Counter-Wind Deep Current in the Northern Beibu Gulf in Boreal Winter
|
摘要
The Beibu Gulf is at an important geographical location and rich in gas, oil and biological resources. The observed currents showed that the current in the upper layer was opposite to that in the lower layer in boreal winter in the northern Beibu Gulf and it was northeastward in the lower layer. This northeastward current was reproduced by a 3 D baroclinic model in this study. It's found that the counter-wind deep current(referred to as ‘CWDC' hereinafter) strengthened from September to November but weakened from December to the following February. A closed meridional circulation in vertical direction was found in the northern Beibu Gulf, including CWDC, surface southwestward current, an upwelling, and a downwelling. The temporal variation process of the meridional circulation was similar to that of CWDC, with strength and range stronger in November and December than in other four months. Similar to the variation process of CWDC, the monsoon wind changed from weak easterly wind in September to strong northeasterly wind in November and December, and it was transformed into weak southeasterly wind in February again. The sensitive experiments showed that CWDC and the meridional circulation were controlled by the monsoon wind and were adjusted by heat flux-and tide-induced mixing, respectively. According to the momentum balance equation, it can be revealed the counter-wind deep current is a compensation current which is induced by the surface elevation gradient balanced by the Coriolis force, vertical diffusion and baroclinic pressure gradient.
The Beibu Gulf is at an important geographical location and rich in gas, oil and biological resources. The observed currents showed that the current in the upper layer was opposite to that in the lower layer in boreal winter in the northern Beibu Gulf and it was northeastward in the lower layer. This northeastward current was reproduced by a 3 D baroclinic model in this study. It's found that the counter-wind deep current(referred to as ‘CWDC' hereinafter) strengthened from September to November but weakened from December to the following February. A closed meridional circulation in vertical direction was found in the northern Beibu Gulf, including CWDC, surface southwestward current, an upwelling, and a downwelling. The temporal variation process of the meridional circulation was similar to that of CWDC, with strength and range stronger in November and December than in other four months. Similar to the variation process of CWDC, the monsoon wind changed from weak easterly wind in September to strong northeasterly wind in November and December, and it was transformed into weak southeasterly wind in February again. The sensitive experiments showed that CWDC and the meridional circulation were controlled by the monsoon wind and were adjusted by heat flux-and tide-induced mixing, respectively. According to the momentum balance equation, it can be revealed the counter-wind deep current is a compensation current which is induced by the surface elevation gradient balanced by the Coriolis force, vertical diffusion and baroclinic pressure gradient.
The Beibu Gulf is at an important geographical location and rich in gas, oil and biological resources. The observed currents showed that the current in the upper layer was opposite to that in the lower layer in boreal winter in the northern Beibu Gulf and it was northeastward in the lower layer. This northeastward current was reproduced by a 3 D baroclinic model in this study. It's found that the counter-wind deep current(referred to as ‘CWDC' hereinafter) strengthened from September to November but weakened from December to the following February. A closed meridional circulation in vertical direction was found in the northern Beibu Gulf, including CWDC, surface southwestward current, an upwelling, and a downwelling. The temporal variation process of the meridional circulation was similar to that of CWDC, with strength and range stronger in November and December than in other four months. Similar to the variation process of CWDC, the monsoon wind changed from weak easterly wind in September to strong northeasterly wind in November and December, and it was transformed into weak southeasterly wind in February again. The sensitive experiments showed that CWDC and the meridional circulation were controlled by the monsoon wind and were adjusted by heat flux-and tide-induced mixing, respectively. According to the momentum balance equation, it can be revealed the counter-wind deep current is a compensation current which is induced by the surface elevation gradient balanced by the Coriolis force, vertical diffusion and baroclinic pressure gradient.
引文
Blumberg,A.F.,and Mellor,G.L.,1987.A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model.In:ThreeDimensional Coastal Ocean Models.Heaps,N.,ed.,AGU,Washington,DC,1-16.
Chen,Z.H.,Qiao,F.L.,Xia,C.S.,and Wang,G.,2015.The numerical investigation of seasonal variation of the cold water mass in the Beibu Gulf and its mechanisms.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,34:44-54.
Chen,Z.H.,2013.Numerical simulation on seasonal variation of ocean circulation and its dynamic mechanism in the Beibu Gulf(in Chinese with English abstract).PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Chen,Z.Z.,Hu,J.Y.,Sun,Z.Y.,and Zhu,J.,2009.Distributions of temperature,salinity characteristics in the eastern Beibu Gulf in July and August of 2006.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT I.China Ocean Press,Beijing,79-87(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chern,C.S.,Sen,J.,and Wang,J.,2010.Numerical study of mean flow patterns in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait.Ocean Dynamics,60:1047-1059.
Chu,P.C.,Chen,Y.C.,and Lu,S.H.,1998.Wind-driven South China Sea deep basin warm-core/cool-core eddies.Journal of Oceanography,54:347-360.
Comprehensive Oceanic Survey Office of National Scientific Committee of China,1964.Report of China-Vietnam Joint Oceanic Survey of the Beibu Gulf.State Science and Technology Comminsion,Beijing.
Crosby,D.S.,Breaker,L.C.,and Gemmill,W.H.,1993.Aproposed definition for vector correlation in geophysics:Theory and applications.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,10:355-367.
Dale,W.L.,1956.Wind and drift current in the South China Sea.The Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography,8:1-31.
Ding,Y.,Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,Bao,X.W.,Shi,M.C.,Zhang,Y.,Lai,Z.G.,Li,R.X.,Lin,H.C.,and Nguyen,T.V.,2013.Observational and model studies of the circulation in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118:6495-6510,DOI:10.1002/2013JC009455.
Flather,R.A.,1976.A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf.Memories de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege,6(10):141-164.
Gan,J.P.,Li,H.,Curchitser,E.N.,and Haidvogel D.B.,2006.Modeling South China Sea circulation:Response to seasonal forcing regimes.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C06034.
Gan,Z.J.,and Cai,S.Q.,2001.Geographical and seasonal variability of Rossby Radii in South China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,20(1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao,J.S.,and Chen,B.,2014.Analysis on characteristics and formation mechanism of the boreal winter circulation in the Beibu Gulf.Guangxi Sciences,21(1):64-72(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao,J.S.,Chen,B.,and Shi,M.C.,2015.Summer circulation structure and formation mechanism in the Beibu Gulf.Science China-Earth Sciences,58:286-299.
Gao,J.S.,Shi,M.C.,and Chen,B.,Guo,P.F.,and Zhao,D.L.,2014.Responses of the circulation and water mass in the Beibu Gulf to the seasonal forcing regime.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,33(7):1-11.
Gao,J.S.,Xue,H.J.,and Chai,F.,and Shi,M.C.,2013.Modeling the circulation in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea.Ocean Dynamics,63:979-993.
Hu,J.Y.,Kawamura,H.,and Tang,D.L.,2003.Tidal front around the Hainan Island,northwest of the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,108:3342.
Huang,Z.D.,Hu,J.Y.,Sun,Z.Y.,Zhu,J.,and Chen,Z.Z.,2009.Distributions of temperature,salinity and density in the eastern Beibu Gulf(Gulf of Tonkin)in spring 2007.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Gulf of Tonkin-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,96-98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,F.S.,and Yu,T.C.,1980.Preliminary study on the oceanic circulation in Beibu Bay.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,1:9-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu,X.G.,Qiao,F.L.,Wang,G.S.,Xia,C.S.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2008.Upwelling off the west coast of Hainan Island in summer:Its detection and mechanisms.Geophysical Research Letters,35:L02604.
Manh,D.V.,and Yanagi,T.,2000.A study on the residual flow in the Beibu Gulf.Journal of Oceanography,56:59-68.
Shaw,P.T.,and Chao,S.Y.,1994.Surface circulation in the South China Sea.Deep-Sea Research I,40:1663-1683.
Shi,M.C.,Chen,C.S.,Xu,Q.,Lin,H.,Liu,G.,and Wang,H.,2002.The role of Qiongzhou Strait in the seasonal variation of the South China Sea circulation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,32:103-121.
Su,J.L.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2005.Hydrography of China Seas.China Ocean Press,Beijing,285-295(in Chinese).
Sun,H.L.,Huang,W.M.,and Zhao,J.S.,2001.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of tide-induced,wind-driven and thermohaline residual currents in the Beibu Bay.Oceanologia et Limnologia,32:561-568(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,S.W.,Wang,Y.,and Lan,J.,2009.Hydrographic condition and circulation in the Beibu Gulf in winter and summer of2006.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,64-72.
Tan,G.H.,1987.Preliminary analysis of hydrologic structure and hydrologic feature in the sea region of the Beibu Gulf.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,4:7-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,D.R.,1998.Study of the dynamic-thermodynamic mechanic of Beibu Bay cool water masses.PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Wang,J.F.,Wang,Y.,and Sun,S.W.,2009.Tidal currents and residual currents in the southeastern Beibu Gulf in spring.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,47-55.
Wu,D.X.,Wang,Y.,Lin,X.P.,and Yang,J.Y.,2008.On the mechanism of the cyclonic circulation in the Beibu Gulf in the summer.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:C09029.
Wyrtki,K.,.1961.Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian water.In:Scientific Result of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961.NAGAReport Vol.2,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,La Jolla,California,195pp.
Xia,H.Y.,Li,S.H.,and Shi,M.C.,2001.Three-D numerical simulation of wind-driven current and density current in the BeibuGulf.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,20:455-472.
Xu,X.Z.,Qiu,Z.,and Chen,H.C.,1982.The general descriptions of the horizontal circulation in the South China Sea.In:Proceedings of the 1980 Symposium on Hydrometeorology of Chinese Society of Oceanology and Limnology.Beijing,137-145.
Xue,H.J.,Chai,F.,Pettigrew,N.R.,and Xu,D.Y.,2004.Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,109:C02017.
Yang,S.Y.,Chen,B.,and Li,P.L.,2006.A study of the characteristics of water transport from the South China Sea into Beibu Bay via the Qiongzhou Strait in summer in terms of temperature and salinity data.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,1:1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,S.Y.,Bao,X.W.,Chen,C.S.,and Chen,F.,2003.Analysis on characteristics and mechanism of current system in west coast of Guangdong Province in the summer.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,25(6):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,L.,Jin,X.,and Weller,R.A.,2008.Multidecade global flux datasets from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes(OAFlux)project:Latent and sensible heat fluxes,ocean evaporation,and related surface meteorological variables.OAFlux Pro-ject Technical Report.OA-2008-01.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole Massachusetts,64pp.
Yu,M.G.,and Liu,J.F.,1993.South China Sea circulation system and situation.Marine Forecasts,10:13-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,S.Y.,and Deng,J.Z.,1999.Numerical research on the circulation in the Beibu Gulf.Study and Exploitation of South China Sea,2:41-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,H.M.,Bates,J.J.,and Reynolds,R.W.,2006.Assessment of composite global sampling:Sea surface wind speed.Geophysical Research Letters,33:L17714.
Zhong,H.L.,1995.Analysis of the circulations in northern part of Beibu Gulf of South China Sea in spring.Marine Science Bulletin,14(1):81-85(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zu,T.T.,2005.Analysis of the current and its mechanism in the Gulf of Beibu.Master thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zu,T.T.,Gan,J.P.,and Erofeeva,S.Y.,2008.Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea.DeepSea Research I,55:137-154.
Chen,Z.H.,Qiao,F.L.,Xia,C.S.,and Wang,G.,2015.The numerical investigation of seasonal variation of the cold water mass in the Beibu Gulf and its mechanisms.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,34:44-54.
Chen,Z.H.,2013.Numerical simulation on seasonal variation of ocean circulation and its dynamic mechanism in the Beibu Gulf(in Chinese with English abstract).PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Chen,Z.Z.,Hu,J.Y.,Sun,Z.Y.,and Zhu,J.,2009.Distributions of temperature,salinity characteristics in the eastern Beibu Gulf in July and August of 2006.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT I.China Ocean Press,Beijing,79-87(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chern,C.S.,Sen,J.,and Wang,J.,2010.Numerical study of mean flow patterns in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait.Ocean Dynamics,60:1047-1059.
Chu,P.C.,Chen,Y.C.,and Lu,S.H.,1998.Wind-driven South China Sea deep basin warm-core/cool-core eddies.Journal of Oceanography,54:347-360.
Comprehensive Oceanic Survey Office of National Scientific Committee of China,1964.Report of China-Vietnam Joint Oceanic Survey of the Beibu Gulf.State Science and Technology Comminsion,Beijing.
Crosby,D.S.,Breaker,L.C.,and Gemmill,W.H.,1993.Aproposed definition for vector correlation in geophysics:Theory and applications.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,10:355-367.
Dale,W.L.,1956.Wind and drift current in the South China Sea.The Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography,8:1-31.
Ding,Y.,Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,Bao,X.W.,Shi,M.C.,Zhang,Y.,Lai,Z.G.,Li,R.X.,Lin,H.C.,and Nguyen,T.V.,2013.Observational and model studies of the circulation in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,118:6495-6510,DOI:10.1002/2013JC009455.
Flather,R.A.,1976.A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf.Memories de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege,6(10):141-164.
Gan,J.P.,Li,H.,Curchitser,E.N.,and Haidvogel D.B.,2006.Modeling South China Sea circulation:Response to seasonal forcing regimes.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C06034.
Gan,Z.J.,and Cai,S.Q.,2001.Geographical and seasonal variability of Rossby Radii in South China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,20(1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao,J.S.,and Chen,B.,2014.Analysis on characteristics and formation mechanism of the boreal winter circulation in the Beibu Gulf.Guangxi Sciences,21(1):64-72(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao,J.S.,Chen,B.,and Shi,M.C.,2015.Summer circulation structure and formation mechanism in the Beibu Gulf.Science China-Earth Sciences,58:286-299.
Gao,J.S.,Shi,M.C.,and Chen,B.,Guo,P.F.,and Zhao,D.L.,2014.Responses of the circulation and water mass in the Beibu Gulf to the seasonal forcing regime.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,33(7):1-11.
Gao,J.S.,Xue,H.J.,and Chai,F.,and Shi,M.C.,2013.Modeling the circulation in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea.Ocean Dynamics,63:979-993.
Hu,J.Y.,Kawamura,H.,and Tang,D.L.,2003.Tidal front around the Hainan Island,northwest of the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,108:3342.
Huang,Z.D.,Hu,J.Y.,Sun,Z.Y.,Zhu,J.,and Chen,Z.Z.,2009.Distributions of temperature,salinity and density in the eastern Beibu Gulf(Gulf of Tonkin)in spring 2007.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Gulf of Tonkin-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,96-98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,F.S.,and Yu,T.C.,1980.Preliminary study on the oceanic circulation in Beibu Bay.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,1:9-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu,X.G.,Qiao,F.L.,Wang,G.S.,Xia,C.S.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2008.Upwelling off the west coast of Hainan Island in summer:Its detection and mechanisms.Geophysical Research Letters,35:L02604.
Manh,D.V.,and Yanagi,T.,2000.A study on the residual flow in the Beibu Gulf.Journal of Oceanography,56:59-68.
Shaw,P.T.,and Chao,S.Y.,1994.Surface circulation in the South China Sea.Deep-Sea Research I,40:1663-1683.
Shi,M.C.,Chen,C.S.,Xu,Q.,Lin,H.,Liu,G.,and Wang,H.,2002.The role of Qiongzhou Strait in the seasonal variation of the South China Sea circulation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,32:103-121.
Su,J.L.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2005.Hydrography of China Seas.China Ocean Press,Beijing,285-295(in Chinese).
Sun,H.L.,Huang,W.M.,and Zhao,J.S.,2001.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of tide-induced,wind-driven and thermohaline residual currents in the Beibu Bay.Oceanologia et Limnologia,32:561-568(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,S.W.,Wang,Y.,and Lan,J.,2009.Hydrographic condition and circulation in the Beibu Gulf in winter and summer of2006.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,64-72.
Tan,G.H.,1987.Preliminary analysis of hydrologic structure and hydrologic feature in the sea region of the Beibu Gulf.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,4:7-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,D.R.,1998.Study of the dynamic-thermodynamic mechanic of Beibu Bay cool water masses.PhD thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Wang,J.F.,Wang,Y.,and Sun,S.W.,2009.Tidal currents and residual currents in the southeastern Beibu Gulf in spring.In:The Essay Collection of the Researches on the Ocean Science in the Beibu Gulf-PT II.China Ocean Press,Beijing,47-55.
Wu,D.X.,Wang,Y.,Lin,X.P.,and Yang,J.Y.,2008.On the mechanism of the cyclonic circulation in the Beibu Gulf in the summer.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:C09029.
Wyrtki,K.,.1961.Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian water.In:Scientific Result of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961.NAGAReport Vol.2,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,La Jolla,California,195pp.
Xia,H.Y.,Li,S.H.,and Shi,M.C.,2001.Three-D numerical simulation of wind-driven current and density current in the BeibuGulf.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,20:455-472.
Xu,X.Z.,Qiu,Z.,and Chen,H.C.,1982.The general descriptions of the horizontal circulation in the South China Sea.In:Proceedings of the 1980 Symposium on Hydrometeorology of Chinese Society of Oceanology and Limnology.Beijing,137-145.
Xue,H.J.,Chai,F.,Pettigrew,N.R.,and Xu,D.Y.,2004.Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,109:C02017.
Yang,S.Y.,Chen,B.,and Li,P.L.,2006.A study of the characteristics of water transport from the South China Sea into Beibu Bay via the Qiongzhou Strait in summer in terms of temperature and salinity data.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,1:1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,S.Y.,Bao,X.W.,Chen,C.S.,and Chen,F.,2003.Analysis on characteristics and mechanism of current system in west coast of Guangdong Province in the summer.Acta Oceanologica Sincia,25(6):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,L.,Jin,X.,and Weller,R.A.,2008.Multidecade global flux datasets from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes(OAFlux)project:Latent and sensible heat fluxes,ocean evaporation,and related surface meteorological variables.OAFlux Pro-ject Technical Report.OA-2008-01.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole Massachusetts,64pp.
Yu,M.G.,and Liu,J.F.,1993.South China Sea circulation system and situation.Marine Forecasts,10:13-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,S.Y.,and Deng,J.Z.,1999.Numerical research on the circulation in the Beibu Gulf.Study and Exploitation of South China Sea,2:41-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,H.M.,Bates,J.J.,and Reynolds,R.W.,2006.Assessment of composite global sampling:Sea surface wind speed.Geophysical Research Letters,33:L17714.
Zhong,H.L.,1995.Analysis of the circulations in northern part of Beibu Gulf of South China Sea in spring.Marine Science Bulletin,14(1):81-85(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zu,T.T.,2005.Analysis of the current and its mechanism in the Gulf of Beibu.Master thesis.Ocean University of China,Qingdao.
Zu,T.T.,Gan,J.P.,and Erofeeva,S.Y.,2008.Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea.DeepSea Research I,55:137-154.