汉语保留宾语结构句法生成的最简分析
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摘要
本文探讨汉语保留宾语结构的句法生成。在基于语段的分析中,非宾格动词与被动动词的轻动词投射vP具有不及物性,不构成语段,T通过与动词后论元名词组所建立的探针—目标一致关系赋予其结构主格。句首的非论元名词组为基础生成的悬垂话题,由述题中的语义变量允准,而论元名词组则作为句末自然焦点,或无标记呈现焦点,被锁定在句末位置之上。语境显著的话题为句末呈现焦点提供背景。T的EPP语义无解特征删除不涉及论元名词组到Spec-TP位置的显性句法移位,在这点上汉语与英语之间存在跨语言差异。
This paper deals with the syntactic derivation of Chinese retained object constructions and proposes a phase-based analysis under which the intransitive vP of unaccusative or passive verbs does not constitute a phase and the T probe agrees with and assigns structural nominative Case to the postverbal argument NP goal.It is argued that the unselected preverbal nominal should be treated as a dangling topic,base-generated in the specifier position of a Topic Phrase and semantically licensed by a variable in the comment,and the argument NP is frozen in the sentence-final position as natural focus or unmarked presentational focus.On this view,the contextually salient topic sets a background for the end-focus.The deletion of the uninterpretable EPP feature on T involves no overt movement of the argument NP to spec-TP,and in this respect there is a cross-linguistic variation between Chinese and English.
This paper deals with the syntactic derivation of Chinese retained object constructions and proposes a phase-based analysis under which the intransitive vP of unaccusative or passive verbs does not constitute a phase and the T probe agrees with and assigns structural nominative Case to the postverbal argument NP goal.It is argued that the unselected preverbal nominal should be treated as a dangling topic,base-generated in the specifier position of a Topic Phrase and semantically licensed by a variable in the comment,and the argument NP is frozen in the sentence-final position as natural focus or unmarked presentational focus.On this view,the contextually salient topic sets a background for the end-focus.The deletion of the uninterpretable EPP feature on T involves no overt movement of the argument NP to spec-TP,and in this respect there is a cross-linguistic variation between Chinese and English.
引文
郭继懋1990领主属宾句,《中国语文》第1期。
韩景泉2000领有名词提升移位与格理论,《现代外语》第3期。
马志刚2013局域非对称成分统制、移位特征和汉语保留宾语结构的再分析——就句末焦点说兼与潘海华、
韩景泉2008商榷,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第2期。
潘海华、韩景泉2005显性非宾格动词结构的句法研究,《语言研究》第3期。
潘海华、韩景泉2008汉语保留宾语结构的句法生成机制,《中国语文》第6期。
沈家煊2006“王冕死了父亲”的生成方式——兼说汉语“糅合”造句,《中国语文》第4期。
徐杰1999两种保留宾语句式及相关句法理论问题,《当代语言学》第1期。
徐烈炯2002汉语是话题概念结构化语言吗?,《中国语文》第5期。
徐烈炯、刘丹青1998《话题的结构与功能》,上海教育出版社。
Belletti,Adriana 1988 The case of unaccusatives.Linguistic Inquiry 19:1-34.
Chomsky,Noam 1995 The Minimalist Program.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Chomsky,Noam 2001 Derivation by phase.In Michael Kenstowicz(ed.)Ken Hale:A Life in Language,1-52.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.Chomsky,Noam 2008 On phases.In Robert Freidin,Carlos Peregrin Otero&Maria Luisa Zubizaretta(eds.)Eoundational Issues in Linguistic Theory:Essays in Honor of Jean Roger Vergnaud,134-166.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Eguzkitza,Andoin&Goerg A.Kaiser 1999 Postverbal subjects in Romance and German:Some notes on the Unaccusative Hypothesis.Lingua 109:195-219.
Erteschik-Shir,Nomi 2007 Information Structure:The Syntax Discourse Interface.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Haegeman,Liliane 1994 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.Oxford:Blackwell.
Huang,C.T.James 1984 On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry 15:531-574.
Huang,C.T.James,Y.H.Audrey Li&Yafei Li 2009 The Syntax of Chinese.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Li,Charles&Sandra A.Thompson 1976 Subject and topic:A new typology of language.In Charles Li(ed.)Subject and Topic,457-489.New York:Academic Press.
Pan,Haihua&Jianhua Hu 2008 A semantic-pragmatic interface account of(dangling)topic in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics 40:1966-1981.
Quirk,Randolph,Sidney Greenbaum,Geoffrey Leech&Jan Svartvik 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Radford,Andrew 1997 Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radford,Andrew 2009 Analysing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ross,John 1967 Constraints on variables in syntax.PhD Dissertation,MIT.
Rizzi,Luigi 1997 The fine structure of the left periphery.In Liliane Haegeman(ed.)Elements of Grammar:Handbook in Generative Syntax,281-337.Dordrecht:Kluwer.
韩景泉2000领有名词提升移位与格理论,《现代外语》第3期。
马志刚2013局域非对称成分统制、移位特征和汉语保留宾语结构的再分析——就句末焦点说兼与潘海华、
韩景泉2008商榷,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第2期。
潘海华、韩景泉2005显性非宾格动词结构的句法研究,《语言研究》第3期。
潘海华、韩景泉2008汉语保留宾语结构的句法生成机制,《中国语文》第6期。
沈家煊2006“王冕死了父亲”的生成方式——兼说汉语“糅合”造句,《中国语文》第4期。
徐杰1999两种保留宾语句式及相关句法理论问题,《当代语言学》第1期。
徐烈炯2002汉语是话题概念结构化语言吗?,《中国语文》第5期。
徐烈炯、刘丹青1998《话题的结构与功能》,上海教育出版社。
Belletti,Adriana 1988 The case of unaccusatives.Linguistic Inquiry 19:1-34.
Chomsky,Noam 1995 The Minimalist Program.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Chomsky,Noam 2001 Derivation by phase.In Michael Kenstowicz(ed.)Ken Hale:A Life in Language,1-52.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.Chomsky,Noam 2008 On phases.In Robert Freidin,Carlos Peregrin Otero&Maria Luisa Zubizaretta(eds.)Eoundational Issues in Linguistic Theory:Essays in Honor of Jean Roger Vergnaud,134-166.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Eguzkitza,Andoin&Goerg A.Kaiser 1999 Postverbal subjects in Romance and German:Some notes on the Unaccusative Hypothesis.Lingua 109:195-219.
Erteschik-Shir,Nomi 2007 Information Structure:The Syntax Discourse Interface.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Haegeman,Liliane 1994 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.Oxford:Blackwell.
Huang,C.T.James 1984 On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry 15:531-574.
Huang,C.T.James,Y.H.Audrey Li&Yafei Li 2009 The Syntax of Chinese.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Li,Charles&Sandra A.Thompson 1976 Subject and topic:A new typology of language.In Charles Li(ed.)Subject and Topic,457-489.New York:Academic Press.
Pan,Haihua&Jianhua Hu 2008 A semantic-pragmatic interface account of(dangling)topic in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics 40:1966-1981.
Quirk,Randolph,Sidney Greenbaum,Geoffrey Leech&Jan Svartvik 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Radford,Andrew 1997 Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radford,Andrew 2009 Analysing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ross,John 1967 Constraints on variables in syntax.PhD Dissertation,MIT.
Rizzi,Luigi 1997 The fine structure of the left periphery.In Liliane Haegeman(ed.)Elements of Grammar:Handbook in Generative Syntax,281-337.Dordrecht:Kluwer.