华北平原典型区水体蒸发氢氧同位素分馏特征
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摘要
为研究华北平原衡水地区水体蒸发氢氧同位素分馏特征,采集不同盐度的深层地下淡水(TDS为0.61g/L)和浅层地下咸水(TDS为7.97g/L),现场开展室外器皿蒸发实验,获得了当地气象条件下氢氧同位素分馏参数。实验结果显示,淡水及咸水剩余表层水δ18O与剩余水比率f呈指数关系,与瑞利分馏模拟结果一致,δD和δ18O蒸发线斜率分别为4.78和4.69。整个蒸发过程中,淡水及咸水氢氧同位素值增量ΔδD分别为Δδ18O的4.82倍和4.76倍;剩余表层水相对于初始水δD和δ18O的变化量与累积蒸发量之比,淡水分别为2.68‰/cm和0.56‰/cm,咸水分别为2.78‰/cm和0.61‰/cm;而在不同的蒸发时段,剩余表层水δD和δ18O的变化量与蒸发量无明显相关性。受水分子扩散的影响,蒸发皿中氢氧同位素分馏在垂线上分层微弱。由于水体盐度较低,在当地气候条件下进行自由蒸发时,氢氧同位素分馏的盐效应可以忽略。
To study the characteristics of fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in evaporating water in Hengshui,a typical region of the North China Plain,two sets of outdoor water evaporation experiments with different salinities were conducted under local meteorological conditions. Water was collected from deep fresh water( TDS = 0. 61 g / L)and shallow saline water( TDS = 7. 97 g / L),respectively. The experimental results showed an exponential relationship between δD and δ18O in residual water and f( the volume ratio between the residual water and the initial water),which was in agreement with Rayleigh fractionation model results. The slopes between δD and δ18O in the residual surface water were 4. 78 and 4. 69 for the fresh water and saline water,respectively. It was also shown that the average degrees of enrichment of the hydrogen isotope D were 4. 82 and 4. 76 times those of the oxygen isotope18 O in the fresh water and saline water,respectively. The ratios between the δD and δ18O variations of the residual surface water and the evaporation were 2. 68‰ / cm and 0. 56‰ / cm,respectively,for the fresh water; and were 2. 78‰ / cm and0. 61‰ / cm for the saline water during the experiment period. Nevertheless,the ratios at different evaporating times had no significant correlations with each other. Isotopic statification was rarely observed in different water layers due to the diffusion effect of water molecules. Moreover,the salt effect on the stable isotopic fractionation during the pan evaporation experiment under the typical climatic conditions was negligible,probably due to the low salt concentration in the saline water.
To study the characteristics of fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in evaporating water in Hengshui,a typical region of the North China Plain,two sets of outdoor water evaporation experiments with different salinities were conducted under local meteorological conditions. Water was collected from deep fresh water( TDS = 0. 61 g / L)and shallow saline water( TDS = 7. 97 g / L),respectively. The experimental results showed an exponential relationship between δD and δ18O in residual water and f( the volume ratio between the residual water and the initial water),which was in agreement with Rayleigh fractionation model results. The slopes between δD and δ18O in the residual surface water were 4. 78 and 4. 69 for the fresh water and saline water,respectively. It was also shown that the average degrees of enrichment of the hydrogen isotope D were 4. 82 and 4. 76 times those of the oxygen isotope18 O in the fresh water and saline water,respectively. The ratios between the δD and δ18O variations of the residual surface water and the evaporation were 2. 68‰ / cm and 0. 56‰ / cm,respectively,for the fresh water; and were 2. 78‰ / cm and0. 61‰ / cm for the saline water during the experiment period. Nevertheless,the ratios at different evaporating times had no significant correlations with each other. Isotopic statification was rarely observed in different water layers due to the diffusion effect of water molecules. Moreover,the salt effect on the stable isotopic fractionation during the pan evaporation experiment under the typical climatic conditions was negligible,probably due to the low salt concentration in the saline water.
引文
[1]包为民,胡海英,王涛,等.蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2008,19(6):780-785.(BAO Weimin,HU Haiying,WANG Tao,et al.Experimental study on the fractionation mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in evaporation from water surface of evaporation pans[J].Advances in Water Science,2008,19(6):780-785.(in Chinese))
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[15]童海滨,王新建,陈建生,等.考虑稳定同位素浓度垂向变化的蒸发分馏模型[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(6):677-681.(TONG Haibin,WANG Xinjian,Ch EN Jiansheng,et al.Fraction model under evaporation considering vertical difference of stable isotopic concentration[J].Journal of Hohai University:Natural Sciences,2010,38(6):677-681.(in Chinese))
[16]谭方颖,王建林,宋迎波.华北平原近45年气候变化特征分析[J].气象,2010,36(5):40-45.(TAN Fangying,WANG Jianlin,SONG Yingbo.Characteristics of climate change in the North China Plain for rencent 45 years[J].Meteorological Monthly,2010,36(5):40-45.(in Chinese))
[17]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵.末次盛冰期以来河北平原第四系地下水流系统的演变[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):217-226.(ZHANG Renquan,LIANG Xing,JIN Menggui.The evolution of groundwater flow systems in the Quaternary of Hebei Plain since the Last Glacial Maximum[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(3):217-226.(in Chinese))
[18]CHEN Zongyu,QI Jixiang,XU Jianming,et al.Paleoclimatic interpretation of the past 30 ka from isotopic studies of the deep confined aquifer of the North China Plain[J].Applied Geochemistry,2003,18:997-1009.
[19]石建省,李国敏,梁杏,等.华北平原地下水演变机制与调控[J].地球学报,2014,35(5):527-534.(SHI Jiansheng,LI Guomin,LIANG Xing,et al.Evolution mechanism and control of groundwater in the North China Plain[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2014,35(5):527-534.(in Chinese))
[20]费宇红,张兆吉,宋海波,等.华北平原地下咸水垂向变化及机理探讨[J].水资源保护,2009,25(6):21-23.(FEI Yuhong,ZHANG Zhaoji,SONG Haibo,et al.Discussion of vertical variations of saline groundwater and mechanism in North China Plain[J].Water Resources Protection,2009,25(6):21-23.(in Chinese))
[21]GAT J R,GONFIANTINI R.Isotopic frationation[C]//Stable Isotope Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA,1981b:21-33.
[22]RAYLEIGH J W S.Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes[J].Philos Mag,1896,42:493-498.
[23]顾慰祖,庞忠和,王全九,等.同位素水文学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:53-80.(GU Weizu,PANG Zhonghe,WANG Quanjiu,et al.Isotope hydrology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:53-80.(in Chinese))
[24]CRAIG H.Istotopic variations in meteoric waters[J].Science,1961a,133:1702-1703.
[25]CLARK I D,FRITZ P.水文地质学中的环境同位素[M].张慧,张新基,译.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006:30-31.(CLARK I D,FRITZ P.Environmental isotope in hydrogeology[M].ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Xinji,translation.Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2006:30-31.(in Chinese))
[26]KRABBENHOLF D P,BOWSER C J,ANDERSON M P,et al.Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes:1:The stable isotope mass balance method[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26:2445-2453.
[27]FROEHLICH K.Evaluating the water balance of inland seas using isotopic tracers:The Caspian sea experience[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14:1371-1383.
[28]SOFER Z,GAT J R.Activities and concentrations of oxygen-18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions:Analytical and geophysical implications[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1972,15:232-238.
[29]SOFER Z,GAT J R.The isotopic compositions of evaporating brines:Effects of the isotope activity ratio in saline solutions[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1975,26:179-186.
[2]CAPPA D C,HENDRICKS M B,DEPAOLO D J,et al.Isotopic fractionation of water during evaporation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(DI6):4525.[doi:10.1029/2003JD003597,2003]
[3]KIM K,LEE X H.Isotopic enrichment of liquid water during evaporation from water surfaces[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,399:364-375.
[4]田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,等.青藏高原东部水蒸发过程中的氧稳定同位素变化[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(2):159-164.(TIAN Lide,YAO Tandong,SUN Weizhen,et al.Study on stable isotope fractionation during water evaporation in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(2):159-164.(in Chinese))
[5]CRAIG H,GORDON L I,HORIBE Y.Isotopic exchange effects in the evaporation of water[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1963,68:5079-5087.
[6]HORITA J,WESOLOWSKI D J.Liquid-vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water from the freezing to the critical temperature[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58(16):3425-3437.
[7]王永森,陈建生,汪集旸,等.降水过程中氢氧稳定同位素理论关系研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(2):204-208.(WANG Yongsen,CHEN Jiansheng,WANG Jiyang,et al.Theoretical research on the relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 in precipitation[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(2):204-208.(in Chinese))
[8]王永森,马振民,徐征和.基于瑞利分馏模式的水体蒸发线斜率模型[J].水科学进展,2011,22(6):795-800.(WANG Yongsen,MA Zhenmin,XU Zhenghe.Slope of evaporation line in a model based on Rayleigh fractionation formula[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(6):795-800.(in Chinese))
[9]GAT J R,GONFIANTINI R.Deutetium and oxygen-18 in the water cycle[C]//Stable Isotope Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA,1981a:340.
[10]HORITA J,WESOLOWSKI D J,COLE D R.The activity-composition relationship of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in aqueous salt solution:Ⅰ:Vapor-liquid water equilibration of single salt solution from 50 to 100℃[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1993,57:2797-2817.
[11]HU Haiying,BAO Weimin,WANG Tao,et al.Experimental study on stable isotopic fractination of evaporating water under varing temperature[J].Water Science and Engineering,2009,2(2):11-18.
[12]王涛,包为民,徐海丽,等.室外器皿蒸发同位素实验研究[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2011,39(3):264-268.(WANG Tao,BAO Weimin,XU Haili,et al.Isotopic variations by means of outdoor evaporation pan experiments[J].Journal of Hohai University:Natural Sciences,2011,39(3):264-268.(in Chinese))
[13]章新平,姚檀栋,田立德.水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素分馏的模拟[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(1):65-71.(ZHANG Xinping,YAO Tandong,TIAN Lide.Study on the fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water bady[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(1):65-71.(in Chinese))
[14]胡海英,包为民,王涛,等.水体蒸发中瑞利分馏公式的模拟及实验验证[J].水利学报,2007(增刊1):314-317.(HU Haiying,BAO Weimin,WANG Tao,et al.Derivation of rayleigh fractionation formula and its experiment study in water evaporation[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007(suppl1):314-317.(in Chinese))
[15]童海滨,王新建,陈建生,等.考虑稳定同位素浓度垂向变化的蒸发分馏模型[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(6):677-681.(TONG Haibin,WANG Xinjian,Ch EN Jiansheng,et al.Fraction model under evaporation considering vertical difference of stable isotopic concentration[J].Journal of Hohai University:Natural Sciences,2010,38(6):677-681.(in Chinese))
[16]谭方颖,王建林,宋迎波.华北平原近45年气候变化特征分析[J].气象,2010,36(5):40-45.(TAN Fangying,WANG Jianlin,SONG Yingbo.Characteristics of climate change in the North China Plain for rencent 45 years[J].Meteorological Monthly,2010,36(5):40-45.(in Chinese))
[17]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵.末次盛冰期以来河北平原第四系地下水流系统的演变[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):217-226.(ZHANG Renquan,LIANG Xing,JIN Menggui.The evolution of groundwater flow systems in the Quaternary of Hebei Plain since the Last Glacial Maximum[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(3):217-226.(in Chinese))
[18]CHEN Zongyu,QI Jixiang,XU Jianming,et al.Paleoclimatic interpretation of the past 30 ka from isotopic studies of the deep confined aquifer of the North China Plain[J].Applied Geochemistry,2003,18:997-1009.
[19]石建省,李国敏,梁杏,等.华北平原地下水演变机制与调控[J].地球学报,2014,35(5):527-534.(SHI Jiansheng,LI Guomin,LIANG Xing,et al.Evolution mechanism and control of groundwater in the North China Plain[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2014,35(5):527-534.(in Chinese))
[20]费宇红,张兆吉,宋海波,等.华北平原地下咸水垂向变化及机理探讨[J].水资源保护,2009,25(6):21-23.(FEI Yuhong,ZHANG Zhaoji,SONG Haibo,et al.Discussion of vertical variations of saline groundwater and mechanism in North China Plain[J].Water Resources Protection,2009,25(6):21-23.(in Chinese))
[21]GAT J R,GONFIANTINI R.Isotopic frationation[C]//Stable Isotope Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA,1981b:21-33.
[22]RAYLEIGH J W S.Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes[J].Philos Mag,1896,42:493-498.
[23]顾慰祖,庞忠和,王全九,等.同位素水文学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:53-80.(GU Weizu,PANG Zhonghe,WANG Quanjiu,et al.Isotope hydrology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:53-80.(in Chinese))
[24]CRAIG H.Istotopic variations in meteoric waters[J].Science,1961a,133:1702-1703.
[25]CLARK I D,FRITZ P.水文地质学中的环境同位素[M].张慧,张新基,译.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006:30-31.(CLARK I D,FRITZ P.Environmental isotope in hydrogeology[M].ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Xinji,translation.Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2006:30-31.(in Chinese))
[26]KRABBENHOLF D P,BOWSER C J,ANDERSON M P,et al.Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes:1:The stable isotope mass balance method[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26:2445-2453.
[27]FROEHLICH K.Evaluating the water balance of inland seas using isotopic tracers:The Caspian sea experience[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14:1371-1383.
[28]SOFER Z,GAT J R.Activities and concentrations of oxygen-18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions:Analytical and geophysical implications[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1972,15:232-238.
[29]SOFER Z,GAT J R.The isotopic compositions of evaporating brines:Effects of the isotope activity ratio in saline solutions[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1975,26:179-186.