基于复杂适应系统理论的旅游地空间演化模式研究（英文）
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摘要
According to the complex adaptive systems theory, tourist destinations may be regarded as complex adaptive systems formed by multiple adaptive agent interactions and composed of an agent system, tourist attraction subsystem, tourist service facility subsystem, and external environment system. This paper explores the spatial evolutionary progress of the Southern Anhui tourist area. The period 1979 to 1990 comprised the formation stage of spatial agglomerates, during which tourist attractions centering on Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were gradually exploited and formed scale agglomeration; tourism spatial structure began to show the characteristics of agglomeration development, and Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue increased significantly from 0.26 to 0.29, and from 0.33 to 0.35, respectively. From 1991 to 2008, the system experienced a growth stage in which Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were further developed with improved tourist service facilities. Rapid development of Xidi-Hongcun Scenic Area and establishment of Fantawild Tourist Area promoted the formation of more spatial agglomerates with larger scales; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue presented fluctuating changes, reaching low points of 0.15 and 0.25 in 2000 and 0.12 and 0.22 in 2007, respectively. From 2009 to the present day, the system has remained in a blowout-development stage, during which non-linear interactions among agents are strengthened; various emerging development factors generate cultural tourism, vacation tourism, rural tourism and other new tourism products jointly with traditional development factors. New tourism products form a large number of new spatial agglomerates that are interconnected, accelerating the spatial flow of tourists and tourism revenue and reducing the differences in tourism development levels within the region; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue declined steadily from 0.17 and 0.23 in 2009 to 0.12 and 0.15 in 2016.
According to the complex adaptive systems theory, tourist destinations may be regarded as complex adaptive systems formed by multiple adaptive agent interactions and composed of an agent system, tourist attraction subsystem, tourist service facility subsystem, and external environment system. This paper explores the spatial evolutionary progress of the Southern Anhui tourist area. The period 1979 to 1990 comprised the formation stage of spatial agglomerates, during which tourist attractions centering on Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were gradually exploited and formed scale agglomeration; tourism spatial structure began to show the characteristics of agglomeration development, and Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue increased significantly from 0.26 to 0.29, and from 0.33 to 0.35, respectively. From 1991 to 2008, the system experienced a growth stage in which Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were further developed with improved tourist service facilities. Rapid development of Xidi-Hongcun Scenic Area and establishment of Fantawild Tourist Area promoted the formation of more spatial agglomerates with larger scales; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue presented fluctuating changes, reaching low points of 0.15 and 0.25 in 2000 and 0.12 and 0.22 in 2007, respectively. From 2009 to the present day, the system has remained in a blowout-development stage, during which non-linear interactions among agents are strengthened; various emerging development factors generate cultural tourism, vacation tourism, rural tourism and other new tourism products jointly with traditional development factors. New tourism products form a large number of new spatial agglomerates that are interconnected, accelerating the spatial flow of tourists and tourism revenue and reducing the differences in tourism development levels within the region; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue declined steadily from 0.17 and 0.23 in 2009 to 0.12 and 0.15 in 2016.
According to the complex adaptive systems theory, tourist destinations may be regarded as complex adaptive systems formed by multiple adaptive agent interactions and composed of an agent system, tourist attraction subsystem, tourist service facility subsystem, and external environment system. This paper explores the spatial evolutionary progress of the Southern Anhui tourist area. The period 1979 to 1990 comprised the formation stage of spatial agglomerates, during which tourist attractions centering on Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were gradually exploited and formed scale agglomeration; tourism spatial structure began to show the characteristics of agglomeration development, and Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue increased significantly from 0.26 to 0.29, and from 0.33 to 0.35, respectively. From 1991 to 2008, the system experienced a growth stage in which Huangshan Scenic Area and Jiuhuashan Scenic Area were further developed with improved tourist service facilities. Rapid development of Xidi-Hongcun Scenic Area and establishment of Fantawild Tourist Area promoted the formation of more spatial agglomerates with larger scales; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue presented fluctuating changes, reaching low points of 0.15 and 0.25 in 2000 and 0.12 and 0.22 in 2007, respectively. From 2009 to the present day, the system has remained in a blowout-development stage, during which non-linear interactions among agents are strengthened; various emerging development factors generate cultural tourism, vacation tourism, rural tourism and other new tourism products jointly with traditional development factors. New tourism products form a large number of new spatial agglomerates that are interconnected, accelerating the spatial flow of tourists and tourism revenue and reducing the differences in tourism development levels within the region; Gini indexes of the number of tourists and tourism revenue declined steadily from 0.17 and 0.23 in 2009 to 0.12 and 0.15 in 2016.
引文
Agarwal S, 2002. Restructuring seaside tourism:The resort life cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1):25–55.
Bao J, Lu L, Ji Z H, 2010. Tourism transportation optimization and tour route designing of north Anhui Province based on the Kruskal algorithm of graph theory. Human Geography, 25(3):144–148.(in Chinese)
Bao J G, Chu Y F, 1999. Tourism Geography. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 106–108.(in Chinese)
Caldicott R, Scherrer P, 2013. The life cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia:The case of northern New South Wales.Australian Geographer, 44(1):63–80.
Chen H, Lu L, Zheng S T, 2011. The tourism spatial pattern evolution of the Pearl River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(10):1427–1437.(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration. http://www.cnta.gov.cn/.
Geng H, Song Z L, 2013. Exploration of public facility configuration of small resource based tourist towns. City Planning Review, 37(3):54–58.(in Chinese)
Hernandez J M, Gonzalez M C, 2017. An evolving model for the lodging-service network in a tourism destination.Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 482:296–307.
Holland J H, 1992. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems:An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
Holland J H, 1996. Hidden Order:How Adaption Builds Complexity. Zhou X M, Han H trans., 2011. Shanghai:Science and Technology Education Press, 5–7.(in Chinese)
Hu X Y, Ma J, Kou Y Z, 2013. Evolution and spatial characteristics of tourism scale distribution in Xi’an tourism destination circle. Economic Geography, 33(6):188–192.(in Chinese)
Huang J F, Lu L, 2015. The paradigm transformation of space in tourism destination from perspective of production of space:A new paradigm of space based on emergence of space. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(1):47 –55.(in Chinese)
Ji X F, Liang F W, Chen F, 2012. The analysis of tourism transportation network layout and optimizing countermeasures in Yunnan province. Economic Geography, 32(11):52–57.(in Chinese)
Jin C, Lu Y Q, Zhang L et al., 2009. An analysis of accessibility of scenic spots based on land traffic network:A case study of Nanjing. Geographical Research, 28(1):246–257.(in Chinese)
Liao Z X, Jin M Z, Ren P Y et al., 2014. Research on scenic spot’s sustainable development based on a SD model:A case study of the Jiuzhai Valley. Sustainability, 6(7):4632–4644.
Liu C L, Yan Q, Luo J, 2013. System dynamics simulation on the coupling of economy resources environment system in Wuhan metropolitan region. Geographical Research, 32(5):857–869.(in Chinese)
Liu X, Li J, 2018. Host perceptions of tourism impact and stage of destination development in a developing country. Sustainability, 10(7):1–15.
Lu L, 1995. A study on the distribution of south Anhui tour section. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 15(1):88–95.(in Chinese)
Lu L, 1997. A study on the life cycle of mountain resorts:A case study of Huangshan Mountain and Jiuhuashan Mountain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 17(1):63–69.(in Chinese)
Lu L,Bao J,2010.The course and mechanism of evolution about Qiandao Lake based on the theory of dissipative structure.Acta Geographica Sinica,65(6):755-768.(in Chinese)
Lu L,Bao J,Huang J F et al.,2016.Recent research progress and prospects in tourism geography of China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(8):1197-1222.
Lu L,Tian N,Yu H et al.,2015.The evolution process and mechanism of Taiping Lake in Anhui province.Journal of Natural Resources,30(4):604-616.(in Chinese)
Luis G,Gemma C,2011.Life cycle,stages and tourism history:The Catalonia(Spain)experience.Annals of Tourism Research,38(2):651-671.
Lundtorp S,Wanhill S,2001.The resort lifecycle theory:Generating processes and estimation.Annals of Tourism Research,28(4):947-964.
Marshall A,1890.Principles of Economics.London:Macmillan Publishers.
Olmedo E,Mateos R,2015.Quantitative characterization of chaordic tourist destination.Tourism Management,47:115-126.
Pagliara F,Mauriello F,Garofalo A,2017.Exploring the interdependences between High Speed Rail systems and tourism:Some evidence from Italy.Transportation Research Part A-Policy and Practice,106:300-308.
Salvador G A,2016.Geographic information system(GIS)analysis of impacts in the tourism area life cycle(TALC)of a Mediterranean resort.International Journal of Tourism Research,18(2):186-196.
Shao X L,Gao J,2006.Actuality and prospect of study on tourism area lifecycle.Tourism Tribune,21(6):76-82.(in Chinese)
Statistics Bureau of Anhui Province,1981-2017.Statistical Yearbook of Anhui Province.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Wang D G,Wang L,Chen T et al.,2016.HSR mechanisms and effects on the spatial structure of regional tourism in China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(12):1725-1753.
Wang X C,Ye W H,Meng D,2011.Exploration of coastal region tourism facilities evaluation system:Shenzhen Dapeng Peninsula example.Planners,27(1):106-115.(in Chinese)
Wen T,2007.Analysis of the life cycle of Mt.Danxiashan World Geopark.Economic Geography,27(3):496-501.(in Chinese)
Xi J C,Wang X G,Kong Q et al.,2015.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:Acomparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(4):497-511.
Yang C Y,2009.Construction of tourism destination state forecasting model and case study.Resources Science,31(6):1015-1021.(in Chinese)
Yang C Y,Huang Z F,Mao W D,2009.On the schools,courses and prospect of complex system evolution theory in tourism areas.Human Geography,24(3):66-71.(in Chinese)
Yang Z Y,Lu S,2013.The impacts of traffic improvements on spatial structure of regional tourism:Case of southern Anhui.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(7):806-814.(in Chinese)
Yuval K,Shaul K,2004.Stochastic multivariable approach to modelling tourism area life cylces.Tourism and Hospitality Research,5(3):235-253.
Zhang J Z,Sun G N,2012.Life cycle and upgrade of Shanxi’s mansion as a tourist destination:Taking Qiao’s Grand Compound as an example.Geographical Research,31(11):2104-2114.(in Chinese)
Bao J, Lu L, Ji Z H, 2010. Tourism transportation optimization and tour route designing of north Anhui Province based on the Kruskal algorithm of graph theory. Human Geography, 25(3):144–148.(in Chinese)
Bao J G, Chu Y F, 1999. Tourism Geography. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 106–108.(in Chinese)
Caldicott R, Scherrer P, 2013. The life cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia:The case of northern New South Wales.Australian Geographer, 44(1):63–80.
Chen H, Lu L, Zheng S T, 2011. The tourism spatial pattern evolution of the Pearl River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(10):1427–1437.(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration. http://www.cnta.gov.cn/.
Geng H, Song Z L, 2013. Exploration of public facility configuration of small resource based tourist towns. City Planning Review, 37(3):54–58.(in Chinese)
Hernandez J M, Gonzalez M C, 2017. An evolving model for the lodging-service network in a tourism destination.Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 482:296–307.
Holland J H, 1992. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems:An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
Holland J H, 1996. Hidden Order:How Adaption Builds Complexity. Zhou X M, Han H trans., 2011. Shanghai:Science and Technology Education Press, 5–7.(in Chinese)
Hu X Y, Ma J, Kou Y Z, 2013. Evolution and spatial characteristics of tourism scale distribution in Xi’an tourism destination circle. Economic Geography, 33(6):188–192.(in Chinese)
Huang J F, Lu L, 2015. The paradigm transformation of space in tourism destination from perspective of production of space:A new paradigm of space based on emergence of space. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(1):47 –55.(in Chinese)
Ji X F, Liang F W, Chen F, 2012. The analysis of tourism transportation network layout and optimizing countermeasures in Yunnan province. Economic Geography, 32(11):52–57.(in Chinese)
Jin C, Lu Y Q, Zhang L et al., 2009. An analysis of accessibility of scenic spots based on land traffic network:A case study of Nanjing. Geographical Research, 28(1):246–257.(in Chinese)
Liao Z X, Jin M Z, Ren P Y et al., 2014. Research on scenic spot’s sustainable development based on a SD model:A case study of the Jiuzhai Valley. Sustainability, 6(7):4632–4644.
Liu C L, Yan Q, Luo J, 2013. System dynamics simulation on the coupling of economy resources environment system in Wuhan metropolitan region. Geographical Research, 32(5):857–869.(in Chinese)
Liu X, Li J, 2018. Host perceptions of tourism impact and stage of destination development in a developing country. Sustainability, 10(7):1–15.
Lu L, 1995. A study on the distribution of south Anhui tour section. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 15(1):88–95.(in Chinese)
Lu L, 1997. A study on the life cycle of mountain resorts:A case study of Huangshan Mountain and Jiuhuashan Mountain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 17(1):63–69.(in Chinese)
Lu L,Bao J,2010.The course and mechanism of evolution about Qiandao Lake based on the theory of dissipative structure.Acta Geographica Sinica,65(6):755-768.(in Chinese)
Lu L,Bao J,Huang J F et al.,2016.Recent research progress and prospects in tourism geography of China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(8):1197-1222.
Lu L,Tian N,Yu H et al.,2015.The evolution process and mechanism of Taiping Lake in Anhui province.Journal of Natural Resources,30(4):604-616.(in Chinese)
Luis G,Gemma C,2011.Life cycle,stages and tourism history:The Catalonia(Spain)experience.Annals of Tourism Research,38(2):651-671.
Lundtorp S,Wanhill S,2001.The resort lifecycle theory:Generating processes and estimation.Annals of Tourism Research,28(4):947-964.
Marshall A,1890.Principles of Economics.London:Macmillan Publishers.
Olmedo E,Mateos R,2015.Quantitative characterization of chaordic tourist destination.Tourism Management,47:115-126.
Pagliara F,Mauriello F,Garofalo A,2017.Exploring the interdependences between High Speed Rail systems and tourism:Some evidence from Italy.Transportation Research Part A-Policy and Practice,106:300-308.
Salvador G A,2016.Geographic information system(GIS)analysis of impacts in the tourism area life cycle(TALC)of a Mediterranean resort.International Journal of Tourism Research,18(2):186-196.
Shao X L,Gao J,2006.Actuality and prospect of study on tourism area lifecycle.Tourism Tribune,21(6):76-82.(in Chinese)
Statistics Bureau of Anhui Province,1981-2017.Statistical Yearbook of Anhui Province.Beijing:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Wang D G,Wang L,Chen T et al.,2016.HSR mechanisms and effects on the spatial structure of regional tourism in China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,26(12):1725-1753.
Wang X C,Ye W H,Meng D,2011.Exploration of coastal region tourism facilities evaluation system:Shenzhen Dapeng Peninsula example.Planners,27(1):106-115.(in Chinese)
Wen T,2007.Analysis of the life cycle of Mt.Danxiashan World Geopark.Economic Geography,27(3):496-501.(in Chinese)
Xi J C,Wang X G,Kong Q et al.,2015.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:Acomparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(4):497-511.
Yang C Y,2009.Construction of tourism destination state forecasting model and case study.Resources Science,31(6):1015-1021.(in Chinese)
Yang C Y,Huang Z F,Mao W D,2009.On the schools,courses and prospect of complex system evolution theory in tourism areas.Human Geography,24(3):66-71.(in Chinese)
Yang Z Y,Lu S,2013.The impacts of traffic improvements on spatial structure of regional tourism:Case of southern Anhui.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(7):806-814.(in Chinese)
Yuval K,Shaul K,2004.Stochastic multivariable approach to modelling tourism area life cylces.Tourism and Hospitality Research,5(3):235-253.
Zhang J Z,Sun G N,2012.Life cycle and upgrade of Shanxi’s mansion as a tourist destination:Taking Qiao’s Grand Compound as an example.Geographical Research,31(11):2104-2114.(in Chinese)