Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains, China
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摘要
Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.
Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was 499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and 0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.
Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was 499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and 0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.
引文
Ahmadi MT,Attarod P,Mohadjer MRM,Rahmani R,Fathi J(2009)Partitioning rainfall into throughfall,stemflow,and interception loss in an oriental beech(Fagus orientalis Lipsky)forest during the growing season.T J Agric For 33(6):557-568
Bouten W,Swart PJF,De Water E(1991)Microwave transmission,a new tool in forest hydrological research.J Hydrol124(1-2):119-130
Bryant ML,Bhat S,Jacobs JM(2005)Measurements and modeling of throughfall variability for five forest communities in the Southeastern US.J Hydrol 312(1-4):95-108
Calder IR(1986)A stochastic model of rainfall interception.J Hydrol89(1-2):65-71
Calder IR,Wright IR(1986)Gamma ray attenuation studies of interception from Sitka spruce:some evidence for an additional transport mechanism.Water Resour Res 22(3):409-417
Carlyle-Moses DE(2004)Throughfall,stemflow,and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community.J Arid Environ 58(2):181-202
Chai RS,Cai TJ,Man XL,Wang H,Guan JQ(2013)Simulation of rainfall interception process of primary korean pine forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains by using the modified Gash model.Acta Ecol Sin 33(4):1276-1284(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chang SC,Matzner E(2000)The effect of beech stemflow on spatial patterns of soil solution chemistry and seepage fluxes in a mixed beech/oak stand.Hydrol Process 14(1):135-144
Chang ZY,Bao WK,He BH,Yang YC,He QH(2006)Interception and distribution effects of mixed artificial.J Soil Water Conserv20(6):37-40(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen SJ,Chen CG,Zou CB,Stebler E,Zhang SX,Hou L,Wang DX(2013)Application of Gash analytical model and parameterized Fan model to estimate canopy interception of a Chinese red pine forest.J For Res 18(4):335-344
Chuyong GB,Newbery DM,Songwe NC(2004)Rainfall input throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees.Biogeochemistry67(1):73-91
Crockford RH,Richardson DP(2000)Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:effect of forest type ground cover and climate.Hydrol Process 14(16-17):2903-2920
Deguchi A,Hattori S,Park HT(2006)The influence of seasona changes in canopy structure on interception loss:application of the revised Gash model.J Hydrol 318(1-4):80-102
Fang SM,Zhao CY,Jian SQ,Yu K(2013)Canopy interception of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation on Longzhong Loess Plateau Northwest China:characteristics and simulation.Chin J App Ecol 24(6):1509-1516(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fleischbein K,Wilcke W,Goller R,Boy J,Valarezo C,Zech WKnoblich K(2005)Rainfall interception in a lower montane forest in Ecuador:effects of canopy properties.Hydrol Process19(7):1355-1371
Gao CC,Peng HH,Zhao CY,Liu XM(2015)Simulation of rainfal interception of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the eastern part of Qilian Mountains by Gash model.Chin J Eco34(1):288-294(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gash JHC,Lloyd CR,Lachaud G(1995)Estimating sparse fores rainfall interception with an analytical model.J Hydro170(1-4):78-86
Germer S,Werther L,Elsenbeer H(2010)Have we underestimated stemflow?Lessons from an open tropical rainforest.J Hydro395(3-4):169-179
Germer S,Zimmermann A,Neill C,Krusche AV,Elsenbeer H(2012)Disproportionate single-species contribution to canopy-soil nutrient flux in an Amazonian rainforest.For Ecol Manage 267:40-49
Go′mez JA,Vanderlinden K,Gira′ldez JV,Fereres E(2002)Rainfal concentration under olive trees.Agric Water Manag 55(1):53-70
He CQ,Xue JH,Wu YB,Zhang LY(2010)Application of a revised Gash analytical model to simulate subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest canopy interception in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.Acta Ecol Sin 30(5):1125-1132(in Chinese with English abstract)
Holwerda F,Scatena FN,Bruijnzeel LA(2006)Throughfall in a Puerto Rican lower montane rain forest:a comparison of sampling strategies.J Hydrol 327(3):592-602
Hormann G,Branding A,Clemen T,Herbst M,Hinrichs A,Thamm F(1996)Calculation and simulation of wind controlled canopy interception of a beech forest in Northern Germany.Agric For Meteorol 79(3):131-148
Iida SI,Tanaka T,Sugita M(2005)Change of interception process due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak J Hydrol 315(1-4):154-166
Levia DF,Frost EE(2003)A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems.J Hydrol 274(1-4):1-29
Levia DF,Herwitz SR(2005)Interspecific variation of bark water storage capacity of three deciduous tree species in relation to stemflow yield and solute flux to forest soils.CATENA 64(1):117-137
Leyton L,Reynolds ERC,Thompson FB(1967)Rainfall interception in forest and moorland.In:Sopper WE,Lull HW(eds)Fores hydrology.Pergamon,Oxford,pp 163-178
Li XY,Yang ZP,Li YT,Lin H(2009)Connecting ecohydrology and hydropedology in desert shrubs:stemflow as a source of preferential flow in soils.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 13(7):1133-1144
Liang WJ,Ding GD(2013)Simulation of rainfall interception in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in North China.J Food Agric Environ 11(1):976-981
Limousin JM,Rambal S,Ourcival JM,Joffre R(2008)Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment.J Hydrol357(1-2):57-66
Link TE,Unsworth M,Marks D(2004)The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest.Agric For Meteorol 124(3-4):171-191
Liu JG(1988)A theoretical model of the process of rainfall interception in forest canopy.Ecol Model 42(2):111-123
Liu SG(1998)Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North-Central Florida.J Hydrol 207(1-2):32-41
Liu CY,Li L,Zhao XH,Zhuo HB,Huhe MR(2011)Redistribution effects of tree canopy of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation on precipitation in the upper stream of Saihanba area.J Northwest For Univ 26(3):1-5(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu ST,Gao P,Li X,Niu X,Wang B(2015)Canopy rainfall interception characteristics of Chinese Fir forest and its revised Gash model simulation in Dagangshan Mountain of Jiangxi Province.J Soil Water Conserv 29(2):172-176(in Chinese with English abstract)
Livesley SJ,Baudinette B,Glover D(2014)Rainfall interception and stem flow by eucalypt street trees-The impacts of canopy density and bark type.Urban For Urban Green 13(1):192-197
Llorens P,Gallart F(2000)A simplified method for forest water storage capacity measurement.J Hydrol 240(1):131-144
Lu XJ,He KN,Wang H,Chen C,Wang SL,Wang WY,Chang XP,Zhao LJ,Wang XD,An GC(2014)Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of Larix principis-rupprechtii artificial forest with the Gash model in high-cold areas of Qinghai Province.J Soil Water Conserv 28(4):44-48(in Chinese with English abstract)
Marin CT,Bouten W,Sevink J(2000)Gross rainfall and its partitioning into throughfall,stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazonia.J Hydrol 237(1-2):40-57
Monteith JL,Unsworth MH(1990)Principles of environmental physics.Edward Arnold,London
Motahari M,Attarod P,Pypker TG,Etemad V,Shirvany A(2013)Rainfall interception in a Pinus eldarica plantation in a semi-arid climate zone:an application of the Gash model.J Agric Sci Technol 15(5):981-994
Muzylo A,Llorens P,Valente F,Keizer JJ,Domingo F,Gash JHC(2009)A review of rainfall interception modelling.J Hydrol370(1-4):191-206
Mu_zy?o A,Valente F,Domingo F,Llorens P(2012)Modelling rainfall portioning with sparse Gash and Rutter models in a downy oak stand in leafed and leafless periods.Hydrol Process26(21):3161-3173
Nassar NMA(1979)Three Brazilian Manihot species with tolerance to stress conditions.Can J Plant Sci 59(2):553-555
Na′var J(2013)The performance of the reformulated Gash’s interception loss model in Mexico’s northeastern temperate forests.Hydrol Process 27(11):1626-1633
Na′var J,Bryan R(1990)Interception loss and rainfall redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico.J Hydrol 115(1-4):51-63
Pereira FL,Gash JHC,David JS,Monteiro PR,Valente F(2009)Modelling interception loss from evergreen oak Mediterranean savannas:application of a tree-based modelling approach.Agric For Meteorol 149(3):680-688
Rutter AJ,Kershaw KA,Robins PC,Morton AJ(1971)A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,1.Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine.Agric Meteorol 9:367-374
Shi ZJ,Wang YH,Xu LH,Xiong W,Yu PT,Gao JX,Zhang LB(2010)Fraction of incident rainfall within the canopy of a pure stand of Pinus armandii with revised Gash model in the Liupan Mountains of China.J Hydrol 385(1-4):44-50
Su L,Zhao CM,Xu WT,Xie ZQ(2016)Modelling interception loss using the revised Gash model:a case study in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest in China.Ecohydrology9(8):1580-1589
Tian FX,Zhao CY,Feng ZD,Peng SZ,Peng HF(2012)Ecohydrological effects of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)canopy and its influence factors in the Qilian Mountains.Acta Ecol Sin 32(4):1066-1076(in Chinese with English abstract)
Valente F,David JS,Gash JHC(1997)Modeling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models.J Hydro190(1-2):141-162
Van Stan JT,Lewis ES,Hildebrandt A,Rebmann C,Friesen J(2016)Impact of interacting bark structure and rainfall conditions on stemflow variability in a temperate beech-oak forest,centra Germany.Hydrol Sci J 61(11):2071-2083
Vernimmen RRE,Bruijnzeel LA,Romdoni A,Proctor J(2007)Rainfall interception in three contrasting lowland rain fores types in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia.J Hydrol340(3-4):217-232
Wallace J,Mc Jannet D(2006)On interception modelling of a lowland coastal rainforest in northern Queensland,Australia.J Hydrol 329(3-4):477-488
Wallace J,Mc Jannet D(2008)Modelling interception in coastal and montane rainforests in northern Queensland,Australia.J Hydrol348(3-4):480-495
Wang XP,Zhang YF,Hu R,Pan YX,Berndtsson R(2012)Canopy storage capacity of xerophytic shrubs in Northwestern China.J Hydrol 454-455:152-159
Wei XH,Liu SR,Zhou GY,Wang C(2005)Hydrological processes in major types of Chinese forest.Hydrol Process 19(1):63-75
Zhang G,Zeng GM,Jiang YM,Huang GH,Li JB,Yao JM,Tan W,Xiang R,Zhang XL(2006)Modelling and measurement of twolayer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical evergreen forest of central-south China.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Dis 10(1):65-77
Zhao YY,Wang YJ,Wang YQ,Liu N,Liu M,Wu Y,Chen L(2011)Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of the Phyllostachys edulis forest with the revised Gash model in the Jinyun Mountains of Chongqing.Sci Silv Sin 47(9):15-20(in Chinese with English abstract)
Bouten W,Swart PJF,De Water E(1991)Microwave transmission,a new tool in forest hydrological research.J Hydrol124(1-2):119-130
Bryant ML,Bhat S,Jacobs JM(2005)Measurements and modeling of throughfall variability for five forest communities in the Southeastern US.J Hydrol 312(1-4):95-108
Calder IR(1986)A stochastic model of rainfall interception.J Hydrol89(1-2):65-71
Calder IR,Wright IR(1986)Gamma ray attenuation studies of interception from Sitka spruce:some evidence for an additional transport mechanism.Water Resour Res 22(3):409-417
Carlyle-Moses DE(2004)Throughfall,stemflow,and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community.J Arid Environ 58(2):181-202
Chai RS,Cai TJ,Man XL,Wang H,Guan JQ(2013)Simulation of rainfall interception process of primary korean pine forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains by using the modified Gash model.Acta Ecol Sin 33(4):1276-1284(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chang SC,Matzner E(2000)The effect of beech stemflow on spatial patterns of soil solution chemistry and seepage fluxes in a mixed beech/oak stand.Hydrol Process 14(1):135-144
Chang ZY,Bao WK,He BH,Yang YC,He QH(2006)Interception and distribution effects of mixed artificial.J Soil Water Conserv20(6):37-40(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen SJ,Chen CG,Zou CB,Stebler E,Zhang SX,Hou L,Wang DX(2013)Application of Gash analytical model and parameterized Fan model to estimate canopy interception of a Chinese red pine forest.J For Res 18(4):335-344
Chuyong GB,Newbery DM,Songwe NC(2004)Rainfall input throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees.Biogeochemistry67(1):73-91
Crockford RH,Richardson DP(2000)Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:effect of forest type ground cover and climate.Hydrol Process 14(16-17):2903-2920
Deguchi A,Hattori S,Park HT(2006)The influence of seasona changes in canopy structure on interception loss:application of the revised Gash model.J Hydrol 318(1-4):80-102
Fang SM,Zhao CY,Jian SQ,Yu K(2013)Canopy interception of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation on Longzhong Loess Plateau Northwest China:characteristics and simulation.Chin J App Ecol 24(6):1509-1516(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fleischbein K,Wilcke W,Goller R,Boy J,Valarezo C,Zech WKnoblich K(2005)Rainfall interception in a lower montane forest in Ecuador:effects of canopy properties.Hydrol Process19(7):1355-1371
Gao CC,Peng HH,Zhao CY,Liu XM(2015)Simulation of rainfal interception of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the eastern part of Qilian Mountains by Gash model.Chin J Eco34(1):288-294(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gash JHC,Lloyd CR,Lachaud G(1995)Estimating sparse fores rainfall interception with an analytical model.J Hydro170(1-4):78-86
Germer S,Werther L,Elsenbeer H(2010)Have we underestimated stemflow?Lessons from an open tropical rainforest.J Hydro395(3-4):169-179
Germer S,Zimmermann A,Neill C,Krusche AV,Elsenbeer H(2012)Disproportionate single-species contribution to canopy-soil nutrient flux in an Amazonian rainforest.For Ecol Manage 267:40-49
Go′mez JA,Vanderlinden K,Gira′ldez JV,Fereres E(2002)Rainfal concentration under olive trees.Agric Water Manag 55(1):53-70
He CQ,Xue JH,Wu YB,Zhang LY(2010)Application of a revised Gash analytical model to simulate subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest canopy interception in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.Acta Ecol Sin 30(5):1125-1132(in Chinese with English abstract)
Holwerda F,Scatena FN,Bruijnzeel LA(2006)Throughfall in a Puerto Rican lower montane rain forest:a comparison of sampling strategies.J Hydrol 327(3):592-602
Hormann G,Branding A,Clemen T,Herbst M,Hinrichs A,Thamm F(1996)Calculation and simulation of wind controlled canopy interception of a beech forest in Northern Germany.Agric For Meteorol 79(3):131-148
Iida SI,Tanaka T,Sugita M(2005)Change of interception process due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak J Hydrol 315(1-4):154-166
Levia DF,Frost EE(2003)A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems.J Hydrol 274(1-4):1-29
Levia DF,Herwitz SR(2005)Interspecific variation of bark water storage capacity of three deciduous tree species in relation to stemflow yield and solute flux to forest soils.CATENA 64(1):117-137
Leyton L,Reynolds ERC,Thompson FB(1967)Rainfall interception in forest and moorland.In:Sopper WE,Lull HW(eds)Fores hydrology.Pergamon,Oxford,pp 163-178
Li XY,Yang ZP,Li YT,Lin H(2009)Connecting ecohydrology and hydropedology in desert shrubs:stemflow as a source of preferential flow in soils.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 13(7):1133-1144
Liang WJ,Ding GD(2013)Simulation of rainfall interception in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in North China.J Food Agric Environ 11(1):976-981
Limousin JM,Rambal S,Ourcival JM,Joffre R(2008)Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment.J Hydrol357(1-2):57-66
Link TE,Unsworth M,Marks D(2004)The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest.Agric For Meteorol 124(3-4):171-191
Liu JG(1988)A theoretical model of the process of rainfall interception in forest canopy.Ecol Model 42(2):111-123
Liu SG(1998)Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North-Central Florida.J Hydrol 207(1-2):32-41
Liu CY,Li L,Zhao XH,Zhuo HB,Huhe MR(2011)Redistribution effects of tree canopy of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation on precipitation in the upper stream of Saihanba area.J Northwest For Univ 26(3):1-5(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu ST,Gao P,Li X,Niu X,Wang B(2015)Canopy rainfall interception characteristics of Chinese Fir forest and its revised Gash model simulation in Dagangshan Mountain of Jiangxi Province.J Soil Water Conserv 29(2):172-176(in Chinese with English abstract)
Livesley SJ,Baudinette B,Glover D(2014)Rainfall interception and stem flow by eucalypt street trees-The impacts of canopy density and bark type.Urban For Urban Green 13(1):192-197
Llorens P,Gallart F(2000)A simplified method for forest water storage capacity measurement.J Hydrol 240(1):131-144
Lu XJ,He KN,Wang H,Chen C,Wang SL,Wang WY,Chang XP,Zhao LJ,Wang XD,An GC(2014)Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of Larix principis-rupprechtii artificial forest with the Gash model in high-cold areas of Qinghai Province.J Soil Water Conserv 28(4):44-48(in Chinese with English abstract)
Marin CT,Bouten W,Sevink J(2000)Gross rainfall and its partitioning into throughfall,stemflow and evaporation of intercepted water in four forest ecosystems in western Amazonia.J Hydrol 237(1-2):40-57
Monteith JL,Unsworth MH(1990)Principles of environmental physics.Edward Arnold,London
Motahari M,Attarod P,Pypker TG,Etemad V,Shirvany A(2013)Rainfall interception in a Pinus eldarica plantation in a semi-arid climate zone:an application of the Gash model.J Agric Sci Technol 15(5):981-994
Muzylo A,Llorens P,Valente F,Keizer JJ,Domingo F,Gash JHC(2009)A review of rainfall interception modelling.J Hydrol370(1-4):191-206
Mu_zy?o A,Valente F,Domingo F,Llorens P(2012)Modelling rainfall portioning with sparse Gash and Rutter models in a downy oak stand in leafed and leafless periods.Hydrol Process26(21):3161-3173
Nassar NMA(1979)Three Brazilian Manihot species with tolerance to stress conditions.Can J Plant Sci 59(2):553-555
Na′var J(2013)The performance of the reformulated Gash’s interception loss model in Mexico’s northeastern temperate forests.Hydrol Process 27(11):1626-1633
Na′var J,Bryan R(1990)Interception loss and rainfall redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico.J Hydrol 115(1-4):51-63
Pereira FL,Gash JHC,David JS,Monteiro PR,Valente F(2009)Modelling interception loss from evergreen oak Mediterranean savannas:application of a tree-based modelling approach.Agric For Meteorol 149(3):680-688
Rutter AJ,Kershaw KA,Robins PC,Morton AJ(1971)A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,1.Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine.Agric Meteorol 9:367-374
Shi ZJ,Wang YH,Xu LH,Xiong W,Yu PT,Gao JX,Zhang LB(2010)Fraction of incident rainfall within the canopy of a pure stand of Pinus armandii with revised Gash model in the Liupan Mountains of China.J Hydrol 385(1-4):44-50
Su L,Zhao CM,Xu WT,Xie ZQ(2016)Modelling interception loss using the revised Gash model:a case study in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest in China.Ecohydrology9(8):1580-1589
Tian FX,Zhao CY,Feng ZD,Peng SZ,Peng HF(2012)Ecohydrological effects of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)canopy and its influence factors in the Qilian Mountains.Acta Ecol Sin 32(4):1066-1076(in Chinese with English abstract)
Valente F,David JS,Gash JHC(1997)Modeling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models.J Hydro190(1-2):141-162
Van Stan JT,Lewis ES,Hildebrandt A,Rebmann C,Friesen J(2016)Impact of interacting bark structure and rainfall conditions on stemflow variability in a temperate beech-oak forest,centra Germany.Hydrol Sci J 61(11):2071-2083
Vernimmen RRE,Bruijnzeel LA,Romdoni A,Proctor J(2007)Rainfall interception in three contrasting lowland rain fores types in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia.J Hydrol340(3-4):217-232
Wallace J,Mc Jannet D(2006)On interception modelling of a lowland coastal rainforest in northern Queensland,Australia.J Hydrol 329(3-4):477-488
Wallace J,Mc Jannet D(2008)Modelling interception in coastal and montane rainforests in northern Queensland,Australia.J Hydrol348(3-4):480-495
Wang XP,Zhang YF,Hu R,Pan YX,Berndtsson R(2012)Canopy storage capacity of xerophytic shrubs in Northwestern China.J Hydrol 454-455:152-159
Wei XH,Liu SR,Zhou GY,Wang C(2005)Hydrological processes in major types of Chinese forest.Hydrol Process 19(1):63-75
Zhang G,Zeng GM,Jiang YM,Huang GH,Li JB,Yao JM,Tan W,Xiang R,Zhang XL(2006)Modelling and measurement of twolayer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical evergreen forest of central-south China.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Dis 10(1):65-77
Zhao YY,Wang YJ,Wang YQ,Liu N,Liu M,Wu Y,Chen L(2011)Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of the Phyllostachys edulis forest with the revised Gash model in the Jinyun Mountains of Chongqing.Sci Silv Sin 47(9):15-20(in Chinese with English abstract)
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