Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities
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摘要
Esophageal cancer is a serious malignancy with regards to mortality and prognosis. It is a growing health concern that is expected to increase in incidence over the next 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing nations. With the increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity in developed nations, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in the past 40 years. Esophageal cancer is staged according to the widely accepted TNM system. Staging plays an integral part in guiding stage specific treatment protocols and has a great impact on overall survival. Common imaging modalities used in staging include computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography scans. Current treatment options include multimodality therapy mainstaysof current treatment include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis as well as playing a part in assessing tumor response to therapy.
Esophageal cancer is a serious malignancy with regards to mortality and prognosis. It is a growing health concern that is expected to increase in incidence over the next 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing nations. With the increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity in developed nations, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in the past 40 years. Esophageal cancer is staged according to the widely accepted TNM system. Staging plays an integral part in guiding stage specific treatment protocols and has a great impact on overall survival. Common imaging modalities used in staging include computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography scans. Current treatment options include multimodality therapy mainstaysof current treatment include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis as well as playing a part in assessing tumor response to therapy.
Esophageal cancer is a serious malignancy with regards to mortality and prognosis. It is a growing health concern that is expected to increase in incidence over the next 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing nations. With the increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity in developed nations, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in the past 40 years. Esophageal cancer is staged according to the widely accepted TNM system. Staging plays an integral part in guiding stage specific treatment protocols and has a great impact on overall survival. Common imaging modalities used in staging include computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography scans. Current treatment options include multimodality therapy mainstaysof current treatment include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis as well as playing a part in assessing tumor response to therapy.
引文
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2 Herszényi L,Tulassay Z.Epidemiology of gastrointestinal and liver tumors.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14:249-258[PMID:20496531]
3 Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results ProgramTurning.SEER Stat Fact Sheets:Esophageal Cancer.Retrieved November 9,2013.Available from:URL:http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html
4 Pennathur A,Gibson MK,Jobe BA,Luketich JD.Oesophageal carcinoma.Lancet 2013;381:400-412[PMID:23374478DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6]
5 Absi A,Adelstein DJ,Rice T.Esophageal Cancer.2013.Available from:URL:http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hematology-oncology/esophageal-cancer/
6 Hoffman M,Haines CD.Esophageal Cancer On the Rise.2013.Available from:URL:http://www.webmd.com/cancer/features/esophageal-cancer-rise
7 Lepage C,Rachet B,Jooste V,Faivre J,Coleman MP.Continuing rapid increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma in England and Wales.Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2694-2699[PMID:18853967 DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02191.x]
8 Eslick GD.Epidemiology of esophageal cancer.Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2009;38:17-25,vii[PMID:19327565 DOI:10 .1016/j.gtc.2009.01.008]
9 Brown LM,Devesa SS,Chow WH.Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex,stage,and age.J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1184-1187[PMID:18695138 DOI:10.1093/jnci/djn211]
10 Young JL,Percy CL,Asire AJ,Berg JW,Cusano MM,Gloeckler LA,Horm JW,Lourie WI,Pollack ES,Shambaugh EM.Cancer incidence and mortality in the United States,1973-77.Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1981;(57):1-187[PMID:7278952]
11 Daly JM,Fry WA,Little AG,Winchester DP,McKee RF,Stewart AK,Fremgen AM.Esophageal cancer:results of an American College of Surgeons Patient Care Evaluation Study.J Am Coll Surg 2000;190:562-572;discussion 572-573[PMID:10801023 DOI:10.1016/S1072-7515(00)00238-6]
12 Brown LM,Hoover RN,Greenberg RS,Schoenberg JB,Schwartz AG,Swanson GM,Liff JM,Silverman DT,Hayes RB,Pottern LM.Are racial differences in squamous cell esophageal cancer explained by alcohol and tobacco use?J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1340-1345[PMID:8064893 DOI:10 .1093/jnci/86.17.1340]
13 Muwonge R,Ramadas K,Sankila R,Thara S,Thomas G,Vinoda J,Sankaranarayanan R.Role of tobacco smoking,chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum,India:a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases.Oral Oncol 2008;44:446-454[PMID:17933578 DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002]
14 Blot W,McLaughlin J,Fraumeni JF.Esophageal Cancer.In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Edited.Schottenfeld D,Fraumeni J ed.New York:Oxford University Press,2006:697-706
15 Mao WM,Zheng WH,Ling ZQ.Epidemiologic Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer Development.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev2011;12:2461-2464[PMID:22320939]
16 Zhang Y.Epidemiology of esophageal cancer.World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:5598-5606[PMID:24039351 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598]
17 Spechler SJ.Barrett esophagus and risk of esophageal cancer:a clinical review.JAMA 2013;310:627-636[PMID:23942681DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.226450]
18 Gatenby PA,Caygill CP,Ramus JR,Charlett A,Fitzgerald RC,Watson A.Short segment columnar-lined oesophagus:an underestimated cancer risk?A large cohort study of therelationship between Barrett’s columnar-lined oesophagus segment length and adenocarcinoma risk.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;19:969-975[PMID:18049166 DOI:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282c3aa14]
19 Dulai GS,Guha S,Kahn KL,Gornbein J,Weinstein WM.Preoperative prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in esophageal adenocarcinoma:a systematic review.Gastroenterology 2002;122 :26-33[PMID:11781277 DOI:10.1053/gast.2002.30297]
20 Hvid-Jensen F,Pedersen L,Drewes AM,S?rensen HT,Funch-Jensen P.Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett’s esophagus.N Engl J Med 2011;365:1375-1383[PMID:21995385 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1103042]
21 Lunedei V,Bazzoli F,Pozzato P,De Luca L,Zagari RM,Fossi S,Ricciardiello L,Maltoni S,Roda E.Endoscopic surveillance in Barrett’s esophagus.Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2002;48:63 -71[PMID:16489297]
22 Wang KK,Sampliner RE.Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis,surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus.Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:788-797[PMID:18341497 DOI:10 .1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01835.x]
23 Nieman KM,Romero IL,Van Houten B,Lengyel E.Adipose tissue and adipocytes support tumorigenesis and metastasis.Biochim Biophys Acta 2013;1831:1533-1541[PMID:23500888DOI:10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.02.010]
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