浙江诸暨楼家桥遗址文化间歇层成因的孢粉学证据
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摘要
近年来,随着距今8 000-7 000年跨湖桥文化和万年之久的上山文化的相继发现,浙江钱塘江流域新石器考古取得了突破性成果,环境考古工作也随之取得了重要进展。我们通过该区域诸暨楼家桥遗址文化层的AMS14 C年代测定和孢粉详细分析,重建了遗址区距今约6 500年以来的植被环境及人类活动的过程,特别是对文化层中间的间歇层成因进行了重点剖析。结果表明在楼家桥河姆渡文化早期阶段,研究区孢粉组合以青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栎属(Quercus)为主,指示了遗址点附近分布有常绿落叶阔叶混交林,反映当时气候温暖湿润,适宜人类渔猎和采集的定居生活,同时水稻农业已具一定规模。此时受人类干扰作用较小,地带性植被并未发生改变。随后距今约6 100年文化层中断,形成了自然沉积的间歇层,其孢粉组合面貌显得十分"异常",主要表现为松属(Pinus)骤增;少量的云杉属(Picea)、冷杉属(Abies)和铁杉属(Tsuga)组成的亚高山针叶植物首次出现;与海相相关的刺甲藻属(Spiniferites)、舌形藻属(Lingulodinium)首次集中出现;同时,淡水盘星藻属(Pediastrum)持续产出。结合钱塘江区域全新世环境演变特点,推断当时杭州湾已经形成,其强烈的海潮上涌顶托造成河水阻塞,受海水及河水淹没的共同作用,从而导致文化层突然中断,不利的环境迫使古人类放弃遗址居住点。此后,随着水灾等环境改善,河姆渡文化晚期先民重返楼家桥。此时,孢粉组合发生了显著改变,以栎属为优势的次生阔叶林形成,说明随着人类稻作农业活动强度的增大,森林植被受到了较强的干扰。
With the discoveries of Kuahuqiao Culture(8-7 cal.ka BP)and Shangshan Culture(ca.10 cal.ka BP)in recent years,a breakthrough progress has been made for the Neolithic archaeo logy as well as environmental archaeology in the Qiangtang River drainage region in Zhejiang Province,East China.Here we reconstruct their vegetation in order to reveal the environment change and human activities based on the AMS 14 C chronology and pollen analyses of cultural layers of the Loujiaqiao cultural layers after 6 500 aBP.Such analyses have been focused on the interval sediment between cultural layers to understand its formation.Our results show that a mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest primarily composed of Cyclobalanopsis and Quercusflourished in the adjacent small hill during the early Hemudu Culture(6 500-6 300 cal.aBP).This forest suggests that the climate was warm and humid and favored local fishers,foragers and hunters to settle down.During this time,the forest vegetation remains closed with minor anthropogenic disturbance.Subsequently,a visible natural interval layer occurred around 6 100 cal.aBP overlaying the early cultural layers.It shows that pollen floral of this layer seems quite unusual:Pinus is dominant with first small occurrence of Picea,Abies and Tsugawhich distribute in present subalpine mountains;moreover,marine algae such as Spiniferites and Lingulodinium made first appearance in abundance and fresh algae,for instance,Pediastrumoccurs continuously with low percentages.Based on environmental evolution of the Qiangtang River drainage during the Holocene,it is assumed that the Hangzhou estuary had been formed and then prompted strong tidal currents to migrate upward in long distance along the river valley to the study site.Meanwhile,the river was blocked by the tidal currents and water level began to rise considerably.Thus,the Loujiaqiao site was completely inundated by the combination of strong tide and flood,leading local people to abandon this site.Afterward,during the late Hemudu Culture and Liangzhu Culture period,Neolithic residents came back to the study site probably due to the lowering the flood.A human-induced oak forest dominated in the surrounding hill and became an important economic forest for local people.The progressive opening of forest indicates local intensified rice farming.
With the discoveries of Kuahuqiao Culture(8-7 cal.ka BP)and Shangshan Culture(ca.10 cal.ka BP)in recent years,a breakthrough progress has been made for the Neolithic archaeo logy as well as environmental archaeology in the Qiangtang River drainage region in Zhejiang Province,East China.Here we reconstruct their vegetation in order to reveal the environment change and human activities based on the AMS 14 C chronology and pollen analyses of cultural layers of the Loujiaqiao cultural layers after 6 500 aBP.Such analyses have been focused on the interval sediment between cultural layers to understand its formation.Our results show that a mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest primarily composed of Cyclobalanopsis and Quercusflourished in the adjacent small hill during the early Hemudu Culture(6 500-6 300 cal.aBP).This forest suggests that the climate was warm and humid and favored local fishers,foragers and hunters to settle down.During this time,the forest vegetation remains closed with minor anthropogenic disturbance.Subsequently,a visible natural interval layer occurred around 6 100 cal.aBP overlaying the early cultural layers.It shows that pollen floral of this layer seems quite unusual:Pinus is dominant with first small occurrence of Picea,Abies and Tsugawhich distribute in present subalpine mountains;moreover,marine algae such as Spiniferites and Lingulodinium made first appearance in abundance and fresh algae,for instance,Pediastrumoccurs continuously with low percentages.Based on environmental evolution of the Qiangtang River drainage during the Holocene,it is assumed that the Hangzhou estuary had been formed and then prompted strong tidal currents to migrate upward in long distance along the river valley to the study site.Meanwhile,the river was blocked by the tidal currents and water level began to rise considerably.Thus,the Loujiaqiao site was completely inundated by the combination of strong tide and flood,leading local people to abandon this site.Afterward,during the late Hemudu Culture and Liangzhu Culture period,Neolithic residents came back to the study site probably due to the lowering the flood.A human-induced oak forest dominated in the surrounding hill and became an important economic forest for local people.The progressive opening of forest indicates local intensified rice farming.
引文
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