基于DEM的典型地貌区河流形态特征分析
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摘要
为分析不同地貌类型区的河流形态特征差异,遴选了川中丘陵区、黄土高原、辽河平原三个不同地貌类型区,选择西江河、清水川及沙河的代表性小流域,基于数字地形分析方法,计算了三个样区的分形维数、地形起伏度、平均坡度,对比了丘陵、高原、平原三种地形条件下中小起伏山地河网形态的差异。研究表明:三个小流域河网的分支比分别为3.46、4.45、4.20,长度比分别为1.87、2.48、2.05;河网分形维数为1.99、1.64、1.99。Horton参数能够较好地刻画流域发育状况,可以为不同地貌类型河流形态特征分析提供参考。
Three different kinds of landforms in hilly area of central Sichuan basin, Loess plateau and Liaohe plain were choosen to analyze the difference of stream morphorogy characteristic. Based on digital terrain analysis, this paper selected the rivers of Xijiang, Qingshuichun and Shahe to calculate the different fractal dimensions, land reliefs and mean slopes, and compare the diference of mountain river network configuration. The results show that the stream ramification ratios are 3.46, 4.45, 4.20, and the length ratios are 1.87, 2.48, 2.05 in three areas. The fractal dimension values are 1.99, 1.64 and 1.99. The research confirm that the developmental situation of river reflected by Horton parameters can provide methods for river morphology feature analysis of different geomorphic types.
Three different kinds of landforms in hilly area of central Sichuan basin, Loess plateau and Liaohe plain were choosen to analyze the difference of stream morphorogy characteristic. Based on digital terrain analysis, this paper selected the rivers of Xijiang, Qingshuichun and Shahe to calculate the different fractal dimensions, land reliefs and mean slopes, and compare the diference of mountain river network configuration. The results show that the stream ramification ratios are 3.46, 4.45, 4.20, and the length ratios are 1.87, 2.48, 2.05 in three areas. The fractal dimension values are 1.99, 1.64 and 1.99. The research confirm that the developmental situation of river reflected by Horton parameters can provide methods for river morphology feature analysis of different geomorphic types.
引文
[1]刘怀湘,王兆印.典型河网形态特征与分布[J].水利学报,2007,38(11):1354-1357.(LIU Huaixiang,WANG Zhaoyin.Morphological feature and distribution of typical river networks[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,38(11):1354-1357.(in Chinese))
[2]张丽,戴斌祥,王光谦,等.基于Tokunaga网络的河网形态特征量化[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,39(10):1413-1420.(ZHANGLi,DAI Binxiang,WANG Guangqian,et al.The quantization of river network morphology based on the Tokunaga network[J].Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2009,39(10):1413-1420.(in Chinese))
[3]原立峰,周启刚.基于DEM的流域水文特征提取方法研究[J].人民黄河,2006,28(5):20-22.(YUAN Lifeng,ZHOU Qigang.Study on DEM based basin hydrological characteristic extraction[J].Yellow River,2006,28(5):20-22.(in Chinese))
[4]王敏嫱.基于Arc GIS和DEM在水文流域模拟中的应用[J].地下水,2011,33(4):159-161.(WANG Min qiang.Application of Arc GIS&DEM on simulation in the hydrogeological drainage area[J].Ground Water,2011,33(4):159-161.(in Chinese)).
[5]刘怀湘,王兆印.河网形态与环境条件的关系[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(9):28-32.(LIU Huaixiang,WANG Zhaoyin Relationship between river network pattern and environmental condition[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2008,48(9):28-32.(in Chinese))
[6]吕爱锋,陈嘻,王纲胜.基于DEM的流域水系分维估算方法探讨[J]干旱区地理,2002,25(4):315-320.(LV Aifeng,CHEN Xi,WANGGangsheng.Study on calculation methods of watershed fractal dimention based on DEM[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,25(4):315-320.(in Chinese))
[7]孙爱立,余钟波,杨传国,等.我国水系提取阈值影响因素分析[J].水利学报,2013,44(8):901-908.(SUN Aili,YU Zhongbo,YANGChuanguo,et al.Impact factors of contribution area threshold in extracting drainage network for rivers in China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,44(8):901-908.(in Chinese))
[8]艾南山,陈嵘,李后强.走向分形地貌学[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,52(1):93-97.(AI Nanshan,CHEN Rong,LI Houqiang.To the fractal geomorphology[J].Geography and Territorial Research,1999,52(1):93-97.(in Chinese))
[9]龙腾文,赵景波.基于DEM的黄土高原典型流域水系分形特征研究[J].地球与环境,2008,36(4):304-308.(LONG Tengwen,ZHAOJingbo.A study on the fractal properties of a typical drainage basin on the Loess plateau based on DEM[J].Earth and Environment,2008,36(4):304-308.(in Chinese))
[10]张捷,包浩生.分形理论及其在地貌学中的应用──分形地貌学研究综述及展望[J].地理研究,1994,13(3):104-112.(ZHANG Jie,BAO Haosheng.Fractal geomorphology-review and propect[J].Geographical Research,1994,13(3):104-112.(in Chinese))
[11]何隆华,赵宏.水系的分形维数及其含义[J].地理科学,1996,16(2):124-128.(HE Longhua,ZHAO Hong.The fractal dimension of river networks and its interpreta tion[J].Scientia Geographica sinica,1996,16(2):124-128.(in Chinese))
[12]梁春玲,梁海清,张祖陆.祖厉河流域水系分维与地貌发育阶段浅析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):187-191.(LIANG Chunling,LIANG Haiqing,ZHANG Zulu.Fractal dimension of the river networks and developing stage of drainage geomorphic of Zuli River basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):187-191.(in Chinese))
[13]李后强,艾南山.分形地貌学及地貌发育的分形模型[J].自然杂志,1992,15(7):516-519.(LI Houqiang,AI Nanshan.Fractal geomorphology and the fractal model of landscape development[J].Nature,1992,15(7):516-519.(in Chinese))
[14]郑畅.四川盆地坡地径流及其调控[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.(ZHENG Chang.The Runoff and Its Adjust ment on Slope Land of Sichuan Basin[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2008.(in Chinese))
[15]马强,杨霄.明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害时空分布特征[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):257-265.(MA Qiang,YANG Xiao.Spatial and temporal distributions of floods and droughts in Jialing river basin in the Ming and Qing dynasties[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(2):257-265.(in Chinese))
[16]金犇,谭红兵,张玉东,等.黄土高原典型山地-沟壑区地下水水化学特征及成因---以六盘山地区为例[J].水文,2017,37(2):89-96.(JIN Ben,TAN Hongbing,ZHANG Yudong,et al.Hydrochemical property and origin of groundwater in hilly-gully areas of Loess plateau[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2017,37(2):89-96.(in Chinese))
[17]马国栋.下辽河平原环境风险评价及其空间关联格局研究[D].大连:辽宁师范大学,2014.(MA Guodong.Environmental Risk Assessment and Its Spatial Auto-correlation in Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Plain[D].Dalian:Liaoning Normal University,2014.(in Chinese))
[18]刘涓,郑畅,张卫华,等.四川盆地丘陵山区局地水系分形分维研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(3):76-82.(LIU Juan,ZHENG Chang,ZHANG Weihua,et al.On fractals and fractal dimensions of local river systems in hilly area of Sichuan basin[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science),2012,34(3):76-82.(in Chinese))
[19]姜永清,邵明安,李占斌,等.黄土高原流域水系的HORTON级比数和分形特性[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):206-211.(JIANGYongqing,SHAO Mingan,LI Zhanbin,et al.Horton's order ratios of water course network of drainage basin and their fractal characters in the Loess plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,20(2):206-211.(in Chinese))
[20]承继成,江美球.流域地貌数学模型[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.(CHENG Jicheng,JIANG Meiqiu.Mathematical Model of Watershed Geomorphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986.(in Chinese))
[21]李精忠,艾廷华,柯舒.DEM提取谷地线的有效汇水量阈值范围[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2012,37(10):1244-1247.(LIJingzhong,AI Tinghua,KE Shu.Effective flow accumulation threshold of extracting valley-line from grid-based digital elevation model[J].Journal of Wuhan University(Information Science),,2012,37(10):1244-1247.(in Chinese))
[22]李军锋.基于GIS的陕北黄土高原地貌分形特征研究[D].西安:西北大学,2006.(LI Junfeng.A Research on Fractal Dimension Characteristics of Gully Based on GIS in the Loess Platean[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2006.(in Chinese))
[23]申维.初论分形地质学[J].世界地质,1998,17(4):76-85.(SHENWei.A preliminary view on fractal geology[J].Global Geology,1998,17(4):76-85.(in Chinese))
[24]李景星.基于DEM的黄土区河网水系特征研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.(LI Jingxing.DEM-based River Network Characteristics of the Loess Region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese))
[25]冷佩,宋小宁,李新辉.复杂山区小流域径流模拟影响因素分析[J].水文,2010,30(6):5-9.(LENG Pei,SONG Xiaoning,LI Xinhui.Analysis of influencing factors in runoff simulation for complicated mountain area[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010,30(6):5-9.(in Chinese))
[26]韩海辉,高婷,易欢,等.基于变点分析法提取地势起伏度-以青藏高原为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(1):101-104.(HAN Haihui,GAOTing,YI Huan,et al.Extraction of relief amplitude based on change point method:a case study on the Tibetan plateau[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(1):101-104.(in Chinese))
[27]杜婷.坡度统计分布随地形复杂程度的变化[D].西安:西北大学,2015.(DU Ting.Changes of Slope Statis tical Distribution with the Complexity of the Terrain[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2015.(in Chinese))
[28]白雷超,陈珂,罗明良,等.地表高程剖面特征及其在起伏度分析中的应用-以平行岭谷区华蓥市为例[J].遥感信息,2016,31(4):1-6.(BAI Leichao,CHEN Ke,LUO Mingliang,et al.Multi scale analysis of elevation profiles and its application in research of relief amplitude of terrain:a case study in Huaying county based on ASTER GDEMs[J].Remote Sensing Information,2016,31(4):1-6.(in Chinese))
[2]张丽,戴斌祥,王光谦,等.基于Tokunaga网络的河网形态特征量化[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,39(10):1413-1420.(ZHANGLi,DAI Binxiang,WANG Guangqian,et al.The quantization of river network morphology based on the Tokunaga network[J].Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2009,39(10):1413-1420.(in Chinese))
[3]原立峰,周启刚.基于DEM的流域水文特征提取方法研究[J].人民黄河,2006,28(5):20-22.(YUAN Lifeng,ZHOU Qigang.Study on DEM based basin hydrological characteristic extraction[J].Yellow River,2006,28(5):20-22.(in Chinese))
[4]王敏嫱.基于Arc GIS和DEM在水文流域模拟中的应用[J].地下水,2011,33(4):159-161.(WANG Min qiang.Application of Arc GIS&DEM on simulation in the hydrogeological drainage area[J].Ground Water,2011,33(4):159-161.(in Chinese)).
[5]刘怀湘,王兆印.河网形态与环境条件的关系[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(9):28-32.(LIU Huaixiang,WANG Zhaoyin Relationship between river network pattern and environmental condition[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2008,48(9):28-32.(in Chinese))
[6]吕爱锋,陈嘻,王纲胜.基于DEM的流域水系分维估算方法探讨[J]干旱区地理,2002,25(4):315-320.(LV Aifeng,CHEN Xi,WANGGangsheng.Study on calculation methods of watershed fractal dimention based on DEM[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,25(4):315-320.(in Chinese))
[7]孙爱立,余钟波,杨传国,等.我国水系提取阈值影响因素分析[J].水利学报,2013,44(8):901-908.(SUN Aili,YU Zhongbo,YANGChuanguo,et al.Impact factors of contribution area threshold in extracting drainage network for rivers in China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,44(8):901-908.(in Chinese))
[8]艾南山,陈嵘,李后强.走向分形地貌学[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,52(1):93-97.(AI Nanshan,CHEN Rong,LI Houqiang.To the fractal geomorphology[J].Geography and Territorial Research,1999,52(1):93-97.(in Chinese))
[9]龙腾文,赵景波.基于DEM的黄土高原典型流域水系分形特征研究[J].地球与环境,2008,36(4):304-308.(LONG Tengwen,ZHAOJingbo.A study on the fractal properties of a typical drainage basin on the Loess plateau based on DEM[J].Earth and Environment,2008,36(4):304-308.(in Chinese))
[10]张捷,包浩生.分形理论及其在地貌学中的应用──分形地貌学研究综述及展望[J].地理研究,1994,13(3):104-112.(ZHANG Jie,BAO Haosheng.Fractal geomorphology-review and propect[J].Geographical Research,1994,13(3):104-112.(in Chinese))
[11]何隆华,赵宏.水系的分形维数及其含义[J].地理科学,1996,16(2):124-128.(HE Longhua,ZHAO Hong.The fractal dimension of river networks and its interpreta tion[J].Scientia Geographica sinica,1996,16(2):124-128.(in Chinese))
[12]梁春玲,梁海清,张祖陆.祖厉河流域水系分维与地貌发育阶段浅析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):187-191.(LIANG Chunling,LIANG Haiqing,ZHANG Zulu.Fractal dimension of the river networks and developing stage of drainage geomorphic of Zuli River basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):187-191.(in Chinese))
[13]李后强,艾南山.分形地貌学及地貌发育的分形模型[J].自然杂志,1992,15(7):516-519.(LI Houqiang,AI Nanshan.Fractal geomorphology and the fractal model of landscape development[J].Nature,1992,15(7):516-519.(in Chinese))
[14]郑畅.四川盆地坡地径流及其调控[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.(ZHENG Chang.The Runoff and Its Adjust ment on Slope Land of Sichuan Basin[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2008.(in Chinese))
[15]马强,杨霄.明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害时空分布特征[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):257-265.(MA Qiang,YANG Xiao.Spatial and temporal distributions of floods and droughts in Jialing river basin in the Ming and Qing dynasties[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(2):257-265.(in Chinese))
[16]金犇,谭红兵,张玉东,等.黄土高原典型山地-沟壑区地下水水化学特征及成因---以六盘山地区为例[J].水文,2017,37(2):89-96.(JIN Ben,TAN Hongbing,ZHANG Yudong,et al.Hydrochemical property and origin of groundwater in hilly-gully areas of Loess plateau[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2017,37(2):89-96.(in Chinese))
[17]马国栋.下辽河平原环境风险评价及其空间关联格局研究[D].大连:辽宁师范大学,2014.(MA Guodong.Environmental Risk Assessment and Its Spatial Auto-correlation in Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Plain[D].Dalian:Liaoning Normal University,2014.(in Chinese))
[18]刘涓,郑畅,张卫华,等.四川盆地丘陵山区局地水系分形分维研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(3):76-82.(LIU Juan,ZHENG Chang,ZHANG Weihua,et al.On fractals and fractal dimensions of local river systems in hilly area of Sichuan basin[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science),2012,34(3):76-82.(in Chinese))
[19]姜永清,邵明安,李占斌,等.黄土高原流域水系的HORTON级比数和分形特性[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):206-211.(JIANGYongqing,SHAO Mingan,LI Zhanbin,et al.Horton's order ratios of water course network of drainage basin and their fractal characters in the Loess plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,20(2):206-211.(in Chinese))
[20]承继成,江美球.流域地貌数学模型[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.(CHENG Jicheng,JIANG Meiqiu.Mathematical Model of Watershed Geomorphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986.(in Chinese))
[21]李精忠,艾廷华,柯舒.DEM提取谷地线的有效汇水量阈值范围[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2012,37(10):1244-1247.(LIJingzhong,AI Tinghua,KE Shu.Effective flow accumulation threshold of extracting valley-line from grid-based digital elevation model[J].Journal of Wuhan University(Information Science),,2012,37(10):1244-1247.(in Chinese))
[22]李军锋.基于GIS的陕北黄土高原地貌分形特征研究[D].西安:西北大学,2006.(LI Junfeng.A Research on Fractal Dimension Characteristics of Gully Based on GIS in the Loess Platean[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2006.(in Chinese))
[23]申维.初论分形地质学[J].世界地质,1998,17(4):76-85.(SHENWei.A preliminary view on fractal geology[J].Global Geology,1998,17(4):76-85.(in Chinese))
[24]李景星.基于DEM的黄土区河网水系特征研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.(LI Jingxing.DEM-based River Network Characteristics of the Loess Region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese))
[25]冷佩,宋小宁,李新辉.复杂山区小流域径流模拟影响因素分析[J].水文,2010,30(6):5-9.(LENG Pei,SONG Xiaoning,LI Xinhui.Analysis of influencing factors in runoff simulation for complicated mountain area[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010,30(6):5-9.(in Chinese))
[26]韩海辉,高婷,易欢,等.基于变点分析法提取地势起伏度-以青藏高原为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(1):101-104.(HAN Haihui,GAOTing,YI Huan,et al.Extraction of relief amplitude based on change point method:a case study on the Tibetan plateau[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(1):101-104.(in Chinese))
[27]杜婷.坡度统计分布随地形复杂程度的变化[D].西安:西北大学,2015.(DU Ting.Changes of Slope Statis tical Distribution with the Complexity of the Terrain[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2015.(in Chinese))
[28]白雷超,陈珂,罗明良,等.地表高程剖面特征及其在起伏度分析中的应用-以平行岭谷区华蓥市为例[J].遥感信息,2016,31(4):1-6.(BAI Leichao,CHEN Ke,LUO Mingliang,et al.Multi scale analysis of elevation profiles and its application in research of relief amplitude of terrain:a case study in Huaying county based on ASTER GDEMs[J].Remote Sensing Information,2016,31(4):1-6.(in Chinese))