从诗歌特区再议“的”字的隐现
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摘要
结构助词"的"在现代汉语诗歌里出现了非常规隐现的现象。"属性类名词1+(的)+名词2""单音节性质形容词重叠+(的)+名词"和"短语结构+(的)+名词"时,"的"当现却隐;数量短语作定语修饰名词、多项定语修饰名词时,"的"当隐却现。"的"在现当代汉语诗歌里可以突破一般的汉语语法规则,这主要与"的"在历史演变中保留了指示词强调凸显的作用、韵律原则和经济原则有关。"的"的非常规隐现也有限度,主要是受到黏附词特点的制约。"语言特区"中的诗歌特区允许突破一般汉语语法规则,但必须有度,不能逾越普遍的人类语法原则。
In modern Chinese poems,there are unconventional ellipsis of structural auxiliary "de(的)":"Noun 1(attribute noun)+(de)+ Noun 2","repetition of monosyllabic qualitative adjectives+(de)+ noun"and "phrase structure +(de)+ noun".In all these cases,"de"should be kept,but are actually left out.While in quantity phrases as noun attributives and multiple attributives of nouns,"de"is kept rather than left out.Such usage of"de"in modern poems has broken the normal Chinese grammatical rules and is driven by the following reasons:"de(的)"obtainings the feature of emphasis from deictic words,the role in the prosody and the economy principle.Additionally,the feature of clitic limits the violation in poetry.Poetic language in the special linguistic zone is permitted to violate the particular rules of Chinese grammar in an appropriate measure,which has to be controlled by general grammar.
In modern Chinese poems,there are unconventional ellipsis of structural auxiliary "de(的)":"Noun 1(attribute noun)+(de)+ Noun 2","repetition of monosyllabic qualitative adjectives+(de)+ noun"and "phrase structure +(de)+ noun".In all these cases,"de"should be kept,but are actually left out.While in quantity phrases as noun attributives and multiple attributives of nouns,"de"is kept rather than left out.Such usage of"de"in modern poems has broken the normal Chinese grammatical rules and is driven by the following reasons:"de(的)"obtainings the feature of emphasis from deictic words,the role in the prosody and the economy principle.Additionally,the feature of clitic limits the violation in poetry.Poetic language in the special linguistic zone is permitted to violate the particular rules of Chinese grammar in an appropriate measure,which has to be controlled by general grammar.
引文
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[30]艾青.大堰河---我的保姆[EB/OL].[2018-09-11].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%B0%E6%B2%B3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E5%A7%86.
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[43]谢文利.诗歌美学[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1991.
(1)摘自赵缺的《无咎诗三百序》。《无咎诗三百序》是当代著名诗人赵缺为个人诗集《无咎诗三百》所作的自序。
[2]王远杰.定语标记“的”的隐现研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2008.
[3]施春宏.试析名词的语义结构[J].世界汉语教学,2002(4).
[4]宋作艳.也谈与“的”字结构有关的谓词隐含[J].汉语学习,2014(1).
[5]高进.江湖啊,江湖[EB/OL].[2010-12-03].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%95%8A%EF%BC%8C%E6%B1%9F%E6%B9%96/8696441?fr=aladdin.
[6]冯文炳.废名作品精选[M].武汉:长江文艺出版社,2003.
[7]青杏小.桃花渊[EB/OL].[2018-10-05].http://www.chinapoesy.com/XianDaiA7C890D1-4ACD-43E2-8880-AFA69BFADAE4.html.
[8]自从.冰岛[EB/OL].[2018-09-25].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=26562891&market=baiduqk.
[9]Dr Moon.有没有[EB/OL].[2018-09-14].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=344388.
[10]方文良.三寸日光[Z/OL].[2018-09-15].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%89%E5%AF%B8%E6%97%A5%E5%85%89/9970262?fr=aladdin.
[11]王雅君.you&me[Z/OL].[2018-09-30]https://music.163.com/#/song?id=307107&market=baiduqk.
[12]刘大白.秋夜湖心独坐[EB/OL].[2018-09-10].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%9C%E6%B9%96%E5%BF%83%E7%8B%AC%E5%9D%90/19627296.
[13]王智远.小小心愿[Z/OL].[2018-09-18].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=119915.
[14]林翠萍.爱做梦的人[Z/OL].[2018-09-11].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=271449.
[15]刘坚,江蓝生,白维国,等.近代汉语虚词研究[M].北京:语文出版社,1992.
[16]陈没.天涯[Z/OL].[2018-09-08].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=144380.
[17]姚谦.Let It Go[EB/OL].[2018-09-15].https://baike.baidu.com/item/let%20it%20go/13014653?fr=Aladdin.
[18]姚谦.Cappuccino[Z/OL].[2018-09-18].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=307677.
[19]姚谦.一首心歌[EB/OL].[2018-08-29].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%80%E9%A6%96%E5%BF%83%E6%AD%8C/8541658?fr=aladdin.
[20]姚谦.即刻出发[EB/OL].[2018-09-07].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%B3%E5%88%BB%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%91/19690278#viewPageContent.
[21]姚谦.眷恋[Z/OL].[2018-09-02].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=287192.
[22]HAYES B.The Prosodic Hierarchy inMeter[C]//KIPARSKY P,YOUMANS G.Rhythm and Meter.Academic Press,1989.
[23]刘半农.一个小农家的暮[EB/OL].[2018-09-10].http://www.chinapoesy.com/XianDaiB47A61FB-96D9-4040-885D-577D1F46003D.html.
[24]刘半农.稿子[EB/OL].[2018-09-09].http://www.chinapoesy.com/XianDaiB47A61FB-96D9-4040-885D-577D1F46003D.html.
[25]穆木天.苏武[EB/OL].[2018-09-26].http://www.chinapoesy.com/XianDai867A1BD0-D407-4CE7-B79F-4DEC4BAE13B5.html.
[26]郭沫若.凤凰涅槃[EB/OL].[2018-09-22].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83/5150316?fr=aladdin.
[27]冯胜利.汉语的韵律、词法与句法[M].2版.北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
[28]陆丙甫.语序优势的认知解释:论可别度对语序“的”普遍影响[J].当代语言学,2005(1).
[29]艾青.雪落在中国的土地上[EB/OL].[2018-09-16].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9B%AA%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8A.
[30]艾青.大堰河---我的保姆[EB/OL].[2018-09-11].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%B0%E6%B2%B3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E5%A7%86.
[31]戴望舒.戴舒精选集[M].北京:燕山出版社,2006.
[32]周耀辉.给还没有遇见的你[Z/OL].[2018-08-22].https://music.163.com/#/song?id=254090.
[33]陆丙甫.从“的”的分布看它的基本功能和派生功能[J].世界汉语教学,2003(1).
[34]冯胜利.语体俗、正、典三分的历史见证:风、雅、颂[J].语文研究,2014(2).
[35]冯胜利.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000.
[36]邓丹.汉语韵律词研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010.
[37]熊仲儒.语音结构与名词短语内部功能范畴的句法位置[J].中国语文,2008(6).
[38]吕叔湘.汉语语法论文集[M].增订本.上海:商务印书馆,1943.
[39]DIESSEL H.Demonstratives,Joint Attention,and the Emergence of Grammar[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2006(17).
[40]徐杰,覃业位.“语言特区”的性质与类型[J].当代修辞学,2015(4).
[41]徐杰,姚双云,覃业位.诗歌作品中粘着语素的自由用法[J].语言暨语言学,2016(5).
[42]邢公畹.一种似乎要流行开来的可疑句式[J].语文建设,1997(4).
[43]谢文利.诗歌美学[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1991.
(1)摘自赵缺的《无咎诗三百序》。《无咎诗三百序》是当代著名诗人赵缺为个人诗集《无咎诗三百》所作的自序。