1% and 10.2%,respectively; the 90-d mortality rates for TMIE and HE were 5.9% and 1.8%,respectively. Endoscopy was the first-line treatment in 49% of ML cases, with the need for retreatment in 17.2% of cases. Surgery was needed in 44.1% of ML cases.Endoscopic treatment had the lowest mortality rate(6.9%). Removal of the gastric tube with stoma formation was necessary in 8(13.6%) cases.CONCLUSION The incidence of ML after esophagectomy was high mainly in the TMIE group.However, the general and specific(leak-related) mortality rates were low. Early treatment(surgical or endoscopic) of severe leaks is mandatory to limit related mortality.
引文
1 Yoshida N,Baba Y,Watanabe M,Ida S,Ishimoto T,Karashima R,Iwagami S,Imamura Y,Sakamoto Y,Miyamoto Y,Baba H.Original scoring system for predicting postoperative morbidity after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.Surg Today 2015;45:346-354[PMID:24997754 DOI:10.1007/s00595-014-0958-5]
2 Jiang R,Liu Y,Ward KC,Force SD,Pickens A,Sancheti MS,Javidfar J,Fernandez FG,Khullar OV.Excess Cost and Predictive Factors of Esophagectomy Complications in the SEER-Medicare Database.Ann Thorac Surg 2018;106:1484-1491[PMID:29944881 DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.05.062]
3 Low DE,Kuppusamy MK,Alderson D,Cecconello I,Chang AC,Darling G,Davies A,D'Journo XB,Gisbertz SS,Griffin SM,Hardwick R,Hoelscher A,Hofstetter W,Jobe B,Kitagawa Y,Law S,Mariette C,Maynard N,Morse CR,Nafteux P,Pera M,Pramesh CS,Puig S,Reynolds JV,Schroeder W,Smithers M,Wijnhoven BPL.Benchmarking Complications Associated with Esophagectomy.Ann Surg 2019;269:291-298[PMID:29206677 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002611]
4 Rutegrd M,Lagergren P,Johar A,Lagergren J.Time shift in early postoperative mortality after oesophagectomy for cancer.Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:3144-3149[PMID:25649859 DOI:10.1245/s10434-015-4394-6]
5 Allum WH,Bonavina L,Cassivi SD,Cuesta MA,Dong ZM,Felix VN,Figueredo E,Gatenby PA,Haverkamp L,Ibraev MA,Krasna MJ,Lambert R,Langer R,Lewis MP,Nason KS,Parry K,Preston SR,Ruurda JP,Schaheen LW,Tatum RP,Turkin IN,van der Horst S,van der Peet DL,van der Sluis PC,van Hillegersberg R,Wormald JC,Wu PC,Zonderhuis BM.Surgical treatments for esophageal cancers.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014;1325:242-268[PMID:25266029 DOI:10.1111/nyas.12533]
6 Maas KW,Biere SS,Scheepers JJ,Gisbertz SS,Turrado Rodriguez VT,van der Peet DL,Cuesta MA.Minimally invasive intrathoracic anastomosis after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for cancer:a review of transoral or transthoracic use of staplers.Surg Endosc 2012;26:1795-1802[PMID:22294057 DOI:10.1007/s00464-012-2149-z]
7 Crestanello JA,Deschamps C,Cassivi SD,Nichols FC,Allen MS,Schleck C,Pairolero PC.Selective management of intrathoracic anastomotic leak after esophagectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:254-260[PMID:15678033 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.024]
8 Rutegrd M,Lagergren P,Rouvelas I,Lagergren J.Intrathoracic anastomotic leakage and mortality after esophageal cancer resection:a population-based study.Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:99-103[PMID:21769467 DOI:10.1245/s10434-011-1926-6]
9 Van Daele E,Van de Putte D,Ceelen W,Van Nieuwenhove Y,Pattyn P.Risk factors and consequences of anastomotic leakage after Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy?.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016;22:32-37[PMID:26433973 DOI:10.1093/icvts/ivv276]
10 Messager M,Warlaumont M,Renaud F,Marin H,Branche J,Piessen G,Mariette C.Recent improvements in the management of esophageal anastomotic leak after surgery for cancer.Eur JSurg Oncol 2017;43:258-269[PMID:27396305 DOI:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.06.394]
11 Low DE,Alderson D,Cecconello I,Chang AC,Darling GE,DJourno XB,Griffin SM,H?lscher AH,Hofstetter WL,Jobe BA,Kitagawa Y,Kucharczuk JC,Law SY,Lerut TE,Maynard N,Pera M,Peters JH,Pramesh CS,Reynolds JV,Smithers BM,van Lanschot JJ.International Consensus on Standardization of Data Collection for Complications Associated With Esophagectomy:Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group(ECCG).Ann Surg 2015;262:286-294[PMID:25607756 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001098]
12 Baiocchi GL,Giacopuzzi S,Marrelli D,Reim D,Piessen G,Matos da Costa P,Reynolds JV,Meyer HJ,Morgagni P,Gockel I,Lara Santos L,Jensen LS,Murphy T,Preston SR,Ter-Ovanesov M,Fumagalli Romario U,Degiuli M,Kielan W,M?nig S,Ko?odziejczyk P,Polkowski W,Hardwick R,Pera M,Johansson J,Schneider PM,de Steur WO,Gisbertz SS,Hartgrink H,van Sandick JW,Portolani N,H?lscher AH,Botticini M,Roviello F,Mariette C,Allum W,De Manzoni G.International consensus on a complications list after gastrectomy for cancer.Gastric Cancer 2019;22:172-189[PMID:29846827 DOI:10.1007/s10120-018-0839-5]
13 Schmidt HM,Gisbertz SS,Moons J,Rouvelas I,Kauppi J,Brown A,Asti E,Luyer M,Lagarde SM,Berlth F,Philippron A,Bruns C,H?lscher A,Schneider PM,Raptis DA,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Nafteux P,Nilsson M,R?sanen J,Palazzo F,Rosato E,Mercer S,Bonavina L,Nieuwenhuijzen G,Wijnhoven BPL,Schr?der W,Pattyn P,Grimminger PP,Gutschow CA.Defining Benchmarks for Transthoracic Esophagectomy:A Multicenter Analysis of Total Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy in Low Risk Patients.Ann Surg 2017;266:814-821[PMID:28796646 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002445]
14 Fischer C,Lingsma H,Klazinga N,Hardwick R,Cromwell D,Steyerberg E,Groene O.Volumeoutcome revisited:The effect of hospital and surgeon volumes on multiple outcome measures in oesophago-gastric cancer surgery.PLoS One 2017;12:e0183955[PMID:29073140 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0183955]
15 Guo J,Chu X,Liu Y,Zhou N,Ma Y,Liang C.Choice of therapeutic strategies in intrathoracic anastomotic leak following esophagectomy.World J Surg Oncol 2014;12:402[PMID:25547979DOI:10.1186/1477-7819-12-402]
16 Kassis ES,Kosinski AS,Ross P Jr,Koppes KE,Donahue JM,Daniel VC.Predictors of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy:an analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic database.Ann Thorac Surg 2013;96:1919-1926[PMID:24075499 DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.07.119]
17 Markar S,Gronnier C,Duhamel A,Bigourdan JM,Badic B,du Rieu MC,Lefevre JH,Turner K,Luc G,Mariette C.Pattern of Postoperative Mortality After Esophageal Cancer Resection According to Center Volume:Results from a Large European Multicenter Study.Ann Surg Oncol2015;22:2615-2623[PMID:25605511 DOI:10.1245/s10434-014-4310-5]
18 Fumagalli U,Melis A,Balazova J,Lascari V,Morenghi E,Rosati R.Intra-operative hypotensive episodes may be associated with post-operative esophageal anastomotic leak.Updates Surg 2016;68:185-190[PMID:27146868 DOI:10.1007/s13304-016-0369-9]
19 Ohi M,Toiyama Y,Mohri Y,Saigusa S,Ichikawa T,Shimura T,Yasuda H,Okita Y,Yoshiyama S,Kobayashi M,Araki T,Inoue Y,Kusunoki M.Prevalence of anastomotic leak and the impact of indocyanine green fluorescein imaging for evaluating blood flow in the gastric conduit following esophageal cancer surgery.Esophagus 2017;14:351-359[PMID:28983231 DOI:10.1007/s10388-017-0585-5]
20 Kumagai Y,Hatano S,Sobajima J,Ishiguro T,Fukuchi M,Ishibashi KI,Mochiki E,Nakajima Y,Ishida H.Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography of the reconstructed gastric tube during esophagectomy:efficacy of the 90-second rule.Dis Esophagus 2018;31[PMID:29897432 DOI:10.1093/dote/doy052]
21 Noma K,Shirakawa Y,Kanaya N,Okada T,Maeda N,Ninomiya T,Tanabe S,Sakurama K,Fujiwara T.Visualized Evaluation of Blood Flow to the Gastric Conduit and Complications in Esophageal Reconstruction.J Am Coll Surg 2018;226:241-251[PMID:29174858 DOI:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.007]
22 Baiocchi GL,Diana M,Boni L.Indocyanine green-based fluorescence imaging in visceral and hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery:State of the art and future directions.World J Gastroenterol2018;24:2921-2930[PMID:30038461 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2921]
23 van Workum F,Stenstra MHBC,Berkelmans GHK,Slaman AE,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Gisbertz SS,van den Wildenberg FJH,Polat F,Irino T,Nilsson M,Nieuwenhuijzen GAP,Luyer MD,Adang EM,Hannink G,Rovers MM,Rosman C.Learning Curve and Associated Morbidity of Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy:A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Ann Surg 2019;269:88-94[PMID:28857809 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002469]
24 Irino T,Tsai JA,Ericson J,Nilsson M,Lundell L,Rouvelas I.Thoracoscopic side-to-side esophagogastrostomy by use of linear stapler-a simplified technique facilitating a minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis operation.Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016;401:315-322[PMID:26960591 DOI:10.1007/s00423-016-1396-1]
25 Mungo B,Lidor AO,Stem M,Molena D.Early experience and lessons learned in a new minimally invasive esophagectomy program.Surg Endosc 2016;30:1692-1698[PMID:26123339DOI:10.1007/s00464-015-4343-2]
26 Cerfolio RJ,Bryant AS,Hawn MT.Technical aspects and early results of robotic esophagectomy with chest anastomosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:90-96[PMID:22910197 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.04.022]
27 Griffin SM,Lamb PJ,Dresner SM,Richardson DL,Hayes N.Diagnosis and management of a mediastinal leak following radical oesophagectomy.Br J Surg 2001;88:1346-1351[PMID:11578290 DOI:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01918.x]
28 Dent B,Griffin SM,Jones R,Wahed S,Immanuel A,Hayes N.Management and outcomes of anastomotic leaks after oesophagectomy.Br J Surg 2016;103:1033-1038[PMID:27146631 DOI:10.1002/bjs.10175]
29 Fumagalli U,Bersani M,Russo A,Melis A,de Pascale S,Rosati R.Volume and outcomes after esophageal cancer surgery:the experience of the Region of Lombardy-Italy.Updates Surg 2013;65:271-275[PMID:23943409 DOI:10.1007/s13304-013-0227-y]
30 Liou DZ,Serna-Gallegos D,Mirocha J,Bairamian V,Alban RF,Soukiasian HJ.Predictors of Failure to Rescue After Esophagectomy.Ann Thorac Surg 2018;105:871-878[PMID:29397102DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.10.022]
31 Schaheen L,Blackmon SH,Nason KS.Optimal approach to the management of intrathoracic esophageal leak following esophagectomy:a systematic review.Am J Surg 2014;208:536-543[PMID:25151186 DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.05.011]
2 Jiang R,Liu Y,Ward KC,Force SD,Pickens A,Sancheti MS,Javidfar J,Fernandez FG,Khullar OV.Excess Cost and Predictive Factors of Esophagectomy Complications in the SEER-Medicare Database.Ann Thorac Surg 2018;106:1484-1491[PMID:29944881 DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.05.062]
3 Low DE,Kuppusamy MK,Alderson D,Cecconello I,Chang AC,Darling G,Davies A,D'Journo XB,Gisbertz SS,Griffin SM,Hardwick R,Hoelscher A,Hofstetter W,Jobe B,Kitagawa Y,Law S,Mariette C,Maynard N,Morse CR,Nafteux P,Pera M,Pramesh CS,Puig S,Reynolds JV,Schroeder W,Smithers M,Wijnhoven BPL.Benchmarking Complications Associated with Esophagectomy.Ann Surg 2019;269:291-298[PMID:29206677 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002611]
4 Rutegrd M,Lagergren P,Johar A,Lagergren J.Time shift in early postoperative mortality after oesophagectomy for cancer.Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:3144-3149[PMID:25649859 DOI:10.1245/s10434-015-4394-6]
5 Allum WH,Bonavina L,Cassivi SD,Cuesta MA,Dong ZM,Felix VN,Figueredo E,Gatenby PA,Haverkamp L,Ibraev MA,Krasna MJ,Lambert R,Langer R,Lewis MP,Nason KS,Parry K,Preston SR,Ruurda JP,Schaheen LW,Tatum RP,Turkin IN,van der Horst S,van der Peet DL,van der Sluis PC,van Hillegersberg R,Wormald JC,Wu PC,Zonderhuis BM.Surgical treatments for esophageal cancers.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014;1325:242-268[PMID:25266029 DOI:10.1111/nyas.12533]
6 Maas KW,Biere SS,Scheepers JJ,Gisbertz SS,Turrado Rodriguez VT,van der Peet DL,Cuesta MA.Minimally invasive intrathoracic anastomosis after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for cancer:a review of transoral or transthoracic use of staplers.Surg Endosc 2012;26:1795-1802[PMID:22294057 DOI:10.1007/s00464-012-2149-z]
7 Crestanello JA,Deschamps C,Cassivi SD,Nichols FC,Allen MS,Schleck C,Pairolero PC.Selective management of intrathoracic anastomotic leak after esophagectomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:254-260[PMID:15678033 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.024]
8 Rutegrd M,Lagergren P,Rouvelas I,Lagergren J.Intrathoracic anastomotic leakage and mortality after esophageal cancer resection:a population-based study.Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:99-103[PMID:21769467 DOI:10.1245/s10434-011-1926-6]
9 Van Daele E,Van de Putte D,Ceelen W,Van Nieuwenhove Y,Pattyn P.Risk factors and consequences of anastomotic leakage after Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy?.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016;22:32-37[PMID:26433973 DOI:10.1093/icvts/ivv276]
10 Messager M,Warlaumont M,Renaud F,Marin H,Branche J,Piessen G,Mariette C.Recent improvements in the management of esophageal anastomotic leak after surgery for cancer.Eur JSurg Oncol 2017;43:258-269[PMID:27396305 DOI:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.06.394]
11 Low DE,Alderson D,Cecconello I,Chang AC,Darling GE,DJourno XB,Griffin SM,H?lscher AH,Hofstetter WL,Jobe BA,Kitagawa Y,Kucharczuk JC,Law SY,Lerut TE,Maynard N,Pera M,Peters JH,Pramesh CS,Reynolds JV,Smithers BM,van Lanschot JJ.International Consensus on Standardization of Data Collection for Complications Associated With Esophagectomy:Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group(ECCG).Ann Surg 2015;262:286-294[PMID:25607756 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001098]
12 Baiocchi GL,Giacopuzzi S,Marrelli D,Reim D,Piessen G,Matos da Costa P,Reynolds JV,Meyer HJ,Morgagni P,Gockel I,Lara Santos L,Jensen LS,Murphy T,Preston SR,Ter-Ovanesov M,Fumagalli Romario U,Degiuli M,Kielan W,M?nig S,Ko?odziejczyk P,Polkowski W,Hardwick R,Pera M,Johansson J,Schneider PM,de Steur WO,Gisbertz SS,Hartgrink H,van Sandick JW,Portolani N,H?lscher AH,Botticini M,Roviello F,Mariette C,Allum W,De Manzoni G.International consensus on a complications list after gastrectomy for cancer.Gastric Cancer 2019;22:172-189[PMID:29846827 DOI:10.1007/s10120-018-0839-5]
13 Schmidt HM,Gisbertz SS,Moons J,Rouvelas I,Kauppi J,Brown A,Asti E,Luyer M,Lagarde SM,Berlth F,Philippron A,Bruns C,H?lscher A,Schneider PM,Raptis DA,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Nafteux P,Nilsson M,R?sanen J,Palazzo F,Rosato E,Mercer S,Bonavina L,Nieuwenhuijzen G,Wijnhoven BPL,Schr?der W,Pattyn P,Grimminger PP,Gutschow CA.Defining Benchmarks for Transthoracic Esophagectomy:A Multicenter Analysis of Total Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy in Low Risk Patients.Ann Surg 2017;266:814-821[PMID:28796646 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002445]
14 Fischer C,Lingsma H,Klazinga N,Hardwick R,Cromwell D,Steyerberg E,Groene O.Volumeoutcome revisited:The effect of hospital and surgeon volumes on multiple outcome measures in oesophago-gastric cancer surgery.PLoS One 2017;12:e0183955[PMID:29073140 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0183955]
15 Guo J,Chu X,Liu Y,Zhou N,Ma Y,Liang C.Choice of therapeutic strategies in intrathoracic anastomotic leak following esophagectomy.World J Surg Oncol 2014;12:402[PMID:25547979DOI:10.1186/1477-7819-12-402]
16 Kassis ES,Kosinski AS,Ross P Jr,Koppes KE,Donahue JM,Daniel VC.Predictors of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy:an analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic database.Ann Thorac Surg 2013;96:1919-1926[PMID:24075499 DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.07.119]
17 Markar S,Gronnier C,Duhamel A,Bigourdan JM,Badic B,du Rieu MC,Lefevre JH,Turner K,Luc G,Mariette C.Pattern of Postoperative Mortality After Esophageal Cancer Resection According to Center Volume:Results from a Large European Multicenter Study.Ann Surg Oncol2015;22:2615-2623[PMID:25605511 DOI:10.1245/s10434-014-4310-5]
18 Fumagalli U,Melis A,Balazova J,Lascari V,Morenghi E,Rosati R.Intra-operative hypotensive episodes may be associated with post-operative esophageal anastomotic leak.Updates Surg 2016;68:185-190[PMID:27146868 DOI:10.1007/s13304-016-0369-9]
19 Ohi M,Toiyama Y,Mohri Y,Saigusa S,Ichikawa T,Shimura T,Yasuda H,Okita Y,Yoshiyama S,Kobayashi M,Araki T,Inoue Y,Kusunoki M.Prevalence of anastomotic leak and the impact of indocyanine green fluorescein imaging for evaluating blood flow in the gastric conduit following esophageal cancer surgery.Esophagus 2017;14:351-359[PMID:28983231 DOI:10.1007/s10388-017-0585-5]
20 Kumagai Y,Hatano S,Sobajima J,Ishiguro T,Fukuchi M,Ishibashi KI,Mochiki E,Nakajima Y,Ishida H.Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography of the reconstructed gastric tube during esophagectomy:efficacy of the 90-second rule.Dis Esophagus 2018;31[PMID:29897432 DOI:10.1093/dote/doy052]
21 Noma K,Shirakawa Y,Kanaya N,Okada T,Maeda N,Ninomiya T,Tanabe S,Sakurama K,Fujiwara T.Visualized Evaluation of Blood Flow to the Gastric Conduit and Complications in Esophageal Reconstruction.J Am Coll Surg 2018;226:241-251[PMID:29174858 DOI:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.007]
22 Baiocchi GL,Diana M,Boni L.Indocyanine green-based fluorescence imaging in visceral and hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery:State of the art and future directions.World J Gastroenterol2018;24:2921-2930[PMID:30038461 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2921]
23 van Workum F,Stenstra MHBC,Berkelmans GHK,Slaman AE,van Berge Henegouwen MI,Gisbertz SS,van den Wildenberg FJH,Polat F,Irino T,Nilsson M,Nieuwenhuijzen GAP,Luyer MD,Adang EM,Hannink G,Rovers MM,Rosman C.Learning Curve and Associated Morbidity of Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy:A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Ann Surg 2019;269:88-94[PMID:28857809 DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002469]
24 Irino T,Tsai JA,Ericson J,Nilsson M,Lundell L,Rouvelas I.Thoracoscopic side-to-side esophagogastrostomy by use of linear stapler-a simplified technique facilitating a minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis operation.Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016;401:315-322[PMID:26960591 DOI:10.1007/s00423-016-1396-1]
25 Mungo B,Lidor AO,Stem M,Molena D.Early experience and lessons learned in a new minimally invasive esophagectomy program.Surg Endosc 2016;30:1692-1698[PMID:26123339DOI:10.1007/s00464-015-4343-2]
26 Cerfolio RJ,Bryant AS,Hawn MT.Technical aspects and early results of robotic esophagectomy with chest anastomosis.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:90-96[PMID:22910197 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.04.022]
27 Griffin SM,Lamb PJ,Dresner SM,Richardson DL,Hayes N.Diagnosis and management of a mediastinal leak following radical oesophagectomy.Br J Surg 2001;88:1346-1351[PMID:11578290 DOI:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01918.x]
28 Dent B,Griffin SM,Jones R,Wahed S,Immanuel A,Hayes N.Management and outcomes of anastomotic leaks after oesophagectomy.Br J Surg 2016;103:1033-1038[PMID:27146631 DOI:10.1002/bjs.10175]
29 Fumagalli U,Bersani M,Russo A,Melis A,de Pascale S,Rosati R.Volume and outcomes after esophageal cancer surgery:the experience of the Region of Lombardy-Italy.Updates Surg 2013;65:271-275[PMID:23943409 DOI:10.1007/s13304-013-0227-y]
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