创新管理中的性别影响评估与案例检验
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摘要
由于性别的社会建构属性、创新成果形式的多元化,传统的"性别影响评估"作为一种政策分析工具,已经无法完全适用于评价实体和非实体创新成果。为解决这一问题,本研究从过程视角出发,提出"创新管理中的性别影响评估",包含了筛选、设计、审查和价值实现四阶段和评估工具包(投入-产出-影响模型、影响评估标准矩阵和空间递推矩阵)。随后,以失能老人辅助器具的市场探索为例,将性别影响评估应用于该行业。创新管理中的性别影响评估为创新成果本身及其外溢的社会性别影响提供客观评价和反身思考的机会,促进创新成果达成两性共享、服务社会以及社会普惠的价值取向。
The strong externality and social influence of innovations make it have profound gender impact. At present,the gender impact assessment( GIA) focuses on analyzing policy texts by counterfactual analysis method and analyzing policy implementation before and after comparison,which needs to be expanded urgently in terms of analyzing objects. On the one hand,it is emphasized and applied to be a policy analysis tool,which lacks gender impact assessment on real innovation outcomes. On the other hand,it lacks the consideration of process,including creating ideas,designing,manufacturing,commercialization and social construction. Due to gendered social construction and diversified forms of innovations,traditional gender impact assessment which is used to be a policy evaluation tool,has been unable to fully apply to the current era of " innovation driven development". In view of this,this study proposes " Gender Impact Assessment in Innovation Management" and its toolkit. Gender impact assessment in innovation management is an assessment tool which is able to adapt to diversified innovation achievements such as scientific and technological innovations,product innovations,service innovations,policy innovations,governance innovations,etc.Being different from previous gender impact assessment policy analysis tools,gender impact assessment in innovation management is based on the process perspective,which extends it to both real and non-real areas,covers the whole process,including screening,design,review,value realization and social impact,and has a wide range of applications.In order to ensure the logicality,comprehensiveness and systematicness of the evaluation process,this study designs gender impact assessment and its toolkits for real and non-real products,services and other innovation projects. The gender impact assessment contains mainly three parts.( 1) The input-output-outcome model is a visual expression of innovative achievements,which is distinct from technical documents. It can achieve visualization and popularization as far as possible so as to facilitate multi-party communication in the process of impact assessment.( 2) The impact assessment matrix is based on five criteria,that is,technology evaluation and foresight,preventive principle,ethical principle,government & stakeholder participation and public mobilization & multi-party dialogue. It can deeply analyze innovative achievements from the perspectives of methods and products design.( 3) Spatial recurrence matrix recursively extents the impact scope to innovation activities and achievements on the level of individual,family,work and social space,which involves economic activities,social culture,policy and legal fields,in order to sort out the impact of innovation achievements more systematically. Subsequently,taking the market exploration of assistive devices for disabled elderly as an example,the gender impact assessment was applied to the industry.For the disabled elderly,sexual differences will lead to differences in their physiological needs,while gender differences will lead to differences in social needs for assistive devices. There are differences in height,weight and palm size between men and women,thus,it is necessary to extend the size range of appliances. For the caregivers of the disabled elderly,women are mainly responsible for caring for the elderly in families. In the design of assistive devices,gender differences need to be addressed.( 1)Reducing the self-weight of the appliances or increasing the rated power of the machinery can reduce the physical burden of female caregivers.( 2) Increasing the private shelter facilities in the design of appliances can improve the convenience of heterosexual care. Embedding sex and gender differences in research and development of assistive devices is conducive to improving the sense of use and practicability and promoting market promotion.In terms of the results of input-output-outcome analysis,the main purpose of exploring the market of assistive devices for disabled elderly is to encourage the government and enterprises to develop the market of assistive devices in order to solve the low utilization rate of assistive devices among disabled elderly. The economic empowerment of the elderly has its particularities: they cannot participate in economic activities again,are in a disadvantaged position in the family and society and cannot make purchase decisions. Therefore,the target market and the way of market exploration are special. The conclusions of requirement mining for auxiliary devices are as follows.From the perspective of demand differences,female 's visual,hearing,chewing and excretion disabilities are significantly higher than male's,and the demand for assistive devices is greater. From the level of demand,the lowest level of demand for the disabled elderly to use assistive devices is the body function compensation. Therefore,the design of assistive devices should investigate the physiological and psychological needs of the disabled elderly by gender,and use them to improve the devices. In addition,many assistive device operators are family caregivers and professional caregivers. They should be recruited to participate in questionnaires or market research to understand their inconvenience and key issues in the process of care. Thirdly,when developing and producing auxiliary devices,we should carefully measure the type,degree,weight,height and arm length of the disabled and compare them by sex,so as to increase the flexibility of the design specifications and adapt the shape of the elderly of different genders through simple disassembly and telescopic operation. In the operation and promotion of assistive devices,we need to pay attention to: a. In the family purchase decision-making,the decision makers and payers of whether and what kind of assistive devices to buy are often women( wives,daughters,daughter-in-law,etc.); b. Family care is mainly undertaken by women,who are also the actual operators of most assistive devices. So,in the exploration of the market of assistive devices for disabled elderly,women are key target objects.Gender impact assessment continues the critical construction and reflexive thinking,which comes from scientific research and innovation,on gender dimension. In addition,it covers the process of innovation management,innovation achievements and their gender impacts on society. It is an important assessment tool to promote the ethical value orientation in the field of innovation management and realize the social acceptability of innovation achievements. Therefore,it is conducive for policymakers,managers,innovators,stakeholders,the public to correctly understand and objectively evaluate the gender impact of innovations,emphasize the externality of innovations,and then make innovations shoulder the social responsibility of gender equality and benefit society.
The strong externality and social influence of innovations make it have profound gender impact. At present,the gender impact assessment( GIA) focuses on analyzing policy texts by counterfactual analysis method and analyzing policy implementation before and after comparison,which needs to be expanded urgently in terms of analyzing objects. On the one hand,it is emphasized and applied to be a policy analysis tool,which lacks gender impact assessment on real innovation outcomes. On the other hand,it lacks the consideration of process,including creating ideas,designing,manufacturing,commercialization and social construction. Due to gendered social construction and diversified forms of innovations,traditional gender impact assessment which is used to be a policy evaluation tool,has been unable to fully apply to the current era of " innovation driven development". In view of this,this study proposes " Gender Impact Assessment in Innovation Management" and its toolkit. Gender impact assessment in innovation management is an assessment tool which is able to adapt to diversified innovation achievements such as scientific and technological innovations,product innovations,service innovations,policy innovations,governance innovations,etc.Being different from previous gender impact assessment policy analysis tools,gender impact assessment in innovation management is based on the process perspective,which extends it to both real and non-real areas,covers the whole process,including screening,design,review,value realization and social impact,and has a wide range of applications.In order to ensure the logicality,comprehensiveness and systematicness of the evaluation process,this study designs gender impact assessment and its toolkits for real and non-real products,services and other innovation projects. The gender impact assessment contains mainly three parts.( 1) The input-output-outcome model is a visual expression of innovative achievements,which is distinct from technical documents. It can achieve visualization and popularization as far as possible so as to facilitate multi-party communication in the process of impact assessment.( 2) The impact assessment matrix is based on five criteria,that is,technology evaluation and foresight,preventive principle,ethical principle,government & stakeholder participation and public mobilization & multi-party dialogue. It can deeply analyze innovative achievements from the perspectives of methods and products design.( 3) Spatial recurrence matrix recursively extents the impact scope to innovation activities and achievements on the level of individual,family,work and social space,which involves economic activities,social culture,policy and legal fields,in order to sort out the impact of innovation achievements more systematically. Subsequently,taking the market exploration of assistive devices for disabled elderly as an example,the gender impact assessment was applied to the industry.For the disabled elderly,sexual differences will lead to differences in their physiological needs,while gender differences will lead to differences in social needs for assistive devices. There are differences in height,weight and palm size between men and women,thus,it is necessary to extend the size range of appliances. For the caregivers of the disabled elderly,women are mainly responsible for caring for the elderly in families. In the design of assistive devices,gender differences need to be addressed.( 1)Reducing the self-weight of the appliances or increasing the rated power of the machinery can reduce the physical burden of female caregivers.( 2) Increasing the private shelter facilities in the design of appliances can improve the convenience of heterosexual care. Embedding sex and gender differences in research and development of assistive devices is conducive to improving the sense of use and practicability and promoting market promotion.In terms of the results of input-output-outcome analysis,the main purpose of exploring the market of assistive devices for disabled elderly is to encourage the government and enterprises to develop the market of assistive devices in order to solve the low utilization rate of assistive devices among disabled elderly. The economic empowerment of the elderly has its particularities: they cannot participate in economic activities again,are in a disadvantaged position in the family and society and cannot make purchase decisions. Therefore,the target market and the way of market exploration are special. The conclusions of requirement mining for auxiliary devices are as follows.From the perspective of demand differences,female 's visual,hearing,chewing and excretion disabilities are significantly higher than male's,and the demand for assistive devices is greater. From the level of demand,the lowest level of demand for the disabled elderly to use assistive devices is the body function compensation. Therefore,the design of assistive devices should investigate the physiological and psychological needs of the disabled elderly by gender,and use them to improve the devices. In addition,many assistive device operators are family caregivers and professional caregivers. They should be recruited to participate in questionnaires or market research to understand their inconvenience and key issues in the process of care. Thirdly,when developing and producing auxiliary devices,we should carefully measure the type,degree,weight,height and arm length of the disabled and compare them by sex,so as to increase the flexibility of the design specifications and adapt the shape of the elderly of different genders through simple disassembly and telescopic operation. In the operation and promotion of assistive devices,we need to pay attention to: a. In the family purchase decision-making,the decision makers and payers of whether and what kind of assistive devices to buy are often women( wives,daughters,daughter-in-law,etc.); b. Family care is mainly undertaken by women,who are also the actual operators of most assistive devices. So,in the exploration of the market of assistive devices for disabled elderly,women are key target objects.Gender impact assessment continues the critical construction and reflexive thinking,which comes from scientific research and innovation,on gender dimension. In addition,it covers the process of innovation management,innovation achievements and their gender impacts on society. It is an important assessment tool to promote the ethical value orientation in the field of innovation management and realize the social acceptability of innovation achievements. Therefore,it is conducive for policymakers,managers,innovators,stakeholders,the public to correctly understand and objectively evaluate the gender impact of innovations,emphasize the externality of innovations,and then make innovations shoulder the social responsibility of gender equality and benefit society.
引文
[1]Sapiro V.The gender basis of American social policy[J].Political Science Quarterly,1986,101(2):221-238.
[2]Goetz,A.M.(Ed.).Governing women:Women’s political effectiveness in contexts of democratization and governance reform[M].Routledge,2009.
[3]Weldon S L.Beyond bodies:Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policymaking[J].Journal of Politics,2002,64(4):1153-1174.
[4]Lovenduski,J.,Baudino,C.,Sainsbury,D.,Guadagnini,M.,&Meier,P.(Eds.).State feminism and political representation[M].Cambridge University Press,2005.
[5]Walby S.Gender mainstreaming:Productive tensions in theory and practice[J].Social Politics:International Studies in Gender,State&Society,2005,12(3):321-343.
[6]Schiebinger L.Introduction:Feminism inside the sciences[J].Signs Journal of Women in Culture&Society,2003,28(3):859-866.
[7]吴欣桐,陈劲,梅亮,等.刻板印象:女性创新者在技术创新中的威胁抑或机会?[J].外国经济与管理,2017,39(11):45-60.X.Wu,J.Chen,L.Mei,et.al.Gender stereotype:The threat or opportunity for female innovators in technological innovation?[J].Foreign Economics&Management,2017,39(11):45-60.
[8]陈劲,吴欣桐.性别化创新的理论内涵与实践应用---性与性别分析法的贡献[J].社会科学战线,2018(4):67-71.J.Chen,X.Wu.Gendered innovation:The contribution of sex and gender analysis[J].Social Science Front,2018(4):67-71.
[9]吴欣桐,陈劲,梁琳.性别化创新的分析逻辑---科学研究中的性与性别分析法[J].科学学研究,2018,36(9):1659-1667.X.Wu,J.Chen,L Liang.The logic of gendered innovation:Sex and gender analysis in scientific research[J].Studies in Science of Science,2018,36(9):1659-1667.
[10]彭雪蓉,刘洋.我国创新评价研究综述:回顾与展望[J].科研管理,2016,37(S1):247-256.Peng Xuerong,Liu Yang.A review and outlook of the innovation evaluation research in China[J].Science Research Management,2016,37(S1):247-256.
[11]Cooper L M,Sheate W R.Cumulative effects assessment:Areview of UK environmental impact statements[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2002,22(4):415-439.
[12]Rose A,Casler S.Input-output structural decomposition analysis:A critical appraisal[J].Economic Systems Research,1996,8(1):33-62.
[13]梅亮,陈劲.责任式创新:源起,归因解析与理论框架[J].管理世界,2015(8):39-57.L.Mei,J.Chen.Responsible innovation:Origin,attribution and theoretical framework[J].Management World,2015(8):39-57.
[14]Von Schomberg R.A vision of responsible research and innovation[M]//Responsible Innovation:Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2013:51-74.
[15]Van den Hoven J,Vermaas P,van de Poel I.Handbook of ethics,values and technological design[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2015.
[16]张文娟,谭文静.中国老年人辅助器具的使用行为分析[J].人口与发展,2016,22(3):100-112.Wenjuan Zhang,Wenjing Tan.An analysis on using behave of assistive devices of Chinese elderly[J].Population and development,2016,22(3):100-112.
(1)性别主流化,是欧盟提出的政策领域的社会运动,指的是组织、提高、发展和评估政策过程,让两性平等观点渗透到政策制定的各个层次和阶段。
[2]Goetz,A.M.(Ed.).Governing women:Women’s political effectiveness in contexts of democratization and governance reform[M].Routledge,2009.
[3]Weldon S L.Beyond bodies:Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policymaking[J].Journal of Politics,2002,64(4):1153-1174.
[4]Lovenduski,J.,Baudino,C.,Sainsbury,D.,Guadagnini,M.,&Meier,P.(Eds.).State feminism and political representation[M].Cambridge University Press,2005.
[5]Walby S.Gender mainstreaming:Productive tensions in theory and practice[J].Social Politics:International Studies in Gender,State&Society,2005,12(3):321-343.
[6]Schiebinger L.Introduction:Feminism inside the sciences[J].Signs Journal of Women in Culture&Society,2003,28(3):859-866.
[7]吴欣桐,陈劲,梅亮,等.刻板印象:女性创新者在技术创新中的威胁抑或机会?[J].外国经济与管理,2017,39(11):45-60.X.Wu,J.Chen,L.Mei,et.al.Gender stereotype:The threat or opportunity for female innovators in technological innovation?[J].Foreign Economics&Management,2017,39(11):45-60.
[8]陈劲,吴欣桐.性别化创新的理论内涵与实践应用---性与性别分析法的贡献[J].社会科学战线,2018(4):67-71.J.Chen,X.Wu.Gendered innovation:The contribution of sex and gender analysis[J].Social Science Front,2018(4):67-71.
[9]吴欣桐,陈劲,梁琳.性别化创新的分析逻辑---科学研究中的性与性别分析法[J].科学学研究,2018,36(9):1659-1667.X.Wu,J.Chen,L Liang.The logic of gendered innovation:Sex and gender analysis in scientific research[J].Studies in Science of Science,2018,36(9):1659-1667.
[10]彭雪蓉,刘洋.我国创新评价研究综述:回顾与展望[J].科研管理,2016,37(S1):247-256.Peng Xuerong,Liu Yang.A review and outlook of the innovation evaluation research in China[J].Science Research Management,2016,37(S1):247-256.
[11]Cooper L M,Sheate W R.Cumulative effects assessment:Areview of UK environmental impact statements[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2002,22(4):415-439.
[12]Rose A,Casler S.Input-output structural decomposition analysis:A critical appraisal[J].Economic Systems Research,1996,8(1):33-62.
[13]梅亮,陈劲.责任式创新:源起,归因解析与理论框架[J].管理世界,2015(8):39-57.L.Mei,J.Chen.Responsible innovation:Origin,attribution and theoretical framework[J].Management World,2015(8):39-57.
[14]Von Schomberg R.A vision of responsible research and innovation[M]//Responsible Innovation:Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2013:51-74.
[15]Van den Hoven J,Vermaas P,van de Poel I.Handbook of ethics,values and technological design[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2015.
[16]张文娟,谭文静.中国老年人辅助器具的使用行为分析[J].人口与发展,2016,22(3):100-112.Wenjuan Zhang,Wenjing Tan.An analysis on using behave of assistive devices of Chinese elderly[J].Population and development,2016,22(3):100-112.
(1)性别主流化,是欧盟提出的政策领域的社会运动,指的是组织、提高、发展和评估政策过程,让两性平等观点渗透到政策制定的各个层次和阶段。