Variations of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2015
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摘要
Glaciers were solid reservoirs and important water resources in western China,but they were retreating significantly in context of global warming.Laohugou Glacier No.12 was the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains.In this study,realtime kinematic(RTK)data,topographic map and World View-2 satellite imagery were used to measure changes in terminus,extent and volume of Laohugou Glacier No.12.Results showed that Laohugou Glacier No.12 was shrinking significantly since 1957.From1960 to 2015,the terminus reduction of Laohugou Glacier No.12 was 402.96 m(3.99%)in total,and glacier length decreased to 9.7 km from 10.1 km.Reduction of glacier area and volume were the most obvious.From 1957 to 2015,glacier area and volume decreased by 1.54 km~2(7.03%)and 0.1816 km~3,respectively.Reduction trend of terminus and area was slowing in 1950-1980s,even stable for a period in the mid-1980s,and then accelerated.Ice core analysis result and nearly meteorological station data shown an increasing trend of temperature in 1957-2015,it was a main reason of continuous retreating of Laohugou Glacier No.12.
Glaciers were solid reservoirs and important water resources in western China,but they were retreating significantly in context of global warming.Laohugou Glacier No.12 was the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains.In this study,realtime kinematic(RTK)data,topographic map and World View-2 satellite imagery were used to measure changes in terminus,extent and volume of Laohugou Glacier No.12.Results showed that Laohugou Glacier No.12 was shrinking significantly since 1957.From1960 to 2015,the terminus reduction of Laohugou Glacier No.12 was 402.96 m(3.99%)in total,and glacier length decreased to 9.7 km from 10.1 km.Reduction of glacier area and volume were the most obvious.From 1957 to 2015,glacier area and volume decreased by 1.54 km~2(7.03%)and 0.1816 km~3,respectively.Reduction trend of terminus and area was slowing in 1950-1980s,even stable for a period in the mid-1980s,and then accelerated.Ice core analysis result and nearly meteorological station data shown an increasing trend of temperature in 1957-2015,it was a main reason of continuous retreating of Laohugou Glacier No.12.
Glaciers were solid reservoirs and important water resources in western China,but they were retreating significantly in context of global warming.Laohugou Glacier No.12 was the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains.In this study,realtime kinematic(RTK)data,topographic map and World View-2 satellite imagery were used to measure changes in terminus,extent and volume of Laohugou Glacier No.12.Results showed that Laohugou Glacier No.12 was shrinking significantly since 1957.From1960 to 2015,the terminus reduction of Laohugou Glacier No.12 was 402.96 m(3.99%)in total,and glacier length decreased to 9.7 km from 10.1 km.Reduction of glacier area and volume were the most obvious.From 1957 to 2015,glacier area and volume decreased by 1.54 km~2(7.03%)and 0.1816 km~3,respectively.Reduction trend of terminus and area was slowing in 1950-1980s,even stable for a period in the mid-1980s,and then accelerated.Ice core analysis result and nearly meteorological station data shown an increasing trend of temperature in 1957-2015,it was a main reason of continuous retreating of Laohugou Glacier No.12.
引文
Chen H,Li ZQ,Wang PY,et al.(2013)Change of glaciers in the central Qilian mountain.Arid Zone Research 30(4):588-593.https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2013.04.028(In Chinese)
Chen JZ,Qin X,Wu JK,et al.(2014)Simulating the energy and mass balances on the Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 36(1):38-47.https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0005(In Chinese)
Chen RS,Kang ES,Yang JP,et al.(2002)Variance tendency in the 50-year annual meteorological and hydrological series of Hexi region of Gansu Province.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science Edition)38(2):163-170.https://doi.org/10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2002.02.031(In Chinese)
Cheng Y,Xu DX,Song XL(2009)Evaluation of the effects of summer climate change on glacier development in the west qilian mountain over the last 50 years.Arid Zone Research26(2):294-298.https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2009.02.014(In Chinese)
Cui XQ,Ren JW,Qin X,et al.(2011)Climatic and environmental records within a shallow ice core at Laohugou Glacier No.12,Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 33(6):1251-1258.(In Chinese)
Ding LF,Kang XC(1985)Climate conditions for the development of glacier and their effect on the characteristics of glaciers in Qilian Mountains.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences No.5(Glacier variation and utilizations in Qilian Mountains).Beijing:Science Press.pp 9-15.(In Chinese)
Ding YJ,Ye BS,Zhou WJ(1999)Temporal and spatial precipitation distribution in the heihe catchment,northwest china,during the past 40a.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 21(1):42-48.(In Chinese)
Dong ZW,Qin DH,Chen JZ et al.(2014)Physicochemical impacts of dust particles on alpine glacier meltwater at the Laohugou glacier basin in western Qilian Mountains,China.Science of the Total Environment 493:930-942.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.065
Dong ZW,Qin X,Ren JW et al.(2013)A 47a high resolution chemistry record of atmospheric environment change from the Laohugou Glacier No.12,North Slope of Qilian Mountains,China.Quaternary International 313:137-146.
Du WT,Qin X,Liu YS,et al.(2008)Variation of the Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 30(3):373-379.(In Chinese)
Feng Q(2010)Water Resources in the Hexi Corridor and Its Cycle.In:Fukushi K,et al.(eds.),Sustainability in Food and Water:An Asian Perspective,Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 18.Springer Science+Business Media B.V.pp 299-310.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9914-3_30
Haeberli W,Cihlar J,Barry RG(2000)Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System.Annals of Glaciology 31:241-246.https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820192
Hou DJ,Qin X,Wu JK et al.(2012)Isotopic chemical characteristics and transforming relationship between surfacewater and groundwater in the Xiaochangma River Basin.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 34(3):698-705.(In Chinese)
Kang ES,Cheng GD,Lan YC,et al.(1999)A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of Northwest China to climatic changes.Science in China(Series D)29(Supp.1):47-54.
Kang XC,Ding LF(1981)Relation of mass balance,ELA and climate in Tianshan Mountain and Qilian Mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 3(1):53-56.(In Chinese)
Li PJ,Mi DS(1983)distribution of snow cover in China.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 5(4):9-13.(In Chinese)
Liu CH,Kang ES,Liu SY et al.(1999)Study on the glacier variation and its runoff responses in the arid region of Northwest China.Science in China(Series D)29(sup 1):67-71.
Liu CH,Song GP,Jin MX(1992)Recent change and trend prediction of glaciers in Qilian Mountain.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology,China Academy of Sciences No.7(the monitoring of glacier,climate,runoff changes and the research of cold region hydrology in Qilian Mountain).Beijing,Science Press.pp 1-9.(In Chinese)
Liu CH,Xie ZC(1988)The recent changes and trend prediction of glaciers in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin 33(8):620-623.(In Chinese)
Liu XC,Xiao CD(2011)Preliminary study of the Jiemayangzong Glacier and lake variations in the source regions of the Yarlung Zangbo River in 1974-2010.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 33(3):488-496.(In Chinese)
Liu YS,Qin X,Du WT et al.(2011)The movement features analysis of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in Qilian Mountains.Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions 3(2):119-123.https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1226.2011.00119
Liu YS,Qin X,Gao SR et al.(2013)Accuracy evaluation of glacier area information extracted from Landsat-5 TMremote sensing image.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed)41(12):209-219.https://doi.org/10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2013.12.073(In Chinese).
Oerlemans J(1994)Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers.Science 264:243-245.
Qin X,Cui XQ,Du WT,et al.(2014)Variations of the alpine precipitation during 1960-2006 recorded in Laohugou ice core in western Qilian Mountains,China.Acta Geographica Sinica 69(5):681-689.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201405011)
Shi YF,Huang MH,Yao TD(2000)Glaciers and their environments in China-the present,past and future.Beijing,Science Press.pp 34-53.(In Chinese)
Sun WJ,Li Y,Qin X,et al.(2013)Characteristics of Micrometeorological Elements in Accumulation Zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12in Qilian Mountains.Plateau Meteorology 32(6):1673-1681.https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00157(In Chinese)
Sun MP,Liu SY,Yao XJ,et al.(2015)Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half century:Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory.Acta Geographica Sinica 70(9):1402-1414.https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201509004
Sun ZZ,Xie ZC(1981)The recent changes of the Laohugou glacier No.12 in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin26(6):366-369.(In Chinese)
Wang GY,Shen YP,Mao WY(2005)Climate warming at headwater of Urümqi River,Xinjiang in past 44 years and its impact on glacier shrinking.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 27(6):813-819.(In Chinese)
Wang LP,Xie ZC,Liu SY et al.(2011)Glacierized Area Variation and Its Response to Climate Change in Qangtang Plateau during 1970-2000.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology33(5):979-990.(In Chinese)
Wang YT,Hou SG,Hong SM et al.(2008)Glacier extent and volume change(1966-2000)on the Su-lo Mountain in northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China.Journal of Mountain Science 5(4):299-309.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0224-7
Wang YX(1998)On the sustainable development and its information regulating in the arid land of northwestern China.Arid Land Geography 21(2):13-20.(In Chinese)
Wang ZT(1981)Glacier inventory of ChinaⅠ:Qilian Mountain.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese)
Wang ZT,Su HC(2003)Glaciers in the World and China:Distribution and their significance as water resources.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 25(5):498-503.(In Chinese)
Xie CW,Ding YJ,Liu SY(2005)Runoff change on the south slopes of Mount Tomur and its response to climatic variation.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 27(2):269-275.(In Chinese)
Xie ZC,Wu GH,Wang LL(1985)Recent advance and retreat of glacier in Qilian Mountains.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology,China Academy of Sciences No.5(Glacier variation and utilizations in Qilian Mountains).Beijing:Science Press.pp 82-90.(In Chinese)
Yang ZN(1992)Glacier water resource and effect of glacier water in stream runoff in Qilian Mountain.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glacioogy and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.7.Beijing:Science Press.pp 10-20.(In Chinese)
Zhang TB,Zhang JP,Wu H(2011)Variation of the glaciers in Nyingchi Municipality of Tibet Autonomous Region during1990-2000.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 33(1):14-20.(In Chinese)
Zhang YS,Liu SY,Shangguan DH et al.(2012)Thinning and Shrinkage of Laohugou No.12 Glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains,China,from 1957 to 2007.Journal of Mountain Science 9(3):343-350.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-009-2296-4
Chen JZ,Qin X,Wu JK,et al.(2014)Simulating the energy and mass balances on the Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 36(1):38-47.https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0005(In Chinese)
Chen RS,Kang ES,Yang JP,et al.(2002)Variance tendency in the 50-year annual meteorological and hydrological series of Hexi region of Gansu Province.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science Edition)38(2):163-170.https://doi.org/10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2002.02.031(In Chinese)
Cheng Y,Xu DX,Song XL(2009)Evaluation of the effects of summer climate change on glacier development in the west qilian mountain over the last 50 years.Arid Zone Research26(2):294-298.https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2009.02.014(In Chinese)
Cui XQ,Ren JW,Qin X,et al.(2011)Climatic and environmental records within a shallow ice core at Laohugou Glacier No.12,Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 33(6):1251-1258.(In Chinese)
Ding LF,Kang XC(1985)Climate conditions for the development of glacier and their effect on the characteristics of glaciers in Qilian Mountains.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences No.5(Glacier variation and utilizations in Qilian Mountains).Beijing:Science Press.pp 9-15.(In Chinese)
Ding YJ,Ye BS,Zhou WJ(1999)Temporal and spatial precipitation distribution in the heihe catchment,northwest china,during the past 40a.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 21(1):42-48.(In Chinese)
Dong ZW,Qin DH,Chen JZ et al.(2014)Physicochemical impacts of dust particles on alpine glacier meltwater at the Laohugou glacier basin in western Qilian Mountains,China.Science of the Total Environment 493:930-942.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.065
Dong ZW,Qin X,Ren JW et al.(2013)A 47a high resolution chemistry record of atmospheric environment change from the Laohugou Glacier No.12,North Slope of Qilian Mountains,China.Quaternary International 313:137-146.
Du WT,Qin X,Liu YS,et al.(2008)Variation of the Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 30(3):373-379.(In Chinese)
Feng Q(2010)Water Resources in the Hexi Corridor and Its Cycle.In:Fukushi K,et al.(eds.),Sustainability in Food and Water:An Asian Perspective,Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 18.Springer Science+Business Media B.V.pp 299-310.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9914-3_30
Haeberli W,Cihlar J,Barry RG(2000)Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System.Annals of Glaciology 31:241-246.https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820192
Hou DJ,Qin X,Wu JK et al.(2012)Isotopic chemical characteristics and transforming relationship between surfacewater and groundwater in the Xiaochangma River Basin.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 34(3):698-705.(In Chinese)
Kang ES,Cheng GD,Lan YC,et al.(1999)A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of Northwest China to climatic changes.Science in China(Series D)29(Supp.1):47-54.
Kang XC,Ding LF(1981)Relation of mass balance,ELA and climate in Tianshan Mountain and Qilian Mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 3(1):53-56.(In Chinese)
Li PJ,Mi DS(1983)distribution of snow cover in China.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 5(4):9-13.(In Chinese)
Liu CH,Kang ES,Liu SY et al.(1999)Study on the glacier variation and its runoff responses in the arid region of Northwest China.Science in China(Series D)29(sup 1):67-71.
Liu CH,Song GP,Jin MX(1992)Recent change and trend prediction of glaciers in Qilian Mountain.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology,China Academy of Sciences No.7(the monitoring of glacier,climate,runoff changes and the research of cold region hydrology in Qilian Mountain).Beijing,Science Press.pp 1-9.(In Chinese)
Liu CH,Xie ZC(1988)The recent changes and trend prediction of glaciers in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin 33(8):620-623.(In Chinese)
Liu XC,Xiao CD(2011)Preliminary study of the Jiemayangzong Glacier and lake variations in the source regions of the Yarlung Zangbo River in 1974-2010.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 33(3):488-496.(In Chinese)
Liu YS,Qin X,Du WT et al.(2011)The movement features analysis of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in Qilian Mountains.Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions 3(2):119-123.https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1226.2011.00119
Liu YS,Qin X,Gao SR et al.(2013)Accuracy evaluation of glacier area information extracted from Landsat-5 TMremote sensing image.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci.Ed)41(12):209-219.https://doi.org/10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2013.12.073(In Chinese).
Oerlemans J(1994)Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers.Science 264:243-245.
Qin X,Cui XQ,Du WT,et al.(2014)Variations of the alpine precipitation during 1960-2006 recorded in Laohugou ice core in western Qilian Mountains,China.Acta Geographica Sinica 69(5):681-689.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201405011)
Shi YF,Huang MH,Yao TD(2000)Glaciers and their environments in China-the present,past and future.Beijing,Science Press.pp 34-53.(In Chinese)
Sun WJ,Li Y,Qin X,et al.(2013)Characteristics of Micrometeorological Elements in Accumulation Zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12in Qilian Mountains.Plateau Meteorology 32(6):1673-1681.https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00157(In Chinese)
Sun MP,Liu SY,Yao XJ,et al.(2015)Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half century:Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory.Acta Geographica Sinica 70(9):1402-1414.https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201509004
Sun ZZ,Xie ZC(1981)The recent changes of the Laohugou glacier No.12 in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin26(6):366-369.(In Chinese)
Wang GY,Shen YP,Mao WY(2005)Climate warming at headwater of Urümqi River,Xinjiang in past 44 years and its impact on glacier shrinking.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 27(6):813-819.(In Chinese)
Wang LP,Xie ZC,Liu SY et al.(2011)Glacierized Area Variation and Its Response to Climate Change in Qangtang Plateau during 1970-2000.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology33(5):979-990.(In Chinese)
Wang YT,Hou SG,Hong SM et al.(2008)Glacier extent and volume change(1966-2000)on the Su-lo Mountain in northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China.Journal of Mountain Science 5(4):299-309.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0224-7
Wang YX(1998)On the sustainable development and its information regulating in the arid land of northwestern China.Arid Land Geography 21(2):13-20.(In Chinese)
Wang ZT(1981)Glacier inventory of ChinaⅠ:Qilian Mountain.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology.Beijing:Science Press.(In Chinese)
Wang ZT,Su HC(2003)Glaciers in the World and China:Distribution and their significance as water resources.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 25(5):498-503.(In Chinese)
Xie CW,Ding YJ,Liu SY(2005)Runoff change on the south slopes of Mount Tomur and its response to climatic variation.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 27(2):269-275.(In Chinese)
Xie ZC,Wu GH,Wang LL(1985)Recent advance and retreat of glacier in Qilian Mountains.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology,China Academy of Sciences No.5(Glacier variation and utilizations in Qilian Mountains).Beijing:Science Press.pp 82-90.(In Chinese)
Yang ZN(1992)Glacier water resource and effect of glacier water in stream runoff in Qilian Mountain.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glacioogy and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.7.Beijing:Science Press.pp 10-20.(In Chinese)
Zhang TB,Zhang JP,Wu H(2011)Variation of the glaciers in Nyingchi Municipality of Tibet Autonomous Region during1990-2000.Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology 33(1):14-20.(In Chinese)
Zhang YS,Liu SY,Shangguan DH et al.(2012)Thinning and Shrinkage of Laohugou No.12 Glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains,China,from 1957 to 2007.Journal of Mountain Science 9(3):343-350.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-009-2296-4