Aging gracefully: social engagement joins exercise and enrichment as a key lifestyle factor in resistance to age-related cognitive decline
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摘要
Cognitive impairment is a consequence of the normal aging process that effects many species, including humans and rodent models. Decline in hippocampal memory function is especially prominent with age and often reduces quality of life. As the aging population expands, the need for interventional strategies to prevent cognitive decline has become more pressing. Fortunately, several major lifestyle factors have proven effective at combating hippocampal aging, the most well-known of which are environmental enrichment and exercise. While the evidence supporting the beneficial nature of these factors is substantial, a less well-understood factor may also contribute to healthy cognitive aging: social engagement. We review the evidence supporting the role of social engagement in preserving hippocampal function in old age. In elderly humans, high levels of social engagement correlate with better hippocampal function, yet there is a dearth of work to indicate a causative role. Existing rodent literature is also limited but has begun to provide causative evidence and establish candidate mechanisms. Summed together, while many unanswered questions remain, it is clear that social engagement is a viable lifestyle factor for preserving cognitive function in old age. Social integration across the lifespan warrants more investigation and more appreciation when designing living circumstances for the elderly.
Cognitive impairment is a consequence of the normal aging process that effects many species, including humans and rodent models. Decline in hippocampal memory function is especially prominent with age and often reduces quality of life. As the aging population expands, the need for interventional strategies to prevent cognitive decline has become more pressing. Fortunately, several major lifestyle factors have proven effective at combating hippocampal aging, the most well-known of which are environmental enrichment and exercise. While the evidence supporting the beneficial nature of these factors is substantial, a less well-understood factor may also contribute to healthy cognitive aging: social engagement. We review the evidence supporting the role of social engagement in preserving hippocampal function in old age. In elderly humans, high levels of social engagement correlate with better hippocampal function, yet there is a dearth of work to indicate a causative role. Existing rodent literature is also limited but has begun to provide causative evidence and establish candidate mechanisms. Summed together, while many unanswered questions remain, it is clear that social engagement is a viable lifestyle factor for preserving cognitive function in old age. Social integration across the lifespan warrants more investigation and more appreciation when designing living circumstances for the elderly.
Cognitive impairment is a consequence of the normal aging process that effects many species, including humans and rodent models. Decline in hippocampal memory function is especially prominent with age and often reduces quality of life. As the aging population expands, the need for interventional strategies to prevent cognitive decline has become more pressing. Fortunately, several major lifestyle factors have proven effective at combating hippocampal aging, the most well-known of which are environmental enrichment and exercise. While the evidence supporting the beneficial nature of these factors is substantial, a less well-understood factor may also contribute to healthy cognitive aging: social engagement. We review the evidence supporting the role of social engagement in preserving hippocampal function in old age. In elderly humans, high levels of social engagement correlate with better hippocampal function, yet there is a dearth of work to indicate a causative role. Existing rodent literature is also limited but has begun to provide causative evidence and establish candidate mechanisms. Summed together, while many unanswered questions remain, it is clear that social engagement is a viable lifestyle factor for preserving cognitive function in old age. Social integration across the lifespan warrants more investigation and more appreciation when designing living circumstances for the elderly.
引文
Ballesteros S,Kraft E,Santana S,Tziraki C(2015)Maintaining older brain functionality:A targeted review.Neurosci Biobehav Rev55:453-477.
Bartsch T,Wulff P(2015)The hippocampus in aging and disease:From plasticity to vulnerability.Neuroscience 309:1-16.
Bettio LEB,Rajendran L,Gil-Mohapel J(2017)The effects of aging in the hippocampus and cognitive decline.Neurosci Biobehav Rev79:66-86.
Brown CL,Robitaille A,Zelinski EM,Dixon RA,Hofer SM,Piccinin AM(2016)Cognitive activity mediates the association between social activity and cognitive performance:A longitudinal study.Psychol Aging 31:831-846.
Dickens AP,Richards SH,Greaves CJ,Campbell JL(2011)Interventions targeting social isolation in older people:a systematic review.BMC Public Health 11:647.
Eckert MJ,Abraham WC(2013)Effects of environmental enrichment exposure on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus.Curr Top Behav Neurosci 15:165-187.
Erickson KI,Voss MW,Prakash RS,Basak C,Szabo A,Chaddock L,Kim JS,Heo S,Alves H,White SM,Wojcicki TR,Mailey E,Vieira VJ,Martin SA,Pence BD,Woods JA,McAuley E,Kramer AF(2011)Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:3017-3022.
Ertel KA,Glymour MM,Berkman LF(2008)Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population.Am J Public Health 98:1215-1220.
Fratiglioni L,Paillard-Borg S,Winblad B(2004)An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia.Lancet Neurol 3:343-353.
Gardner P(2014)The role of social engagement and identity in community mobility among older adults aging in place.Disabil Rehabil36:1249-1257.
Haslam C,Cruwys T,Haslam SA(2014)“The we’s have it”:evidence for the distinctive benefits of group engagement in enhancing cognitive health in aging.Soc Sci Med 120:57-66.
Holt-Lunstad J,Smith TB,Layton JB(2010)Social relationships and mortality risk:a meta-analytic review.PLoS Med 7:e1000316.
Hsiao YH,Hung HC,Chen SH,Gean PW(2014)Social interaction rescues memory deficit in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease by increasing BDNF-dependent hippocampal neurogenesis.J Neurosci34:16207-16219.
Kempermann G,Kuhn HG,Gage FH(1998)Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus.J Neurosci 18:3206-3212.
Kempermann G,Gast D,Gage FH(2002)Neuroplasticity in old age:sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by longterm environmental enrichment.Ann Neurol 52:135-143.
Kotwal AA,Kim J,Waite L,Dale W(2016)Social function and cognitive status:results from a us nationally representative survey of older adults.J Gen Intern Med 31:854-862.
Mora-Gallegos A,Rojas-Carvajal M,Salas S,Saborío-Arce A,Fornaguera-Trías J,Brenes JC(2015)Age-dependent effects of environmental enrichment on spatial memory and neurochemistry.Neurobiol Learn Mem 118:96-104.
Pérez-Martín M,Rivera P,Blanco E,Lorefice C,Decara J,Pavón FJ,Serrano A,Rodríguez de Fonseca F,Suárez J(2016)Environmental enrichment,age,and PPARαinteract to regulate proliferation in neurogenic niches.Front Neurosci 10:89.
Park DC,Bischof GN(2013)The aging mind:neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training.Dialogues Clin Neurosci 15:109-119.
Smith BM,Yao X,Chen KS,Kirby ED(2018)A larger social network enhances novel object location memory and reduces hippocampal microgliosis in aged mice.Front Aging Neurosci 10:142.
Stimpson NJ,Davison G,Javadi AH(2018)Joggin’the Noggin:towards a physiological understanding of exercise-induced cognitive benefits.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 88:177-186.
Train the Brain Consortium(2017)Randomized trial on the effects of a combined physical/cognitive training in aged MCI subjects:the Train the Brain study.Sci Rep 7:39471.
Utz S,Breuer J(2017)The relationship between use of social network sites,online social support,and well-being:results from a six-wave longitudinal study.Journal of media psychology 29:115-125.
van Praag H,Kempermann G,Gage FH(2000)Neural consequences of environmental enrichment.Nat Rev Neurosci 1:191-198.
van Praag H,Christie BR,Sejnowski TJ,Gage FH(1999)Running enhances neurogenesis,learning,and long-term potentiation in mice.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13427-13431.
van Praag H,Shubert T,Zhao C,Gage FH(2005)Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice.J Neurosci25:8680-8685.
Vivar C,Potter MC,van Praag H(2013)All about running:synaptic plasticity,growth factors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Curr Top Behav Neurosci 15:189-210.
Watt RG,Heilmann A,Sabbah W,Newton T,Chandola T,Aida J,Sheiham A,Marmot M,Kawachi I,Tsakos G(2014)Social relationships and health related behaviors among older US adults.BMCPublic Health 14:533.
Williams J(2005)Designing neighbourhoods for social interaction:the case of cohousing.J Urban Des 10:195-227.
Bartsch T,Wulff P(2015)The hippocampus in aging and disease:From plasticity to vulnerability.Neuroscience 309:1-16.
Bettio LEB,Rajendran L,Gil-Mohapel J(2017)The effects of aging in the hippocampus and cognitive decline.Neurosci Biobehav Rev79:66-86.
Brown CL,Robitaille A,Zelinski EM,Dixon RA,Hofer SM,Piccinin AM(2016)Cognitive activity mediates the association between social activity and cognitive performance:A longitudinal study.Psychol Aging 31:831-846.
Dickens AP,Richards SH,Greaves CJ,Campbell JL(2011)Interventions targeting social isolation in older people:a systematic review.BMC Public Health 11:647.
Eckert MJ,Abraham WC(2013)Effects of environmental enrichment exposure on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus.Curr Top Behav Neurosci 15:165-187.
Erickson KI,Voss MW,Prakash RS,Basak C,Szabo A,Chaddock L,Kim JS,Heo S,Alves H,White SM,Wojcicki TR,Mailey E,Vieira VJ,Martin SA,Pence BD,Woods JA,McAuley E,Kramer AF(2011)Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:3017-3022.
Ertel KA,Glymour MM,Berkman LF(2008)Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population.Am J Public Health 98:1215-1220.
Fratiglioni L,Paillard-Borg S,Winblad B(2004)An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia.Lancet Neurol 3:343-353.
Gardner P(2014)The role of social engagement and identity in community mobility among older adults aging in place.Disabil Rehabil36:1249-1257.
Haslam C,Cruwys T,Haslam SA(2014)“The we’s have it”:evidence for the distinctive benefits of group engagement in enhancing cognitive health in aging.Soc Sci Med 120:57-66.
Holt-Lunstad J,Smith TB,Layton JB(2010)Social relationships and mortality risk:a meta-analytic review.PLoS Med 7:e1000316.
Hsiao YH,Hung HC,Chen SH,Gean PW(2014)Social interaction rescues memory deficit in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease by increasing BDNF-dependent hippocampal neurogenesis.J Neurosci34:16207-16219.
Kempermann G,Kuhn HG,Gage FH(1998)Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus.J Neurosci 18:3206-3212.
Kempermann G,Gast D,Gage FH(2002)Neuroplasticity in old age:sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by longterm environmental enrichment.Ann Neurol 52:135-143.
Kotwal AA,Kim J,Waite L,Dale W(2016)Social function and cognitive status:results from a us nationally representative survey of older adults.J Gen Intern Med 31:854-862.
Mora-Gallegos A,Rojas-Carvajal M,Salas S,Saborío-Arce A,Fornaguera-Trías J,Brenes JC(2015)Age-dependent effects of environmental enrichment on spatial memory and neurochemistry.Neurobiol Learn Mem 118:96-104.
Pérez-Martín M,Rivera P,Blanco E,Lorefice C,Decara J,Pavón FJ,Serrano A,Rodríguez de Fonseca F,Suárez J(2016)Environmental enrichment,age,and PPARαinteract to regulate proliferation in neurogenic niches.Front Neurosci 10:89.
Park DC,Bischof GN(2013)The aging mind:neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training.Dialogues Clin Neurosci 15:109-119.
Smith BM,Yao X,Chen KS,Kirby ED(2018)A larger social network enhances novel object location memory and reduces hippocampal microgliosis in aged mice.Front Aging Neurosci 10:142.
Stimpson NJ,Davison G,Javadi AH(2018)Joggin’the Noggin:towards a physiological understanding of exercise-induced cognitive benefits.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 88:177-186.
Train the Brain Consortium(2017)Randomized trial on the effects of a combined physical/cognitive training in aged MCI subjects:the Train the Brain study.Sci Rep 7:39471.
Utz S,Breuer J(2017)The relationship between use of social network sites,online social support,and well-being:results from a six-wave longitudinal study.Journal of media psychology 29:115-125.
van Praag H,Kempermann G,Gage FH(2000)Neural consequences of environmental enrichment.Nat Rev Neurosci 1:191-198.
van Praag H,Christie BR,Sejnowski TJ,Gage FH(1999)Running enhances neurogenesis,learning,and long-term potentiation in mice.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13427-13431.
van Praag H,Shubert T,Zhao C,Gage FH(2005)Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice.J Neurosci25:8680-8685.
Vivar C,Potter MC,van Praag H(2013)All about running:synaptic plasticity,growth factors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Curr Top Behav Neurosci 15:189-210.
Watt RG,Heilmann A,Sabbah W,Newton T,Chandola T,Aida J,Sheiham A,Marmot M,Kawachi I,Tsakos G(2014)Social relationships and health related behaviors among older US adults.BMCPublic Health 14:533.
Williams J(2005)Designing neighbourhoods for social interaction:the case of cohousing.J Urban Des 10:195-227.