Assessing the capacity of biochar to stabilize copper and lead in contaminated sediments using chemical and extraction methods
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摘要
Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu-and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios(2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60 days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment p H and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption,metal crystallization, and the p H were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.
Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu-and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios(2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60 days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment p H and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption,metal crystallization, and the p H were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.
Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu-and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios(2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60 days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment p H and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption,metal crystallization, and the p H were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.
引文
Ahmad,M.,Lee,S.S.,Lim,J.E.,Lee,S.E.,Cho,J.S.,Moon,D.H.,et al.,2014a.Speciation and phytoavailability of lead and antimony in a small arms range soil amended with mussel shell,cow bone and biochar:EXAFS spectroscopy and chemical extractions.Chemosphere 95,421-433.
Ahmad,M.,Upamali,A.,Lim,J.E.,Zhang,M.,Bolan,N.,Yong,S.O.,2014b.Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water:A review.Chemosphere 99,19-33.
Ahn,J.,Kang,S.,Hwang,K.,Kim,H.,Kim,J.,Song,H.,et al.,2015.Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers and red mud in reducing plant availability of Cd,Pb,and Zn in mine tailings.Environ.Earth Sci.74,2659-2668.
Akcil,A.,Erust,C.,Ozdemiroglu,S.,Fonti,V.,Beolchini,F.,2015.Areview of approaches and techniques used in aquatic contaminated sediments:Metal removal and stabilization by chemical and biotechnological processes.J.Clean.Prod.86,24-36.
Atkinson,C.J.,Fitzgerald,J.D.,Hipps,N.A.,2010.Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils:A review.Plant Soil 337,1-18.
Bian,R.,Chen,D.,Liu,X.,Cui,L.,Li,L.,Pan,G.,et al.,2013.Biochar soil amendment as a solution to prevent Cd-tainted rice from China:Results from a cross-site field experiment.Ecol.Eng.58,378-383.
Bolan,N.,Kunhikrishnan,A.,Thangarajan,R.,Kumpiene,J.,Park,J.,Makino,T.,et al.,2014.Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-to mobilize or to immobilize?J.Hazard.Mater.266,141-166.
Chen,Z.,Wang,Y.,Xia,D.,Jiang,X.,Fu,D.,Shen,L.,et al.,2016.Enhanced bioreduction of iron and arsenic in sediment by biochar amendment influencing microbial community composition and dissolved organic matter content and composition.J.Hazard.Mater.311,20-29.
Chen,W.,Zhang,J.,Zhang,X.,Wang,W.,Li,Y.,2016.Investigation of heavy metal(Cu,Pb,Cd,and Cr)stabilization in river sediment by nano-zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.23,1460-1470.
Du,L.G.,Rinklebe,J.,Vandecasteele,B.,Meers,E.,Tack,F.M.,2009.Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments:A review.Sci.Total Environ.407,3972-3985.
Ernstberger,H.,Davison,W.,Zhang,H.,Tye,A.,Young,S.,2002.Measurement and dynamic modeling of trace metal mobilization in soils using DGT and DIFS.Environ.Sci.Technol.36,349-354.
Fang,S.,Tsang,D.C.,Zhou,F.,Zhang,W.,Qiu,R.,2016.Stabilization of cationic and anionic metal species in contaminated soils using sludge-derived biochar.Chemosphere 149,263-271.
Ghosh,U.,Luthy,R.G.,Cornelissen,G.,Werner,D.,Menzie,C.A.,2011.In-situ sorbent amendments:A new direction in contaminated sediment management.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,1163-1168.
Gu,L.,Hua,L.,2006.The heavy metal pollution assessment for Chinese lake sediment.Soil 38,366-373.
Gunes,A.,Inal,A.,Taskin,M.B.,Sahin,O.,Kaya,E.C.,Atakol,A.,2014.Effect of phosphorus-enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv.)grown in alkaline soil.Soil Use Manage.30,182-188.
Hasan,M.,Kausar,D.,Akhter,G.,Shah,M.H.,2018.Evaluation of the mobility and pollution index of selected essential/toxic metals in paddy soil by sequential extraction method.Ecotox.Environ.Safe.147,283-291.
Igalavithana,A.D.,Lee,S.E.,Lee,Y.H.,Tsang,D.C.W.,Rinklebe,J.,Kwon,E.E.,et al.,2017.Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils.Chemosphere 174,593-603.
Jeffery,S.,Bezemer,T.M.,Cornelissen,G.,Kuyper,T.W.,Lehmann,J.,Mommer,L.,et al.,2015.The way forward in biochar research:Targeting trade-offs between the potential wins.GCBBioener.7,1-13.
Kazi,T.G.,Jamali,M.K.,Kazi,G.H.,Arain,M.B.,Afridi,H.I.,Siddiqui,A.,2005.Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test.Anal.Bioanal.Chem.383,297-304.
Keiluweit,M.,Nico,P.S.,Johnson,M.G.,Kleber,M.,2010.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar).Environ.Sci.Technol.44,1247-1253.
Lin,Y.C.,Changchien,G.P.,Chiang,P.C.,Chen,W.H.,Lin,Y.C.,2013.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contaminations in seawater and sediments from a heavily industrialized harbor in Southern Taiwan.Mar.Pollut.Bull.76,266-275.
Liu,P.,Ptacek,C.J.,Blowes,D.W.,Finfrock,Y.Z.,Gordon,R.A.,2016.Stabilization of mercury in sediment by using biochars under reducing conditions.J.Hazard.Mater.325,120-128.
Lu,K.,Yang,X.,Gielen,G.,Bolan,N.,Ok,Y.S.,Niazi,N.K.,et al.,2017.Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals(Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn)in contaminated soil.J.Environ.Manag.186,285-292.
Major,J.,Rondon,M.,Molina,D.,Riha,S.J.,Lehmann,J.,2010.Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol.Plant Soil 333,117-128.
Ojeda,G.,Patrício,J.,Mattana,S.,Sobral,A.J.F.N.,2016.Effects of biochar addition to estuarine sediments.J.Soils Sediment.16,2482-2491.
Ok,Y.S.,Usman,A.R.,Lee,S.S.,Abd El-Azeem,S.A.,Choi,B.,Hashimoto,Y.,et al.,2011.Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil.Chemosphere 85,677-682.
Peng,J.F.,Song,Y.H.,Peng,Y.,Cui,X.Y.,Qiu,G.L.,2009.The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment.J.Hazard.Mater.161,633-640.
Qian,G.,Chen,W.,Lim,T.T.,Chui,P.,2009.In-situ stabilization of Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives.J.Hazard.Mater.170,1093-1100.
Rajapaksha,A.U.,Ahmad,M.,Vithanage,M.,Kim,K.R.,Chang,J.Y.,Lee,S.S.,et al.,2015.The role of biochar,natural iron oxides,and nanomaterials as soil amendments for immobilizing metals in shooting range soil.Environ.Geochem.Health 37,931-942.
Roulier,J.L.,Belaud,S.,Coquery,M.,2010.Comparison of dynamic mobilization of Co,Cd and Pb in sediments using DGT and metal mobility assessed by sequential extraction.Chemosphere 79,839-843.
Shaheen,S.M.,Rinklebe,J.,2015.Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the(im)mobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil.Ecol.Eng.74,319-326.
Shaheen,S.M.,Tsadilas,C.D.,Rinklebe,J.,2013.A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils:Influence of sorption system,element characteristics,and soil colloidal properties.Adv.Colloid.Interfac.201,43-56.
Shen,X.,Huang,D.Y.,Ren,X.F.,Zhu,H.H.,Wang,S.,Xu,C.,et al.,2016.Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in crop straw biocharamended soil is related to the heavy metal content of both biochar and soil.J.Environ.Manag.168,245-251.
Sima,J.,Cao,X.,Zhao,L.,Luo,Q.,2015.Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure over-or under-estimates leachability of lead in phosphate-amended contaminated soils.Chemosphere 138,744-750.
Song,B.,Zeng,G.,Gong,J.,Liang,J.,Xu,P.,Liu,Z.,et al.,2017.Evaluation methods for assessing effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals.Environ.Int.105,43-55.
Srivastava,V.C.,Mall,I.D.,Mishra,I.M.,2008.Adsorption of toxic metal ions onto activated carbon:Study of sorption behaviour through characterization and kinetics.Chem.Eng.Process.47,1269-1280.
Tong,X.,Li,J.,Yuan,J.,Xu,R.,2011.Adsorption of Cu(II)by biochars generated from three crop straws.Chem.Eng.J.172,828-834.
USEPA,1984.Method 1311 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP):Washington DC.
Wang,M.M.,Zhu,Y.,Cheng,L.R.,Andserson,B.,Zhao,X.H.,Wang,D.,et al.,2017.Review on utilization of biochar for metalcontaminated soil and sediment remediation.J.Environ.Sci.63,156-173.
Yin,H.,Zhu,J.,2016.In situ remediation of metal contaminated lake sediment using naturally occurring,calcium-rich clay mineral-based low-cost amendment.Chem.Eng.J.285,112-120.
Yin,H.,Cai,Y.,Duan,H.,Gao,J.,Fan,C.,2014.Use of DGT and conventional methods to predict sediment metal bioavailability to a field inhabitant freshwater snail(Bellamya aeruginosa)from Chinese eutrophic lakes.J.Hazard.Mater.264,184-194.
Young,S.D.,Zhang,H.,Tye,A.M.,Maxted,A.,Thums,C.,Thornton,I.,2010.Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils.I.The solid phase:sequential extraction and isotopic dilution.Soil Use Manage.21,450-458.
Yuan,J.H.,Xu,R.K.,Zhang,H.,2011.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures.Bioresour.Technol.102,3488-3497.
Zhang,H.,Zhao,F.,Sun,B.,Davison,W.,Mcgrath,S.P.,2001.A new method to measure effective soil solution concentration predicts copper availability to plants.Environ.Sci.Technol.35,2602-2607.
Zhang,X.,Wang,H.,He,L.,Lu,K.,Sarmah,A.,Li,J.,et al.,2013.Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.20,8472-8483.
Zhang,C.,Ding,S.,Xu,D.,Tang,Y.,Wong,M.H.,2014.Bioavailability assessment of phosphorus and metals in soils and sediments:A review of diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT).Environ.Monit.Assess.186,7367-7378.
Zhang,R.H.,Li,Z.G.,Liu,X.D.,Wang,B.C.,Zhou,G.L.,Huang,X.X.,et al.,2017.Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar.Ecol.Eng.98,183-188.
Zhu,Q.,Wang,Z.,2012.Heavy metals distributing characteristic and source analyzing in Chinese major river sediments.Earth Environ.40,305-312.
Zhu,X.,Chen,B.,Zhu,L.,Xing,B.,2017.Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation:A review.Environ.Pollut.227,98-115.
Ahmad,M.,Upamali,A.,Lim,J.E.,Zhang,M.,Bolan,N.,Yong,S.O.,2014b.Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water:A review.Chemosphere 99,19-33.
Ahn,J.,Kang,S.,Hwang,K.,Kim,H.,Kim,J.,Song,H.,et al.,2015.Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers and red mud in reducing plant availability of Cd,Pb,and Zn in mine tailings.Environ.Earth Sci.74,2659-2668.
Akcil,A.,Erust,C.,Ozdemiroglu,S.,Fonti,V.,Beolchini,F.,2015.Areview of approaches and techniques used in aquatic contaminated sediments:Metal removal and stabilization by chemical and biotechnological processes.J.Clean.Prod.86,24-36.
Atkinson,C.J.,Fitzgerald,J.D.,Hipps,N.A.,2010.Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils:A review.Plant Soil 337,1-18.
Bian,R.,Chen,D.,Liu,X.,Cui,L.,Li,L.,Pan,G.,et al.,2013.Biochar soil amendment as a solution to prevent Cd-tainted rice from China:Results from a cross-site field experiment.Ecol.Eng.58,378-383.
Bolan,N.,Kunhikrishnan,A.,Thangarajan,R.,Kumpiene,J.,Park,J.,Makino,T.,et al.,2014.Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-to mobilize or to immobilize?J.Hazard.Mater.266,141-166.
Chen,Z.,Wang,Y.,Xia,D.,Jiang,X.,Fu,D.,Shen,L.,et al.,2016.Enhanced bioreduction of iron and arsenic in sediment by biochar amendment influencing microbial community composition and dissolved organic matter content and composition.J.Hazard.Mater.311,20-29.
Chen,W.,Zhang,J.,Zhang,X.,Wang,W.,Li,Y.,2016.Investigation of heavy metal(Cu,Pb,Cd,and Cr)stabilization in river sediment by nano-zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.23,1460-1470.
Du,L.G.,Rinklebe,J.,Vandecasteele,B.,Meers,E.,Tack,F.M.,2009.Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments:A review.Sci.Total Environ.407,3972-3985.
Ernstberger,H.,Davison,W.,Zhang,H.,Tye,A.,Young,S.,2002.Measurement and dynamic modeling of trace metal mobilization in soils using DGT and DIFS.Environ.Sci.Technol.36,349-354.
Fang,S.,Tsang,D.C.,Zhou,F.,Zhang,W.,Qiu,R.,2016.Stabilization of cationic and anionic metal species in contaminated soils using sludge-derived biochar.Chemosphere 149,263-271.
Ghosh,U.,Luthy,R.G.,Cornelissen,G.,Werner,D.,Menzie,C.A.,2011.In-situ sorbent amendments:A new direction in contaminated sediment management.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,1163-1168.
Gu,L.,Hua,L.,2006.The heavy metal pollution assessment for Chinese lake sediment.Soil 38,366-373.
Gunes,A.,Inal,A.,Taskin,M.B.,Sahin,O.,Kaya,E.C.,Atakol,A.,2014.Effect of phosphorus-enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv.)grown in alkaline soil.Soil Use Manage.30,182-188.
Hasan,M.,Kausar,D.,Akhter,G.,Shah,M.H.,2018.Evaluation of the mobility and pollution index of selected essential/toxic metals in paddy soil by sequential extraction method.Ecotox.Environ.Safe.147,283-291.
Igalavithana,A.D.,Lee,S.E.,Lee,Y.H.,Tsang,D.C.W.,Rinklebe,J.,Kwon,E.E.,et al.,2017.Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils.Chemosphere 174,593-603.
Jeffery,S.,Bezemer,T.M.,Cornelissen,G.,Kuyper,T.W.,Lehmann,J.,Mommer,L.,et al.,2015.The way forward in biochar research:Targeting trade-offs between the potential wins.GCBBioener.7,1-13.
Kazi,T.G.,Jamali,M.K.,Kazi,G.H.,Arain,M.B.,Afridi,H.I.,Siddiqui,A.,2005.Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test.Anal.Bioanal.Chem.383,297-304.
Keiluweit,M.,Nico,P.S.,Johnson,M.G.,Kleber,M.,2010.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar).Environ.Sci.Technol.44,1247-1253.
Lin,Y.C.,Changchien,G.P.,Chiang,P.C.,Chen,W.H.,Lin,Y.C.,2013.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contaminations in seawater and sediments from a heavily industrialized harbor in Southern Taiwan.Mar.Pollut.Bull.76,266-275.
Liu,P.,Ptacek,C.J.,Blowes,D.W.,Finfrock,Y.Z.,Gordon,R.A.,2016.Stabilization of mercury in sediment by using biochars under reducing conditions.J.Hazard.Mater.325,120-128.
Lu,K.,Yang,X.,Gielen,G.,Bolan,N.,Ok,Y.S.,Niazi,N.K.,et al.,2017.Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals(Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn)in contaminated soil.J.Environ.Manag.186,285-292.
Major,J.,Rondon,M.,Molina,D.,Riha,S.J.,Lehmann,J.,2010.Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol.Plant Soil 333,117-128.
Ojeda,G.,Patrício,J.,Mattana,S.,Sobral,A.J.F.N.,2016.Effects of biochar addition to estuarine sediments.J.Soils Sediment.16,2482-2491.
Ok,Y.S.,Usman,A.R.,Lee,S.S.,Abd El-Azeem,S.A.,Choi,B.,Hashimoto,Y.,et al.,2011.Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil.Chemosphere 85,677-682.
Peng,J.F.,Song,Y.H.,Peng,Y.,Cui,X.Y.,Qiu,G.L.,2009.The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment.J.Hazard.Mater.161,633-640.
Qian,G.,Chen,W.,Lim,T.T.,Chui,P.,2009.In-situ stabilization of Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives.J.Hazard.Mater.170,1093-1100.
Rajapaksha,A.U.,Ahmad,M.,Vithanage,M.,Kim,K.R.,Chang,J.Y.,Lee,S.S.,et al.,2015.The role of biochar,natural iron oxides,and nanomaterials as soil amendments for immobilizing metals in shooting range soil.Environ.Geochem.Health 37,931-942.
Roulier,J.L.,Belaud,S.,Coquery,M.,2010.Comparison of dynamic mobilization of Co,Cd and Pb in sediments using DGT and metal mobility assessed by sequential extraction.Chemosphere 79,839-843.
Shaheen,S.M.,Rinklebe,J.,2015.Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the(im)mobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil.Ecol.Eng.74,319-326.
Shaheen,S.M.,Tsadilas,C.D.,Rinklebe,J.,2013.A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils:Influence of sorption system,element characteristics,and soil colloidal properties.Adv.Colloid.Interfac.201,43-56.
Shen,X.,Huang,D.Y.,Ren,X.F.,Zhu,H.H.,Wang,S.,Xu,C.,et al.,2016.Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in crop straw biocharamended soil is related to the heavy metal content of both biochar and soil.J.Environ.Manag.168,245-251.
Sima,J.,Cao,X.,Zhao,L.,Luo,Q.,2015.Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure over-or under-estimates leachability of lead in phosphate-amended contaminated soils.Chemosphere 138,744-750.
Song,B.,Zeng,G.,Gong,J.,Liang,J.,Xu,P.,Liu,Z.,et al.,2017.Evaluation methods for assessing effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals.Environ.Int.105,43-55.
Srivastava,V.C.,Mall,I.D.,Mishra,I.M.,2008.Adsorption of toxic metal ions onto activated carbon:Study of sorption behaviour through characterization and kinetics.Chem.Eng.Process.47,1269-1280.
Tong,X.,Li,J.,Yuan,J.,Xu,R.,2011.Adsorption of Cu(II)by biochars generated from three crop straws.Chem.Eng.J.172,828-834.
USEPA,1984.Method 1311 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP):Washington DC.
Wang,M.M.,Zhu,Y.,Cheng,L.R.,Andserson,B.,Zhao,X.H.,Wang,D.,et al.,2017.Review on utilization of biochar for metalcontaminated soil and sediment remediation.J.Environ.Sci.63,156-173.
Yin,H.,Zhu,J.,2016.In situ remediation of metal contaminated lake sediment using naturally occurring,calcium-rich clay mineral-based low-cost amendment.Chem.Eng.J.285,112-120.
Yin,H.,Cai,Y.,Duan,H.,Gao,J.,Fan,C.,2014.Use of DGT and conventional methods to predict sediment metal bioavailability to a field inhabitant freshwater snail(Bellamya aeruginosa)from Chinese eutrophic lakes.J.Hazard.Mater.264,184-194.
Young,S.D.,Zhang,H.,Tye,A.M.,Maxted,A.,Thums,C.,Thornton,I.,2010.Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils.I.The solid phase:sequential extraction and isotopic dilution.Soil Use Manage.21,450-458.
Yuan,J.H.,Xu,R.K.,Zhang,H.,2011.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures.Bioresour.Technol.102,3488-3497.
Zhang,H.,Zhao,F.,Sun,B.,Davison,W.,Mcgrath,S.P.,2001.A new method to measure effective soil solution concentration predicts copper availability to plants.Environ.Sci.Technol.35,2602-2607.
Zhang,X.,Wang,H.,He,L.,Lu,K.,Sarmah,A.,Li,J.,et al.,2013.Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.20,8472-8483.
Zhang,C.,Ding,S.,Xu,D.,Tang,Y.,Wong,M.H.,2014.Bioavailability assessment of phosphorus and metals in soils and sediments:A review of diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT).Environ.Monit.Assess.186,7367-7378.
Zhang,R.H.,Li,Z.G.,Liu,X.D.,Wang,B.C.,Zhou,G.L.,Huang,X.X.,et al.,2017.Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar.Ecol.Eng.98,183-188.
Zhu,Q.,Wang,Z.,2012.Heavy metals distributing characteristic and source analyzing in Chinese major river sediments.Earth Environ.40,305-312.
Zhu,X.,Chen,B.,Zhu,L.,Xing,B.,2017.Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation:A review.Environ.Pollut.227,98-115.